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The use of various types of radioactive drugs has increased the effectiveness of nuclear medicine. Technetium-99m (99mTc) radiopharmaceuticals are in widespread use owing to the availability and affordability of 99Mo/99mTc generators and the variety of kits for formulating the desired products. Together, they provide an array of specific tools for diagnosing a large number of diseases affecting the Heart, Kidney and major organs of the body such as the bones, brain, liver, parathyroid, and thyroid. Nuclear medicine requires high quality radiopharmaceuticals and kits that are safe for administration and efficacious for a given application. Since radiopharmaceuticals are intended for human use, it is imperative that they undergo quality control measure. This paper presents various parameters affecting labeling efficiency of radiopharmaceuticals and describes the procedures of preparing from four selected kits. Details of the ingredients are also included. The procedures described here can be used to develop manuals and standard operating procedures in Egypt. This study is expected to serve as a guide to radiopharmaceutical manufacturing centers of such kits. Four kits namely: MIBI, DTPA, MDP, and DMSA are used. Paper Chromatography was involved to disparate the polar and non-polar part of the kit-solution. Quality control testing assures purity, integrity, potency, product identity, biological safety and efficacy of radiopharmaceuticals. The success of diagnostic radiopharmaceutical has been reflected in the quality of images of diseased site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Ginkgo biloba leaves were extracted with methanol 80% and fractionated by sequential extraction with petroleum ether (Fr-l), ethyl ether (Fr-II) and ethyl acetate (Fr-III) separately. Fraction III was co-chromatographed after hydrolyzed with 7% sulphuric acid with 3 solvent systems. Paper chromatography on Whatman cellulose chromatography papers 3 CHR with benzene, acetic acid and water (125: 72: 3) as mobile phase enabled good separation of quercetin at 0.6 RF and kaempferol at 0.78 RF. In the present study, quercetin and kaempferol were isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves grown in Egypt and characterized by various spectral studies. The ethanolic extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis for the identification of major phenolics and flavonoids. Eleven components were detected. Most flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba leaves are the derivatives of quercetin, and kaempferol. The results were obtained from UV and FTIR indicated for the molecular structure of quercetin and kaempferol. The mass spectrum of kaempferol and quercetin was observed at m/z 286.8 and 302.9, respectively. The results of the present study established the presence of biologically active phytochemicals in the Ginkgo biloba leaves. The results also suggested that the Ginkgo biloba leaves extract contain significant amounts of quercetin and kaempferol. Thus, it may be concluded that the Ginkgo biloba leaves have great potential for producing healthy and highly nutritive products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]