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Questionnaire design is routinely guided by classic experiments on question form, wording, and context conducted decades ago. This article explores whether two question order effects (one due to the norm of evenhandedness and the other due to subtraction or perceptual contrast) appear in surveys of probability samples in the United States and 11 other countries (Canada, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom; N = 25,640). Advancing theory of question order effects, we propose necessary conditions for each effect to occur, and found that the effects occurred in the nations where these necessary conditions were met. Surprisingly, the abortion question order effect even appeared in some countries in which the necessary condition was not met, suggesting that the question order effect there (and perhaps elsewhere) was not due to subtraction or perceptual contrast. The question order effects were not moderated by education. The strength of the effect due to the norm of evenhandedness was correlated with various cultural characteristics of the nations. Strong support was observed for the form-resistant correlation hypothesis.

The anniversary of the "International Journal of Lifelong Education" can participate in a conceptual landslide from lifelong education to lifelong learning. Contemporary discourses of lifelong learning etc. are abstractions behind which new functions and agendas for adult education are set. The ideological discourse of recent policies seems to neglect the fact that history and resources for lifelong learning are different across Europe, and also neglects the multiplicity of adult learners. Instead of refusing the new agendas, however, adult education research should try to dissolve the abstractions by broadening its scope of interest, by focussing on differences of learners, by age, gender, ethnicity, social experience, and differences in context, by socioeconomic environment, culture etc. Practically, it is argued, this means embracing the new focus on informal learning and work related learning. Adult education research must fulfil its potential conversion from normative philosophy to critical and empirical social science.

Theoretical issues of computer science are traditionally taught in a way that presupposes a solid mathematical background and are usually considered more or less inaccessible for students without this. An effective methodology is described which has been developed for a target group of university students with different backgrounds such as natural science or humanities. It has been developed for a course that integrates theoretical material on computer languages and abstract machines with practical programming techniques. Prolog used as meta-language for describing language issues is the central instrument in the approach: Formal descriptions become running prototypes that are easy and appealing to test and modify, and can be extended into analyzers, interpreters, and tools such as tracers and debuggers. Experience shows a high learning curve, especially when the principles are extended into a learning-by-doing approach having the students to develop such descriptions themselves from an informal introduction.

Recent Danish government proposals to increase the national and international mobility of scientists are reviewed, including a formalized sabbatical system in the universities, new rules for obtaining leaves of absence with or without salary, and plans for increased mobility between public and private sectors. (MSE)

Describes the Danish Film School's program in screenwriting. Three faculty members offer insights into their objectives in teaching and the emphasis they each place on various aspects of writing. (JMF)

Integrated buffer zones (IBZs) have recently been introduced in the Northwestern Europe temperate zone to improve delivery of ecosystem services compared with the services associated with long‐established vegetated buffer zones. A common feature of all the studied IBZ sites is that tile drainage, which previously discharged directly into the streams, is now intercepted within the IBZ. Specifically, the design of IBZs combines a pond, where soil particles present in drain water or surface runoff can be deposited, and a planted subsurface flow infiltration zone. Together, these two components should provide an optimum environment for microbial processes and plant uptake of nutrients. Nutrient reduction capacities, biodiversity enhancement, and biomass production functions were assessed with different emphasis across 11 IBZ sites located in Denmark, Great Britain, and Sweden. Despite the small size of the buffer zones (250–800 m2) and thus the small proportion of the drained catchment (mostly <1%), these studies cumulatively suggest that IBZs are effective enhancements to traditional buffer zones, as they (i) reduce total N and P loads to small streams and rivers, (ii) act as valuable improved habitats for aquatic and amphibian species, and (iii) offer economic benefits by producing fast‐growing wetland plant biomass. Based on our assessment of the pilot sites, guidance is provided on the implementation and management of IBZs within agricultural landscapes. Core Ideas: Integrated buffer zones are a novel edge‐of‐field approach within riparian zones.Drain water and surface runoff will be trapped within a pond and charge a filter bed.The inclusion of trees aims to provide some of the benefits of riparian forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative spatial decision support tools can contribute with setups for including stakeholders into marine spatial planning (MSP) processes with the purpose of increasing trust in planning outcomes, facilitate knowledge co-creation and shared planning goals, and provide transparent, scientific, inclusive, and technical foundations for planning. A new collaborative spatial decision support setup based on the combination of functionalities from two spatial decision support tools called SEANERGY and Baltic Explorer was designed for and tested in a workshop in 2020 targeted local authorities, NGOs, and citizens in Denmark with an interest in MSP. While the setup needs further testing among a wider span of stakeholders to support a pluralistic approach, the findings illustrate promising potentials from ranking conflicts and synergies in collaborative settings to make marine activity interests spatially visible in MSP and gain an overview of opportunities for sea use multi-functionality in context-based, interactive, goal-oriented stakeholder processes. The use of a visual platform such as Baltic Explorer to systematically explore locations of marine uses was positively evaluated to facilitate the workshop conflict-synergy discussions. Challenges relate to how to deal with disagreements on conflict-synergy scores and the subjectivity of opinions, but the demonstrated flexible, quick, transparent way to test the sensitivity of spatial patterns to differences in input conflict-synergy scores is found to provide a promising setup for including stakeholder opinions through collaborative settings, a setup adjustable to supplementary large-scale, individual, more representative surveys as well. [Display omitted] • A collaborative spatial decision support setup is designed for marine spatial planning. • SEANERGY and Baltic Explorer are combined to rank marine synergies and conflicts. • Testing the setup in a workshop with local Danish stakeholders showed promising results. • Systematic and interactive visualisations facilitate inclusion of stakeholder interests. • Challenges relate to how to deal with conflict-synergy score disagreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on longitudinal data, collected over a period of 16 years, this paper addresses how management responds to stakeholders' concerns about the natural environment by prioritizing their activities and thus improving the environmental performability of the firms. The paper specifically seeks to answer how stakeholders' perceived influence develops over time and whether those changes affect firms' environmental activities. Starting in 1995, and every fourth year following, we distributed a pre-tested structured questionnaire to a random sample of small and medium-sized industrial firms in Denmark. Despite the continuing economic crisis, our findings indicate that environmental management initiatives have successfully moved up on industry's strategic agenda to become an enduring or lasting endeavor for Danish firms. Before closing, key implications for corporate managers and other affected decision-makers are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Poor teamwork and communication in healthcare teams have been correlated to adverse events and higher patient morbidity and mortality. However, detailed insight into the link between team communication and medical error is still lacking. The objective of this study is to identify the common characteristics of team communication among multiprofessional teams at four Danish acute care university hospitals. Method Four focus group interviews with multiprofessional hospital teams (N = 24). Results Communication is particularly vulnerable during handover of patient information between shifts or units, when a team has to establish skills and roles during teamwork and when staff has to await and combine information from different chart systems. Established frameworks for communication, mutual knowledge, ease of speaking up, experience in getting the message through, and focus on teamwork and communication promote safe information exchange. Lack of standard assignments and procedures, a flat hierarchy that leaves responsibility unclear, different agendas for the treatment of the patient, interruptions, and multitasking, inhibit safe information exchange. Conclusion Power distance, team structure, and hospital organization influence team communication and vary between settings and national cultures. These factors must be accounted for before developing or adapting team communication interventions to improve patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which aims to examine whether stream banks function as diffuse phosphorus (P) sources at the catchment of River Odense in Denmark. The study is also intended to analyze the effect of various factors influencing P loss and bank erosion, such as vegetation of buffer strips, anthropogenic disturbances and stream order. The study uses geographical information system (GIS) to choose two replicate stream reaches that cover various stream orders, buffer strips and width of uncultivated buffer strips. The study reveals that neither stream disturbance and stream size evaluated as channelization of channel had important influence on P losses and bank erosion.

The article presents a study which analyzed the temporal implementation of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in Western Denmark, the gradual introduction of field triage for PPCI, and the associated outcome. In order to ensure that majority of patients are triaged directly to a PPCI center with an associated lower mortality, prehospital diagnosis and triage of patients with Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) can be implemented at a national level.

Purpose: Early treatment for cryptorchidism may be necessary to preserve fertility. International guidelines now recommend that congenital cryptorchidism be treated with orchiopexy before age 1 year. Acquired cryptorchidism should be treated at presentation. To our knowledge the rate of adherence to these guidelines in recent years is unknown. Thus, we present data on age at cryptorchidism diagnosis and orchiopexy in recent Danish birth cohorts. Materials and Methods: A population of 508,964 Danish boys born alive from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2009 was identified using the Danish Civil Registration System. Five birth cohorts were defined, including 1995 to 1997, 1998 to 2000, 2001 to 2003, 2004 to 2006 and 2007 to 2009. The boys were followed in the Danish National Patient Registry for a diagnosis of cryptorchidism and for an orchiopexy procedure. Data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox regression models. Results: During followup 10,094 boys were diagnosed with cryptorchidism, of whom 5,473 underwent orchiopexy. Mean age at diagnosis in boys followed at least 6 years was 3.3 years (95% CI 3.3–3.4) in the 1995 to 1997 cohort, 3.1 (95% CI 3.1–3.2) in the 1998 to 2000 cohort and 2.9 (95% CI 2.8–2.9) in the 2001 to 2003 cohort while mean age at orchiopexy was 3.8 (3.7–3.9), 3.6 (3.5–3.7) and 3.3 years (3.2–3.4), respectively. Conclusions: In the more recent birth cohorts of 1995 to 2009 we observed a shift toward younger age at cryptorchidism diagnosis and orchiopexy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study on phosphate (P) sorption properties under oxic and anoxic conditions in soils in Denmark. It compares P sorption in oxic versus anoxic soils anoxic soils to evaluate the possibility of lowland soils to operate as traps for P when flooded with drainage water. It mentions that sorption experiments were done on seven microgenic soils while sorption on the anoxic soils were performed following anoxic incubation. Moreover, it details the methods and materials used in the study. It explores the results of the study wherein none of the anoxic soils retained P at natural P concentrations in agricultural drainage water.

Demographic and clinical variables in a cohort of patients with borderline personality disorder (n=108) from an ongoing randomized outcome study -- 'The Risskov-I-Study' -- at The Clinic for Personality Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark are presented and compared with those from patients included in eleven previously published randomized outcome studies focusing exclusively on borderline patients. In these eleven studies the average drop-out rate among patients with intention to treat is 38%, which to some extent compromises the validity of the outcome data presented and calls for measures to reduce drop-out from borderline treatments. The level of disturbance in the Risskov-I population is comparable with that found in most of the existing outcome studies and confirms the general impression that borderline patients as a group tend to have low levels of functioning in several areas, including social functioning and underachievement in terms of education, employment etc. Problems relating to the group of patients included in existing studies and to difficulties in comparing patient characteristics and treatment outcome across studies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Little is known about changes in the chiropractic patient population over time. Objective: To compare 2 surveys describing the Danish chiropractic patient population. Design: Data concerning location of primary complaint and its duration for patients in Danish chiropractic offices between 1962 and 1999 were compared. Setting: Private chiropractic practice and nonprofit research institution. Outcome Measures: Location of primary diagnosis/complaint, duration of complaint. Results: In 1962, data for 1118 patients were collected, with a participation rate of 93%. In 1999, data for 1897 patients were collected. Of all Danish chiropractic clinics, 88% participated in the study, and 94% of all eligible patients filled out a questionnaire. In both 1962 and 1999, the most frequent complaints were pain in the lower back or neck either alone or with radiation to the extremities (roughly 70% of patients). In 1962, almost 4 times as many patients complained of headache as in 1999 (11% vs 4%). Although there were significant differences, less that 10% of patients presented with a nonmusculoskeletal disorder in both 1962 and 1999 (7% vs 3%). In 1962, almost half of the patients had had their complaint for more than 1 year; in 1999, approximately 80% of patients had had their complaint for less than 1 year. Conclusions: In both 1962 and 1999, Danish chiropractors primarily treated patients with pain syndromes related to the lower back and neck. Patients presenting with type O disorders comprised less than 10% of the total patient population in both surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]