1. Prevalent musculoskeletal pain as a correlate of previous exposure to torture.
- Author
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Olsen DR, Montgomery E, Bøjholm S, and Foldspang A
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Back Pain etiology, Back Pain psychology, Denmark ethnology, Facial Pain etiology, Facial Pain psychology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Musculoskeletal Diseases psychology, Pain psychology, Post-Traumatic Headache etiology, Post-Traumatic Headache psychology, Refugees psychology, Somatoform Disorders psychology, Musculoskeletal Diseases etiology, Pain etiology, Somatoform Disorders etiology, Torture psychology
- Abstract
Aim: To research possible associations between previous exposure to specific torture techniques and prevalent pain in the head and face, back, and feet., Methods: 221 refugees, 193 males and 28 females, previously exposed to torture in their home country, were subject to a clinical interview at a rehabilitation clinic for torture victims. The interview focused on exposure to torture and somatic symptoms prevalent at examination., Results: The mean number of times imprisoned was 2.3; the mean number of months imprisoned was 19.7; the mean duration from initial imprisonment to final release was 3.7 years; and the mean duration from final release to preliminary interview was 8.4 years. The most frequent physical torture method reported was beating (92.3%) and the main mental torture method was deprivation (84.6%). Pain in the head and face was found to be strongly associated with torture against head and face (OR 3.89, 95% CI 1.49-10.20) and with the cumulative number of physical torture methods exposed to. Pain in the back was associated with sexual torture (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.07-7.12). Besides beating of the lower extremities (OR 5.98, 95% CI 2.47-14.48), the strongest predictor for pain in the feet was general abuse of the whole body (OR 5.64, 95% CI 1.93-16.45)., Conclusion: In spite of many factors being potentially co-responsible for prevalent pain, years after the torture took place it presents itself as strongly associated with specific loci of pain, with generalized effects, and with somatizing. more...
- Published
- 2006
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