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Copyright of Croatian Annual of Criminal Sciences & Practice / Hrvatski Ljetopis za Kaznene Znanosti i Praksu is the property of Hrvatsko Udruzenje za Kaznene Znanosti i Praksu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Macedonian Journal for Criminal Law & Criminology is the property of Macedonian Association for Criminal Law & Criminology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In its nature, the customary law of Gradec of Zagreb is a compilation of customs, ideas and the traditions of four ethnic, linguistic groups (lingua latinorum, lingua theutonicorum, lingua sclavonicali, lingua hungarcali) that have accounted for its inhabitants. Each of the groups appointed its judex civitatis every four years. Together with the other representatives of his group (jurati et consilarii), he was put at the helm of the city's administration for a year and was largely uninhibited even in the judicial affairs. Because the magistratus rarely intervened in the legal development with the passing of the statutes (statuta) -- a notable exception is the area of private law -- the law of Gradec of Zagreb has primafrily been shaped by the customs and case law. Influential representatives of the different groups had been appointed judex civitatis several times or almost incessantly performed one of the elected functions. As members of the first-instance collegiate body or as life members of the council of antiqui judices, they were able to directly influence the formation of the law. Thus the customs and the ideas of all four groups formed a coherent whole with the customary rules of Gradec. Since the city has been visited and settled in by successful Italian, more precisely Florentine craftsmen as well as immigrants from the German cities speaking lingua theutonicorum, who all had a significant role in the city, one can deduct an anticipated echo of the renaissance of Roman law. Specifically in connection with the customary law, the "features" of Roman law contributed to the emergence of sui generis institutions that reflected the concrete needs and the position of Gradec of Zagreb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning the author gives a historical review of building on another's ground till today - where two models have been established: the first one prefers the ground's owner which derives from the principle superficies solo cedit, and the second one prefers the constructor. Considering the Croatian Ownership and Other Real Rights Act, the author analyses some particular situations where the ground's owner and the constructor have or do not have good faith and the proprietary and obligatory effects of that circumstance. The author also comments on the regulation of special situations of building on another's ground: exceeding the bound by building; upgrading, adaptation, adding or inserting material; and building on another's right to build. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author starts with an analysis of the basic facts of custody over adults, through historical review from Roman law until this day. The paper attempts to entirely incorporate valid and existing legal regulation in the Republic of Croatia related to this institute of family law and persons protected by it. The essay lists reasons for attainment of capacity to exercise rights (attainment of capacity to exercise rights, placement under custody, and reinstitution of capacity to exercise rights) and obligations imposed on the guardian by the Family Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reviews fraud in commercial transactions (Article 293 of the Criminal Code) as delictum proprium of the criminal act of fraud. The essay deals with the number of controversial issues related to this criminal act, due to which the very introduction of this criminal act into the Criminal Code in 1997 was subjected to criticism in the literature, which nearly resulted in removal of Article 293 from the Criminal Code in its updating in 2003. The author's opinion is that fraud in commercial transactions, with certain changes, should remain in Croatian criminal legislation. Among controversial issues, problems of application of less severe law against fraud in commercial transactions committed prior to January 1, 1998 are examined. For purposes of practical application of some of the theoretical examinations, the author comments one example from court practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]