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Background: Emerging observational studies showed an association between dyslipidemia and aging. However, it remains unclear whether this association is causal, particularly in the case of Asians, which are aging more rapidly than other continents. Given the visible manifestations of aging often include changes in facial appearance, the objective of this study is to assess the causal relationship between dyslipidemia and facial aging in East Asian populations. Methods: SNPs related to dyslipidemia in East Asian people such as Total cholesterol (TC), High‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), Low‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and Triglyceride (TG) along with outcomes data on facial aging, were extracted from public genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). A two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was then performed using publicly available GWAS data to investigate the potential causal relationship. The effect estimates were primarily calculated using the fixed‐effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. Results: Totally, 88 SNPs related to HDL among 70657 East Asian participants in GWAS. Based on the primary causal effects model using MR analyses with the IVW method, high HDL level was demonstrated as significantly related to the risk of facial aging (OR, 1.060; 95% CI, 1.005–1.119, p = 0.034), while high TC level (OR, 0.995; 95% CI, 0.920–1.076, p = 0.903), high LDL level (OR, 0.980, 95% CI, 0.924–1.041, p = 0.515), as well as high TG level (OR, 0.999, 95% CI, 0.932–1.071, p = 0.974), showed no significant correlation with facial aging. Conclusions: The two‐sample MR analysis conducted in this study revealed a positive causal relationship between high HDL levels and facial aging. In contrast, facial aging demonstrated no significant correlation with high levels of TC, LDL, or TG. Further large‐sample prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and to provide appropriate recommendations regarding nutrition management to delay the aging process among old patients in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Raphanus is an important genus of Brassicaceae and has undergone a lengthy evolutionary process. However, the inter- and intraspecific phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity are not well understood. To elucidate these issues, we SSR-sequenced 939 wild, semi-wild and cultivated accessions, and discovered that Europe was the origin center of radishes with diverse European wild radishes, and Europe, South Asia and East Asia might be three independent domestication centers. There was considerable genetic differentiation within European cultivated radishes. European primitive cultivated radish exhibited gene flow with black radish/oil radish and rat-tail radish. Among Asian cultivated radishes, rat-tail radish was a sister to the clade of Chines big radish (including Japanese wild radish), suggesting that they may share the most recent common ancestry. Japanese wild radish had strong gene exchange with Japanese/Korea big radish, oil radish and rat-tail radish. American wild radish developed from natural hybridization between European wild radish and European small radish. All these demonstrated that European primitive cultivated type, American wild radish and Japanese wild radish might have played indispensable roles in radish evolution. Our study provides new perspectives into the origin, evolution and genetic diversity of Raphanus and facilitates the conservation and exploitation of radish germplasm resources. Raphanus has undergone a lengthy evolutionary process and has rich diversity. However, the inter- and intraspecific phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of this genus are not well understood. Through SSR-sequencing and multi-analysis of 939 wild, semi-wild and cultivated accessions, we discovered that the European wild radish (EWR) population is separated from cultivated radishes and has a higher genetic diversity. Frequent intraspecific genetic exchanges occurred in the whole cultivated radish (WCR) population; there was considerable genetic differentiation within the European cultivated radish (ECR) population, which could drive radish diversity formation. Among the ECR subpopulations, European primitive cultivated radishes (EPCRs) with higher genetic diversity are most closely related to the EWR population and exhibit a gene flow with rat-tail radishes (RTRs) and black radishes (BRs)/oil radishes (ORs). Among Asian cultivated radishes (ACRs), Chinese big radishes (CBRs) with a relatively high diversity are furthest from the EWR population, and most Japanese/Korean big radishes (JKBRs) are close to CBR accessions, except for a few old Japanese landraces that are closer to the EPCR. The CBR and JKBR accessions are independent of RTR accessions; however, phylogenetic analysis indicates that the RTR is sister to the clade of CBR (including JWR), which suggests that the RTR may share the most recent common ancestry with CBRs and JWRs. In addition, Japanese wild radishes (JWRs), (namely, R. sativus forma raphanistroides) are mainly scattered between CBRs and EPCRs in PCoA analysis. Moreover, JWRs have a strong gene exchange with the JKBR, OR and RTR subpopulations. American wild radishes (AWRs) are closely related to European wild and cultivated radishes, and have a gene flow with European small radishes (ESRs), suggesting that the AWR developed from natural hybridization between the EWR and the ESR. Overall, this demonstrates that Europe was the origin center of the radish, and that Europe, South Asia and East Asia appear to have been three independent domestication centers. The EPCR, AWR and JWR, as semi-wild populations, might have played indispensable transitional roles in radish evolution. Our study provides new perspectives into the origin, evolution and genetic diversity of Raphanus and facilitates the conservation and exploitation of radish germplasm resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]