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This article reports deals with the structure and development of the socialist agriculture in Czechoslovakia. There are two basic forms of ownership — 346 state farms and 6,463 unified agricultural co-operatives. The lower limit of the optimum size for large scale forming is 500 ha AL. The merging process of small unified agricultural co-operatives creates more favourable conditions for the better utilization of means of production. For the determination of the optimum size of farms, the essential considerations are — the principle of economic efficiency and economic goals, to obtain the highest production per hectare of land, with a minimum of labour and material costs and the principle of regional-zonal-adaptation of agricultural production and terrain conditions. Optimum farm size varies according to different production regions. In the second part of the article the forms and methods of management of unified agricultural co-operatives, basic ways of remunerating and social security of co-operative farms, are analysed.