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Vernonia galamensisis a wild plant from the familyAsteraceaewhich is endemic to East Africa and has the potential to become a new oil crop for industrial uses. Its seed oil is rich in vernolic acid, a fatty acid of high interest for oleochemical applications. However, a breeding program forVernonia galamensiscultivars with high seed and oil yields requires knowledge about the genetic variability of traits that influence seed and oil production. This study was undertaken to examine phenotypic and genotypic variability, broad-sense heritability, genetic advance under selection and interrelationships of agronomic and seed quality traits. A total of 122Vernoniaaccessions, 115 collected from different regions of Ethiopia and seven introduced, were grown at two locations in Ethiopia (Alemaya and Babile), in 2001/2002 and were analyzed for 20 traits including phenology, yield, yield components, and seed quality with special emphasis on fatty acid composition. The collections exhibited significant variation for all traits except for days to emergence. Genotypes and locations interacted significantly (P= 0.01) for all traits. Broad-sense heritability estimates ranged from 11% (for days to emergence) up to 79% (for days to maturity). Expected genetic advance was between 1.3% (for days to emergence) and 44.8% (for seed oil yield). Genetic correlation analysis revealed that seed yield per plant is highly and positively correlated with seed weight and head number; highly significant and negative correlations (r= -0.59, -0.82, -0.85, and -0.89) were found between vernolic acid and palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid, respectively. Highly significant positive correlations (r= 0.55, 0.44, and 0.36) were observed between vernolic acid and oil content, meal protein content and seed oil yield, respectively. Path-coefficient analysis indicated seed weight and secondary head number to be the most important components of seed yield per plant. Vernolic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid had positive direct effects and stearic acid had a negative direct effect on oil content. The direct positive effect of oleic acid on oil content was, however, compensated by the negative indirect effects of stearic and vernolic acid resulting in a negative correlation (r= -0.60) between oleic acid and oil content. These observations will support the selection of accessions with high seed and oil yield, high meal protein contents, and high vernolic acid content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]