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Background: Improved education on water-related diseases in schools could help to reduce disease burden. This paper presents specific results on knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of a cluster-randomized controlled trial to reduce diarrheal disease and dengue entomological risk factors in rural primary schools in Colombia. The aim was to investigate whether enhanced educational interventions on dengue and diarrheal disease in schools could improve KAP scores related to these diseases in students and teachers in rural primary schools, as well as the students' parents. Methodology/Principal findings: A factorial cluster-randomized controlled trial was carried out in 35 rural primary schools in two municipalities in Cundinamarca, central Colombia. Schools were randomized into four arms: interventions related to diarrheal disease (DIA), dengue (DEN), both (DIADEN), or no interventions (control, CON). Both educational and physical interventions to reduce risk factors of dengue and diarrhea were implemented. Comprehensive teachers' manuals were developed and deployed to guide the learning activities. The intervention was carried out over two school years. The knowledge scores of students receiving dengue interventions (DEN, DIADEN) increased by 1.16 point score (0.75–1.56, p<0.001) and those receiving diarrhea interventions (DIA, DIADEN) increased by 1.15 point score (0.67–1.63, p<0.001). The attitude and practice scores of students receiving the diarrhea interventions increased (Attitudes: 0.41 [0.11–0.71, p = 0.01]; Practices: 0.33 [0.01–0.65, p = 0.042]), but not for those receiving the dengue interventions (p = 0.31 and p = 0.08, respectively). Conclusions/Significance: There were increases in knowledge scores among students, their teachers and their parents for both diseases. However, the attitudes and practices components were not affected to the same extent. The hypothesis that the students would disseminate knowledge acquired from the educational interventions to their parents was confirmed for dengue, but not for diarrhea. Trial registration: ISRCTN40195031 The trial is registered in the Current Controlled Trials under Infections and Infestations category. Author summary: The transmission of both dengue and diarrheal diseases depends on water. For dengue, the mosquitoes that transmit the infection lay their eggs in containers that hold water, and this same water may contain microorganisms that cause diarrheal diseases. Improved education on these diseases in schools could help reduce their burden. In this paper we present the results of an integrated intervention on dengue and diarrhea in terms of knowledge, attitudes and practices of students, teachers and parents in 35 rural primary schools in central Colombia. The schools were randomized into four groups: interventions related to diarrheal disease alone, dengue alone, both, or neither. For two years, both educational and physical interventions to reduce risk factors were implemented. The interventions increased knowledge scores among students, their teachers and their parents for both diseases. However, the attitudes and practices components were not affected to the same extent. There was evidence that students disseminated their new knowledge about dengue to their parents, although this was not the case for diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research effort addresses different difficulties faced by the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia as a result of delays in the recognition and payment of compensation as a component of comprehensive reparation. It is approached from a qualitative approach, a documentary method and collection and analysis of information. In the theoretical basis and results, a description of integral reparation as a fundamental right is made, the right to a reasonable term is analyzed from the elements given in the Inter-American jurisprudence, and the precarious advances that have been made in the recognition and payment of compensation in the factors of non-compliance with the reasonable term in the compensation system and its recognition through the tutela action from the compliance of the sub-rules for its proceeding are also exposed. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Salud Bosque is the property of Universidad El Bosque and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The National Strike demonstrates that the old order retains its fragile and unhinged control of the State and the institutions, but in the collective imagination it is already completely defeated. In the streets the voices are getting louder, more conscious, more determined. Not only those of the established social movements, but also those of the marginalized youth who today say "we are people and we are in resistance". This is the key to the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Biomedica is the property of Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi; Facultad de Medicina, UADY and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Diarrheal diseases and dengue fever are major global health problems. Where provision of clean water is inadequate, water storage is crucial. Fecal contamination of stored water is a common source of diarrheal illness, but stored water also provides breeding sites for dengue vector mosquitoes. Poor household water management and sanitation are therefore potential determinants of both diseases. Little is known of the role of stored water for the combined risk of diarrhea and dengue, yet a joint role would be important for developing integrated control and management efforts. Even less is known of the effect of integrating control of these diseases in school settings. The objective of this trial was to investigate whether interventions against diarrhea and dengue will significantly reduce diarrheal disease and dengue entomological risk factors in rural primary schools. Methods/design: This is a 2×2 factorial cluster randomized controlled trial. Eligible schools were rural primary schools in La Mesa and Anapoima municipalities, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Eligible pupils were school children in grades 0 to 5. Schools were randomized to one of four study arms: diarrhea interventions (DIA); dengue interventions (DEN); combined diarrhea and dengue interventions (DIADEN); and control (C). Schools were allocated publicly in each municipality (strata) at the start of the trial, obviating the need for allocation concealment. The primary outcome for diarrhea is incidence rate of diarrhea in school children and for dengue it is density of adult female Aedes aegypti per school. Approximately 800 pupils from 34 schools were enrolled in the trial with eight schools in the DIA arm, nine in the DEN, eight in the DIADEN, and nine in the control arms. The trial status as of June 2012 was: completed baseline data collections; enrollment, randomization, and allocation of schools. The trial was funded by the Research Council of Norway and the Lazos de Calandaima Foundation. Discussion: This is the first trial investigating the effect of a set of integrated interventions to control both dengue and diarrhea. This is also the first trial to study the combination of diarrhea-dengue disease control in school settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prolegómenos Derechos y Valores is the property of Prolegomenos Derechos y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas is the property of Revista Faculdad de Derecho y Ciencias Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author, inside its line of investigation in constitutional justice, enters in the expression Law as source of the legal code and locates historically the term to its development and classification inside the Colombian legal code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author wishes to submit a proposal for specific competences in Law within the Latin America Tuning Project, for which it develops, with the limited information sources available, a history of the process. In addition, he exposes some considerations regarding training by competences and the formative project, or Colombian Constitutional Law program, in which he includes four of the European Tuning competences for the development of the training route of his study subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Constitutional boterism" was coined by the constitutionalist Jaime Castro meaning that in the first fifteen years of the political Colombian constitution of 1991, there has been an inflation constitutional reforms that had led to 22 legislative acts. Throughout the centuries, many authors have posed various definitions of the meaning of a constitution. It is the primary source from which the rest of the laws that rule a society arise. Since the Constitution of 1991 there have been enforced many legislative acts and there has been enacted a great number of construed decisions by the Constitutional Court. All these phenomena have been called "constitutional boterism" or "legislative inflation." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to adequate housing is a constitutional provision stated in Article 51 of Colombian Political Constitution. It is an assistance right that requires a previous legal development and has to be directly delivered by the government (State in US law) or by the associated entities created and aimed at that purpose. The Constitutional Court has set that, though this right does not belong to the group of the fundamental rights, the State (Government in US law) must provide the necessary rules to grant the Colombian people an adequate housing under equal conditions, as well as specific legal guidelines. Since it does not constitute a fundamental right, it is constitutionally protected only when acts or omissions may entail a violation of humane dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Villavicencio, the capital city of the Department of Meta, Colombia, is at high risk for the urbanization of malaria because of the region's ecological conditions, as well as the permanent presence of infected human populations arriving from rural areas. From August to November 2002 and in April 2003, anopheline collections were undertaken in the area. Isofamilies were obtained from 331 wild females, which were then recorded according to their abundance as follows: Anopheles marajoara, Anopheles rangeli, Anopheles braziliensis, Anopheles darlingi, and Anopheles apicimacula. Anopoheles darlingi showed the highest biting activity (3.0) between 1800 and 1900 h. Forty-five breeding places were sampled, 64% of which were fish ponds, 6.7% flooded meadows, and 6.7% drainpipes, with these being the most representative locations. All sampled breeding sites were positive for anophelines. Anopheles marajoara could play an important role as an auxiliary vector in Villavicencio's urban area. Control measures should be aimed at weeding the marginal areas around fish ponds and at evaluating the use of impregnated bed-nets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between September 2005 and April 2006 we observed 20 nests and 42 nestlings of the tropical mockingbird, Mimus gilvus (Vieillot, 1808) in Villa de Leiva, Boyacá, Colombia. 40% of all nestlings (40% of the nests) showed some level of myiasis or subcutaneous infestation by fly larvae (Diptera: Muscidae). The larvae collected from one of the nestlings were reared and identified as Philornis vulgaris Couri 1984, constituting the first record for this species in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated 2 fatal cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever that occurred in 2003 and 2004 near the same locality in Colombia where the disease was first reported in the 1930s. A retrospective serosurvey of febrile patients showed that > 21% of the serum samples had antibodies aaainst spotted fever group rickettsiae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dengue seroprevalence is over 90% in Colombian volunteers from 4 to 95 years old. • The high percentages of IgM (15%) or PCR (8.4%) positive samples show a wide and persistent DENV circulation and a large number of asymptomatic infections in the population. • The high risk of DENV infection occurs equally in urban and rural areas of Colombia. Colombia is a dengue hyperendemic country; however, the prevalence of antibodies against dengue in the general population including the inhabitants of rural areas is unknown. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dengue IgM and IgG antibodies in healthy children and adults in urban and rural areas of seven different endemic regions in Colombia between 2013 and 2015. Blood samples from healthy volunteers (1,318) were processed by serology (by indirect IgG and capture IgM and IgG ELISA) and molecular tests to detect viral RNA and circulating serotypes. The seroprevalence of IgG for dengue were 85% in children and over 90% for adults. In addition to the high IgM positive rate (14.9%) and secondary recent infection marker rate (capture IgG, 16%), 8.4% of the healthy volunteers were positive for dengue virus (DENV) RNA. This study confirmed the broad and permanent circulation of DENV in Colombia and the high rates of infection and reinfection suffered by its inhabitants. This information can be used by the health authorities to strengthen vector control and vaccine policies and review the algorithms of diagnosis and disease management in children and adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]