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Grit, the passion for achieving long-term goals, has been conceived as a two-dimensional construct (Consistency of interest and Perseverance of effort). The construct is well known for its easy measurement and its relationship with performance, including academic performance. However, there have been different criticisms, such as the overlap of grit with other personality characteristics, the variability in the psychometric structure of the Grit-O and Grit-S tests, and the fact that some work reports a weak influence of grit on academic performance. Within this framework, this study contrasts different psychometric structures of the Grit-S scale and its relationship with the academic performance of higher education students. So, with this purpose, a dichotomous model of high and low grit, a K-medias clustering model, and three structural equation models have been tested. The results indicate that (a) there is a statistically significant relationship between grit--mainly determined by the consistency dimension--and academic performance, although it decreases when controlling for contextual variables, and (b) Consistency mediates the relationship between Perseverance and academic performance. The instability of grit to predict performance is discussed, and the thesis of a two-sub-dimensional structure is supported.

This paper reports on an action research study aimed at implementing "Plotagon" to enhance English writing skill. The study involved 18 students from 10th grade of a public secondary school in Colombia. The findings showed that the use of "Plotagon" promoted students' motivation to write through an interactive and attractive interphase to create digital stories. Consequently, students created their own digital story working in pairs and as a result increased their vocabulary, improved their English writing skill and other language skills. The data collection tools (surveys, tests, journals, observations, and dialogs as students' production) showed that "Plotagon" is a pedagogical tool that promotes students' English writing in a fun and meaningful way

Institutions of Higher Education seek to instil in their students the scientific competencies throughout the guidance of different included courses in their curriculums. However, the assimilation of diverse methodologies evidence the lack of development of those scientific competencies necessary for professionals to be graduated and therefore required by the labour market. This research examines the research competencies of students of higher education sample (N=189) to determine their appreciation towards scientific competencies they consider to have developed in both their educational processes. The results prove the perception of subjects in respect to the development of interpersonal and intrapersonal skills, decision-making, problem-solving and acquisition of scientific competences, the basic ones; use of technology, appropriation of new knowledge, self-learning and search of information, specialized competences, drafting of reports, design of articles, presentations, development of degree works and definition of new projects. The application of ANOVA detects that there are significant differences according to the gender of subjects on competencies referred to the search of physical information where women stand out, and reading comprehension of documents in English where men stand out. Besides, it's demonstrated that these competences contribute to students' critical thinking. IES required to include research as mechanism to strengthen the education.

In this paper, the authors identify and analyze public policy and the investment and expenditure that the governments of Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Uruguay commit to make in the development and procurement of textbooks, books and digital content for primary and secondary education (K-12). The aim is to identify and propose a roadmap for developing policies that advance the principles of the Paris Open Educational Resources Declaration. In the region, digital content coexists with and complements the traditional ones. Paper textbooks continue to have a leading role in the education systems of the region. In this context, the authors assess how the acquisition of traditional and digital materials occurs and offer some recommendations to the governments to adjust their public spending policies on educational resources development and procurement. [This paper was presented at the OpenCourseWare Consortium Global Conference (Ljubljana, Slovenia, April 23-25, 2014).]

This paper has as its aim to analyze how CityVille, a videogame hosted on Facebook and oriented to the construction of a virtual city, can favor collaboration between gamers along with the exchange of strategies, equally contributing to learning transfer and skill acquisition. The first step consists in identifying the opportunities which the said game can offer in order to develop skills and promote learning formats linked with planning and resource management, after which a presentation is made of the opinions expressed by a sample of gamers (N = 105)--belonging to the Fans-CityVille community--about the priorities established by them to communicate with their neighbors and the skills that they believe to have acquired playing this game. 85.7% of them state that they communicate with others to share strategies and expand their city. Unlike women, who value collaboration, men prioritize competition. Designing their city has enhanced a number of gamer skills in different proportions: creative skills (71.4%); organizational ones (68.0%); skills associated with decision-making and problem-solving (67.0%); and interpersonal skills through interaction with others (61.9%). The CityVille game mode favors skill development and helps to create a ludic atmosphere of collaboration and optimal strategy exchange through communication between neighbors by strengthening their mutual relationships. Its formula moves away from the often-criticized competitive practices of other games.

How should the governance system in a non-membership non-profit organization be designed? This organizational form has no shareholders; instead, donors provide funds. Thus, at the organizational level, the board of directors could have all the power. Under this legal form, who controls the board? If too powerful, boards could misuse resources or distract the organization from its foundational goals. We examine the case of private higher education institutions (HEIs) in Colombia and the balance of power in university governance systems which feature this organizational form. Most HEIs in our sample have a kind of assembly of representatives as the governance body with the highest authority and able to appoint and control the board. We specifically discuss the assemblies' reason for being, structure, and functions in private HEIs in Colombia. We analyze a total of 204 HEI governance structures and find governance arrangements with the characteristics of an assembly of representatives in 154 (75.9%). Our analysis highlights features in some of these governance bodies that could lead to overly powerful assemblies (e.g., founder donors with tenure for life). Clearly, a proper balance of power is required to avoid rent-seeking behaviors or the pursuit of harmful private non-monetary benefits from assembly members as well as boards.

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: There is a limited knowledge about the emotional and interpersonal effects of the more than five-decade armed conflict in Colombia. The aim of the present study was to identify differences and relationships between emotional response, empathy, and aggressive behavior in three groups who have had different exposure to the Colombian armed conflict: victims (N = 54), indirect victims (N = 52), and members of the military (N = 32). Method: For the evaluation of the emotional response, a passive affective image visualization paradigm was used. Empathy was measured through the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and aggression through the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Results: Victims showed higher levels of arousal and lower levels of dominance as compared to the other groups. Differences were found in Fantasy and Personal Distress; in both scales, the military group scored lower than the other two groups. Regarding the BPAQ, subscale and total scores were higher in the group of victims. Moderation analyses indicated that the relationship between perspective-taking, arousal, and aggression varies across groups (e.g., at low arousal, a negative relationship between perspective taking and aggression was found for direct and indirect victims). Conclusions: Our results overall suggest that the Colombian armed conflict has resulted in greater emotional reactivity and a tendency to aggressiveness in victims. The lower levels of empathy observed in the military group could be related to experiences during the conflict. These findings are expected to guide public policy, including development and implementation of psychosocial programs in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud Uninorte is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciencias de la Salud is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SG-SST) encompasses a discipline that aims to improve working conditions and the work environment, which leads to the inclusion of policy, planning, evaluation, improvement actions continuous and promotion of the maintenance of the physical, mental, and social well-being of the employees in the workspaces. Therefore, the objective of the article is to analyze the occupational safety and health management system (SGSST) as a component of labor productivity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), exporters of the metal-mechanic sector of Barranquilla-Colombia. Methodologically, it is developed under the quantitative paradigm, non-experimental design, cross-sectional and descriptive scope. The results determine that in this type of companies the SGSST are developed from the conception of security programs. The degree of commitment of the strategic direction in promoting the effectiveness of the programs is evident, but it is necessary to consolidate processes for the adoption and awareness of these, by the employees promoting labor productivity. It is recommended the implementation of strategies that guarantee compliance with the SGSST, generating a high impact on productivity processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research seeks to identify necessary elements that allow students to improve self-regulation of learning and self-efficacy in their results in order to achieve a thorough education based on the experience of undergraduate users with their virtual platform. A quantitative method was used, involving a survey questionnaire which would subtract the objective aspects of data collection. The sample was determined according to simple random sampling. As part of the research, the perceptions of students and professors was analyzed, inquiring them on their levels of selfregulation and self-efficacy. Considering the results, the appreciation of the platform was positive while opinions were divided as for the levels of selfregulation and their conception of self-efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Reflexión Politica is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga, UNAB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reflexión Politica is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga, UNAB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciencias de la Salud is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud Uninorte is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud Uninorte is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines Colombia's legal framework for marine conservation, focusing on its historical developments and progress toward international conservation goals. It analyzes Colombia's unique approach to creating protected areas, beginning with land-based conservation in the late 1960 s and later expanding to coastal and marine areas to evaluate the current marine protection status. The methodologic framework used a map-based approach using the Marine Conservation Atlas (MPAtlas) and the National Unique Register of Protected Areas (RUNAP), which provides detailed information, including the level of protection and size of MPAs. The study emphasizes the importance of community involvement in the implementation and management processes of marine protected areas and recommends evaluating existing Marine Protected Areas against new pressures on the ocean and advancing ecosystem-based ocean management. The article highlights Colombia's success in meeting Aichi Target 11, which aimed to protect 10% of the world's oceans by 2020, and the need for more harmonized legal frameworks and improved management of conservation standards across existing MPAs. The study identifies several challenges facing marine conservation policies in Colombia, including the lack of adequate evaluation mechanisms, corruption, internal conflicts, and limited impact of scientific research on policy implementation. Finally, it highlights the need for a simplified classification system based on conservation objectives, natural characteristics, and allowed uses and activities, following the international standardization proposed by the IUCN. [Display omitted] • Public policy on MPAs in Colombia has evolved, creating a framework that allows joint action by multi actors. • Regularly assessing legally declared MPAs' management is essential. • Local communities are key to the success of ecosystem protection within MPAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protected areas require methodologies to monitor the status and effectiveness of species management strategies. In this work, single-species, single-season occupancy models were employed to estimate the occupancy and habitat use of the Andean bear in the Tatamá National Natural Park through a nested design of 1 km2 cells inserted in 16 km2 cells. The occupancy at 16 km2 was ψ 16 = 0.89 (E.E. = 0.06), with a detectability p = 0.405 (E.E. = 0.039). When examining the factors influencing the habitat use of the Andean bear at the 1 km2 scale, the four most suitable models for calculating use indicated a most negative relationship between use and the percentage of human activities in the cell (β HA = −1.46 [E.E. 0.61]). Additionally, bear use was found to have the most positive relationship with the forest proportion in the cell (β F = 16.59 [E.E. 13.55]) and Euclidean distance to population centers (β DPC = 1.05 [E.E. 0.82]). These findings allowed for adjusting the Prevention, Surveillance, Control, and Monitoring programs and identifying areas requiring forest cover restoration. The sampling design and effort implemented is able to detect a 25% reduction in occupancy with a statistical significance of α = 0.2 and a statistical power of 1 − β = 0.8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses salmonella infections in poultry in Columbia. It states that contamination of feed while handling remains one of the major risks in transmitting salmonella infections. Topics include different salmonella samples taken from various poultry farms, eggshell contamination, and antibiotic susceptibility and resistance of the poultry farm population.

Copyright of Investigacion en Enfermeria: Imagen y Desarrollo is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Revista Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Antioquia is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Entérese Boletín Científico Universitario is the property of Universidad Manuela Beltran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A checklist of 22 species of Psilocybe reported from Colombia is discussed, of which 13 belong to the neurotropic mushrooms. The oldest reference is from 1978. A new record (P. plutonia), a neurotropic fungus, and four new species from a tropical rain forest in the Choco region (Pacific coast of the country) are described. Two of them belong to the neurotropic species for their taxonomic features. The probable use of the neurotropic species by the Indians is discussed, based in golden pectoral figures found in Darien and studied by Schultes and Bright in 1979. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objectives: We aim to estimate the risk of chronic comorbidities for symptomatic Covid-19 cases and severity in a cohort of pediatric patients from Colombia, as well as the risk of worse prognosis among these symptomatic cases. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in low- and middleincome children in five northern Colombian departments. We included children and adolescents under 20 years of age, followed them for 30 days after symptomatic infection (March 2 2020 to April 15 2021). The associations of risk factors with incident cases and severity (critical care admission or death) were measured using risk ratios (RR) and reported with robust 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Confirmation was made with positive polymerase chain reaction tests, antigen rapid tests, or IgM antibodies. Results: We analyzed 717,868 children and adolescents. The median age was 10 years (interquartile range: 5-15) and 51.4% were male. The risks of symptomatic Covid-19 cases in the entire cohort increased in 15 to 19-year-old children (RR; 1.76; 95% CI: 1.51-2.05) and with diabetes (RR: 5.08; 95% CI: 1.26-20.49). The 1,406 symptomatic Covid-19 cases had a mean age of 13 years (IQR, 8-17) and 46.9% was male with increased risks of severity in infants <1 year old (RR: 14.18; 95% CI: 3.08- 64.41) and children with comorbidities (6.46; 95% CI: 1.62-25.66). Conclusions. Older children with diabetes have an increased risk of developing Covid-19 symptoms and severe disease. Infants below one year of age and children and adolescents with comorbidities have a worse prognosis once Covid-19 is symptomatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The economic impact of COVID-19 in the health system has not been sufficiently studied in Colombia. Moreover, there is a lack of scientific evidence on the differential economic burden of COVID-19 that the poorest households have faced. Objective: To estimate the economic burden associated with COVID-19 in a Colombian department. Materials and methods: We analyzed data of patients from March 2020 to April 2021, specifically the direct medical cost from the third-party payor's perspective. A bottomup method was used to aggregate the costs. We also estimated a generalized linear model (GLM) to identify the associated factors. As for the indirect costs, we used a loss of productivity approach. We considered as significant a p-value < 0.05. Results: We included 1,800 patients. We estimated an average economic cost per COVID-19 episode of US$2,519.3 (CI95%: 1,978.5 - 3,046.8); the direct medical cost explained 92.9% of the average cost while the out-of-pocket and the indirect costs explained the 2% and 5.1%, respectively. We estimated that age (1.02 times per year), having comorbidities (2.05 times), and being a symptomatic case (3.56 times) were associated with increases in the average COVID-19 direct cost. The average indirect costs in the poorest households were over their average income. Conclusion: We determined differentiating factors in the cost of COVID-19 care in the department of Córdoba. The economic impact of COVID-19 in the poorest households was higher than in the rich ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of migraine and its implications in the occupational and outside employment/daily activities of the workers at a regional hospital in the Cundiboyacense Plateau in Colombia., Patients and Methods: The available members of the house staff at this institution were interviewed by applying the neuroepidemiological protocol drawn up by the World Health Organization (WHO); general doctors performed the initial screening and the determination of neurological disease was carried out by a clinical neurologist, both in patients who were positive and negative for neurological disease. Quality of life was evaluated by means of the MIDAS (Migraine Disability Assessment) survey, MIDASELA (in Spanish for Latin America); the analysis was performed using the EPI 6.04 software application., Results: A total of 238 people were studied: 188 females and 50 males; the prevalence of migraine was 22.5% (15.5% by the WHO protocol and 7% false negatives), with predominance in females (OR: 5.49; p< 0.005). In the MIDASELA questionnaire, 47.2% of the patients had a 50% alteration in their productivity, with regard to their occupational and outside employment/daily activities. A minimum number of patients (3.8%) were unable to work because of migraine, as compared to the figures for outside employment/daily activities (29.7%) or those involving leisure/family (66.4%). The average work, outside employment/daily and family time lost per patient because of migraine was 0.3, 2 and 5.2 days, respectively., Conclusion: A sub register in the prevalence of migraine could be reported in places where the WHO protocol is used. This pathology will have to be taken well into account in Colombian hospital workers due to its individual, occupational, family, social and economic impact. It is necessary to introduce health policies and programmes aimed at evaluating, controlling and treating this type of pathology in an appropriate manner, in order to improve the quality of life of those whose job it is to look after and improve that of the other Colombians.