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As Latin America becomes an increasingly significant global economic presence, the governance of its corporations has been more closely scrutinized. In part due to the region's history, many of its largest corporations have been state-owned. 1 As state-held corporations across the region have been privatized, however, many states across the region have been reluctant to fully relinquish control. 2 This has created a system in which many large state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are partially owned by sovereign states and partially by private investors. As a result, states are confronted with inherent conflicts as they navigate the roles of governmental administrator and majority shareholder. This paper builds upon the foundational work of Curtis J. Milhaupt and Mariana Pargendler in RPTs in SOEs: Tunneling, Propping, and Policy Channeling. In their paper, Milhaupt and Pargendler name the state's conflicted roles in mixed-ownership enterprises as "policy channeling." 3 Policy channeling occurs when a state retains majority ownership of a formerly entirely state-owned enterprise and continues to use the corporation to achieve policy aims that hurt private investors. This has been seen across the developing world as governments pursue strategies that reduce SOE profits and, as a result, investor returns. 4 For example, in 2012 the Children's Investment Fund Management threatened legal action against the Indian government for allegedly artificially deflating coal prices and "robbing the company of billions of dollars in potential revenue and hurting shareholders." 5 As developing countries seek to attract more capital, particularly from foreign investors, it is imperative that they address policy channeling through improved corporate governance standards. In examining this phenomenon in Latin America, Peru and Colombia provide two distinct models for the management of mixed-ownership companies and the mitigation of policy channeling. By considering and comparing the countries' strategies, Peru and Colombia--and Latin America more broadly--can devise more sustainable, efficient, and beneficial paths to economic development and SOE management. Simultaneously, they can structure their partially state-owned enterprises such that private stakeholders are confident that their investments will be protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a developing region, South America's aviation industry has also developed rapidly, and its carbon emissions have a significant role in achieving carbon neutrality in the global aviation industry. However, the problem of carbon transfer caused by passenger flow on international routes has not been addressed, especially in South America. This paper uses the Modified Fuel Percentage Method (MFPM) method and the ICAO standard method to calculate the CO 2 emissions of international routes in South America, containing the emissions of each route and each airline. Then we calculate the carbon emissions transfer and carbon compensations generated from South American international routes. In addition, this paper reasonably predicts the carbon emission data from 2023 to 2027 under three different scenarios (L&2027&100%, M&2026&100%, and H&2027&90%). We find that the five countries receiving the most considerable amount of carbon compensation are Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Chile, which is different from the ranking in 2019–2021. In addition, frequently using old and low-efficient aircraft is also a fundamental reason for excessive carbon emissions. Therefore, this paper provides reliable data support and reasonable emission reduction suggestions for the carbon emission control of South America's aviation industry. • Calculated carbon transfers and offsets for South American international routes. • Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Chile are the five countries receiving the most considerable amount of carbon compensation. • The "H&2027&90%" scenario is optimal for South American aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the border shared by Peru, Colombia and Brazil has become an enclave of drug production and trafficking for the international markets. It is a territory whose control is disputed by non-state actors and where state security forces suffer from severe material and transport limitations. This paper takes an ethnographic approach to explain the limitations of border security and the institutional challenges of controlling drug and wood trafficking in this context. It places the ideas of reproduction and social change at the centre of the discussion on drugs and borders, as key ways of thinking about the dynamics of growing and processing coca-derived drugs in the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Health and safety is a crucial issue in the mining industry due to the implication of accidents in the sector. OBJECTIVE: This study determines the safety culture characteristics in several mining activities from South America. METHODS: A survey of the safety culture maturity has been done by means of 24 questions regarding the type of activity, number of employees and safety culture characteristics of the activity: information of accidents and incidents, organizational structure to deal with information, involvement of the company in health and safety issues, the way it communicates accidents and incidents and commitment of the company towards health and safety. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 62 managers from Bolivia, Peru and Colombia. Results show different behaviors depending on the type of company, Artisanal or Large-Scale Mines, ASM and LSM respectively. LSM show a level of maturity according to the size of the company, while ASM does not have a clear trend in terms of size, even though there is a relationship between employees and safety culture maturity. In addition, a remarkable difference can be seen between activities with and without continuous improvement systems implemented. CONCLUSIONS: Large scale mining improves their level of safety culture as the size of the company increases, because procedures and control systems are implemented. Cooperatives or small companies also achieve substantial gains when they introduce similar systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South America has gained international media attention due to its ongoing arms race, with politicians and analysts warning about the possibility of war. Nevertheless, since the Chaco War in the 1930s, the region has seldom faced major inter-state wars, all of which have been short-lived and with relatively few casualties. This article will discuss in greater detail the ongoing arms race in South America, portraying it as a race 'of levels', with not all countries carrying out massive weaponry purchases. Finally, I will discuss regional geopolitics, geosecurity and integration as part of an analysis regarding the unlikelihood of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of marital histories from World Fertility Survey data in Colombia, Panama, and Peru indicates a high level of union dissolution: the probabilities of a first union ending by separation within twenty years of the onset of union equal .27, .40, and .18 in the three countries respectively. Dissolution probabilities are especially high among women with young ages at first union and among women residing in urban areas. For all subgroups studied, consensual unions are characterized by several times the risk of separation of legal marriages. Consensual unions are especially frequent among women in rural areas, women with little education and women who enter unions at young ages. The different prevalence of consensual unions among the different subgroups affects the associations between union stability and various correlates so that it becomes essential to investigate the factors affecting union stability for both consensual unions and legal marriages. In spite of high dissolution rates, remarriage rates in all three countries are also high, as are the percentages of time spent in a union. Hence, the potential effects of voluntary disruption of unions on fertility appear to be modest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lonomism is the envenomation caused by accidental contact with Lonomia caterpillars, and this is a public health priority in South America since it is relatively common but remains underestimated. This study presents an updated and integrative analysis of reliable global data from 1960 to 2020 on the epidemiology of this envenomation in the whole continent. A total of 13,186 notifications were recorded for South America: 13,056 (99.01%) in Brazil, 49 (0.37%) in Argentina, 43 (0.33%) in Colombia, 29 (0.22%) in Venezuela, 6 (0.05%) in Peru and 3 (0.02%) in French Guiana. The number of new locations reporting accidents has increased since the first formally notifications at the middle of the last century. Most of these locations are situated in Brazil, the pioneer in deeply researching the Lonomia genus and its impacts in public health. Most victims were males, in the economically productive age group, and accidental contact occurred more frequently in the upper limbs while doing activities outdoors in urban/rural areas. Regarding the determinants of clinical outcome, countries where patients received delayed medical care were associated with a higher number of moderate and/or severe cases, as well as a higher chance of progressing to death. Additionally, the longer the delay for accessing medical care, the higher the risk of developing systemic complications, thereby increasing the need for specific treatment. Our study also shows that accidents globally occurred more frequently in the summer months and in the beginning of autumn. Although having identified several shortcomings in the documents selected and verified that notifications are strongly biased by public policies adopted by each South American country, this study provides the first comprehensive assessment of lonomism in South America, demonstrating the increase in the number of accidents, and their expansion to other areas of the continent over time. Our findings will undoubtedly help guide the appropriate allocation of resources and implementation of prevention strategies and define priority criteria for epidemiological surveillance of this neglected tropical disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:, (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)