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South Africa is facing a crisis in providing adequate clean water in its respective rural areas, townships and informal settlements. In this study, we explored the citizens' perceptions of water insecurity in South African rural areas, and the effects of water conflict on agricultural practices and livelihoods. The study adopted a quantitative study and utilised a systematic simple random sampling in selecting 90 respondents who provided data through a questionnaire survey. Data analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Findings revealed that water insecurity manifests through poor quality water, absence of provision of water by rural municipalities, and reliance on unsafe water sources such as dams and rivers. Limited production for smallscale business farmers, a rise in poverty and high hunger incidents were considered the major impacts of water scarcity. The study concludes that rural households in the Eastern Cape Province are water insecure, which negatively affects livelihoods and agricultural practices. The study recommends investment in water harvesting infrastructure, tapping of underground water through borehole drilling and investment in irrigation infrastructure as measures to deal with water insecurity in rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Abattoir processes from skinning, evisceration, to chilling usually lead to meat contamination by foodborne pathogens. Hence, continual microbial surveillance of slaughter carcasses by veterinary public health officials is key to preventing contamination and outbreak of meat-related foodborne diseases. This study was conducted to determine the Enterobacteriaceae count and aerobic plate count (APC) and to detect Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in meat and water from selected slaughter facilities. Materials and Methods: Retrospective data (n=100) collected in 2017 by the Provincial Veterinary Department of the Eastern Cape Province from abattoirs and prospective survey data of meat (n=50) collected in 2018 from abattoirs in the Eastern Cape Province were utilized in this study. APC and Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated from the samples. In addition, Salmonella and E. coli were isolated from samples using selective media. Results: The APC in both retrospective and prospective studies for all samples ranged between 2 and 4.50 log CFU/cm2; similar counts of 2-4.00 log CFU/cm2 were recorded for Enterobacteriaceae. No significant difference (p>0.05) for APC and Enterobacteriaceae count across all meat types was noted. Salmonella and E. coli were detected in 50% of beef. E. coli was not detected from mutton, but Salmonella was found in 66.7%. Moreover, 91.7% of the water samples had E. coli, but none had Salmonella. Conclusion: The levels of Enterobacteriaceae and APC observed in meat satisfy regulatory conditions outlined by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, South Africa and show that meat produced from these abattoirs is of acceptable microbial quality. However, the quality of water used in the abattoirs does not meet the requirements set by the government, and contributes to contamination of meat produced in the abattoirs under study. Therefore, we recommend that sources of water be continuously investigated to eliminate or reduce the risk of contamination of meat processed in the abattoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diatoms are siliceous micro-algae and have been used with increasing frequency as bioindicators in aquatic ecosystems. Typically, European diatom indices have been modified and augmented with data on taxa endemic to and commonly found in other parts of the world. In order to further test the application of diatom indices, water quality and diatom sampling were performed in the Bloukrans River system, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Nine sites with contrasting water quality were sampled along the length of the river in February, May and July 2018. Multivariate statistical analysis (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) was employed to elucidate spatiotemporal differences in diatom community structure. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that differences in diatom community assemblages were best explained by dissolved oxygen, temperature, nitrate, conductivity and phosphate. Diatom-based indices incorporated in OMNIDIA software were also applied to assess the integrity of the water quality as indicated by diatom communities. Several foreign indices (e.g. the trophic diatom index (TDI), biological diatom index (BDI)) and the South African Diatom Index (SADI) were used in the study. The SADI demonstrated that the Bloukrans River was impacted and had significant correlations with water quality variables (p <.05). We therefore recommend the wider use of the SADI as an indicator of water quality conditions in South African lotic systems. • Anthropogenic perturbations in Bloukrans River system can be assessed using diatom indices and multivariate analysis. • High levels of nitrate, phosphate and conductivity were recorded in downstream urban sites. • Patterns of diatom assemblages were different between sites. • The South African Diatom Index (SADI) showed significant strong correlations with all water quality variables considered. • The South African Diatom Index (SADI) is also applicable for the Eastern Cape river systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Urbanisation of riverine landscapes is a major threat to river ecosystems. • Urban pollution signature and sensitive traits were identified. • Signature traits/preferences: a large body size and preference for vegetation. • Sensitive traits include swimming, and grazing. Urbanisation of riverine landscapes is a major threat to river ecosystems because of the ecological consequences of the so called urban stream syndrome. Taxonomically, certain macroinvertebrate metrics such as the diversity of species of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) are known to be sensitive to urban pollution, whereas chironomids and oligochaetes are relatively tolerant. Trait correlates of such taxonomic metrics are yet to be established even though traits are less constrained by geographical differences. Using the Swartkops as a case study of a river receiving urban pollution, the pattern of trait distribution in relation to a gradient of urban pollution was examined, and urban pollution signature and sensitive traits identified. Macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical analysis were undertaken over a period of three years between August 2009 and September 2012 at one control site and three impacted downstream sites. Seven traits resolved into 32 trait attributes including body size, respiration, body shape, mobility, biotope preference, preferred food, and feeding habits were fuzzy coded and analysed using RLQ and fourth-corner analyses. Of the 32 trait and ecological attributes, four, including large body size (>20 to 40 mm), animal materials as preferred food, predation and a preference for vegetation biotope, which were associated with the impacted sites, and were also significantly positively correlated with at least one physico-chemical indicator of increasing urban pollution were deemed signature traits. Three traits, swimming, fine particulate organic matter and grazing, associated with the control site, which showed significant negative correlations with at least one physico-chemical indicator of increasing urban pollution were identified as sensitive traits. The results indicate that urban pollution differentially influenced macroinvertebrate traits, with the identification of pollution signature and sensitive traits seen as an important step towards the development of trait-based indices for riverine monitoring of urban pollution effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]