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Peonies (the Paeoniaceae, Paeonia L.) are famous garden flowers, medicinal plants, and edible oil crops, but their evolutionary history largely remains unknown. To probe into their phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary history, formation of present distribution pattern, and origins of tetraploids, we sequenced 25 fragments belonging to 20 single copy nuclear genes and 14 chloroplast regions of all species in the genus to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships, date the divergence times of lineages, infer the ancestral biogeographical regions, and document the parents of tetraploids. Our results show that Paeoniaceae separated from the other members in Saxifragales in the Campanian of the late Cretaceous and diverged into two clades, woody and herbaceous clades, in the late Oligocene or early Miocene. They survived and early diverged in the Pan‐Himalaya where they migrated eastwards to East Asia and further to NW America, and northwards to Middle Asia, and further to Europe. The woody lineage differentiated into two sublineages with accelerated root or floral disk evolution, while the herbaceous lineage diverged into five sublineages. Multiple glacial and interglacial cycles in Europe in the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene created opportunities for the peony species to meet and hybridize in the Mediterranean refugia, giving rise to eight allotetraploid species and four infraspecific tetraploids. Paeonia daurica Andrews, P. obovata Maxim., and P. tenuifolia L. served as the most important parents. The phylogeny of Paeonia L. implies that a new taxonomic system with two subgenera and seven sections should be proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Tropospheric ozone exhibits variations at interannual to decadal timescales tied closely to climate variability. The fidelity of current-generation global chemistry-climate models (CCMs) in representing observed variations and extremes of troposphere ozone is an important aspect of model abilities to predict ozone but has not been comprehensively assessed. Here we evaluate multiple state-of-the-art CCMs participating in the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative phase 1 (CCMI-1) in simulating the interannual variability (IAV), decadal trends, and extremes of surface ozone during 1990–2010 at northern mid-latitudes. We find that current CCMs tend to underestimate observed ozone IAV over the U.S., Europe, and East Asia in both spring and summer and fail to capture the springtime ozone trends in the eastern U.S. (EUS) and Europe. Specified-dynamics simulations constrained by reanalysis data outperform the free-running simulations with CCMs in terms of IAV and decadal trends of surface ozone. Observations show large surface ozone IAV in summer over the EUS, Europe, and East Asia (standard deviation = 3−6 ppbv or relative standard deviation = 8−15%) while all models substantially underestimate observed IAV by a factor of 2–3. Analysis in these populous/polluted regions unveils that the models significantly underestimate ozone extreme anomalies during heatwaves/droughts by 2–9 ppbv (17–55%) over the EUS and by 7–10 ppbv (42–59%) over Europe during the past two decades. These underestimates in summertime extreme anomalies contribute to the model biases in surface ozone IAV. Future model developments are needed to improve the ability of current CCMs to predict ozone extremes during heatwaves and droughts. • CCMI models underestimate ozone interannual variability at northern mid-latitudes. • Specified-dynamics simulations outperform free-running simulations in ozone variation. • CCMI models fail to reproduce ozone trends in spring at northern mid-latitudes. • CCMI models underestimate ozone extreme anomalies during heatwaves by 15–59%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Oreocnid e was monophyletic, 7 species were monophylotic, whereas the three species were paraphyletic. • Oreocnide diversified ∼6.06 Ma, implying that last important geological event in SE Asia might be 1 Ma older than suggested. • Immigration from the mainland could be an underestimated factor in the assembly of biotic communities in SE Asia. • Pleistocene sea level and climate fluctuations drove adaptive radiation in Oreocnide. Climate change and geological events have long been known to shape biodiversity, implying that these can likewise be viewed from a biological perspective. To study whether plants can shed light on this, and how they responded to climate change there, we examined Oreocnide , a genus widely distributed in SE Asia. Based on broad geographic sampling with genomic data, we employed an integrative approach of phylogenomics, molecular dating, historical biogeography, and ecological analyses. We found that Oreocnide originated in mainland East Asia and began to diversify ∼6.06 Ma, probably in response to a distinct geographic and climatic transition in East Asia at around that time, implying that the last important geological change in mainland SE Asia might be 1 Ma older than previously suggested. Around six immigration events to the islands of Malesia followed, indicating that immigration from the mainland could be an underestimated factor in the assembly of biotic communities in the region. Two detected increases of diversification rate occurred 3.13 and 1.19 Ma, which strongly implicated climatic rather than geological changes as likely drivers of diversification, with candidates being the Pliocene intensification of the East Asian monsoons, and Pleistocene climate and sea level fluctuations. Distribution modelling indicated that Pleistocene sea level and climate fluctuations were inferred to enable inter-island dispersal followed by allopatric separation, underpinning radiation in the genus. Overall, our study, based on multiple lines of evidence, linked plant diversification to the most recent climatic and geological events in SE Asia. We highlight the importance of immigration in the assembly and diversification of the SE Asian flora, and underscore the utility of plant clades, as independent lines of evidence, for reconstructing recent climatic and geological events in the SE Asian region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]