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The aim of the study was to collect retrospective data on renal anemia management, comorbidities and prospective data on 12-month standard care erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) therapy used in 398 hemodialyzed patients in selected Central and Eastern European countries (50 centers in 3 countries). Patients were divided into three groups according to ESA therapy start: group A-ESA (after start of hemodialysis, HD), B-ESA (within 3 months from start of HD), C-ESA (more than 3 months before HD). At the chronic kidney disease diagnosis, hemoglobin in all patients was 10.3 ± 2.3 g/dl; however, ferritin, iron, TSAT were within reference limits. Early ESA therapy (C) was administered to 10% of patients only. 47% of patients received ESA after start of dialysis. Before study, the mean weekly ESA dose in group C was statistically lower than in groups B and A (p < 0.001). At baseline visit, hemoglobin in group A patients was slightly lower than in group B and C patients (p = 0.025). In conclusion, in Central and Eastern European countries renal anemia therapy with ESA starts shortly before or after start of HD. This highlights important differences in standard care in Eastern Europe. However, paradoxically, due to the tight reimbursement policy we foresee the clinical implications of the TREAT trial for the chronic kidney disease population. Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]