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Increased urbanization and anthropogenic activities in tropical cities lead to the temperature gradient between the urban and rural environments, causing the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. This study is a pioneering attempt that examines the changes in the temporal evolution of the surface energy budget induced by urbanization known as the Anthropogenic Influence (AI) in modifying the urban climate of a tropical city using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical modeling system. The AI from buildings, traffic and power plants is determined in five different scenarios and the model is validated with high temporal resolution in-situ data. These increased AIs provide improved WRF capability with root mean square error (RMSE) less than 2 °C and mean bias error (MBE) less than 0.5 °C between different performance indicators. Building envelopes (without indoor activity/equipment) are found to be a major contributor in exacerbating the island wide urban heat ∆T a AI, max to 3.7 °C compared to baseline all green scenario. This is followed by the air-conditioner (AC) systems that contribute up to 1.4 °C. The maximum local contribution of traffic and power plants to urban heat is 0.9 °C and 0.4 °C, respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Air quality measurements of urban monitoring stations have a limited spatial representativeness due to the complexity of urban meteorology and emissions distribution. In this work, a methodology based on a set of computational fluid dynamics simulations based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS-CFD) for different meteorological conditions covering several months is developed in order to analyse the spatial representativeness of urban monitoring stations and to complement their measured concentrations. The methodology has been applied to two urban areas nearby air quality traffic-oriented stations in Pamplona and Madrid (Spain) to analyse nitrogen oxides concentrations. The computed maps of pollutant concentrations around each station show strong spatial variability being very difficult to comply with the European legislation concerning the spatial representativeness of traffic-oriented air quality stations., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)