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In this paper, panel data from nineteen key cities in the Sichuan-Chongqing urban agglomeration from 2003 to 2016 were used as the study sample. Using the stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) model, the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) pollution and its action mechanism in the Sichuan-Chongqing urban agglomeration were considered for both socioeconomic and natural factors. The results showed that the "pollution halo" hypothesis of FDI in the Sichuan-Chongqing urban agglomeration has been supported. There are significant positive spatial spillover effects of PM 2.5 pollution in this urban agglomeration, and the introduction of FDI is conducive to alleviating PM 2.5 pollution in the urban agglomeration. Similar to the "inverted U" curve proposed by the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, there was a significant "inverted U" curve relationship between PM 2.5 pollution and economic growth in the Sichuan-Chongqing urban agglomeration. However, there was a significant "U"-type curve relationship between the urbanization degree and the PM 2.5 concentration, which indicates that the current urbanization mode may aggravate the pollution degree of PM 2.5 in the urban agglomeration in the long term. Furthermore, the two natural factors of annual average temperature and annual precipitation play an important role in PM 2.5 pollution and spatial spillover effect in the Sichuan-Chongqing urban agglomeration. Economic development and rationalization of the industrial structure are the main ways by which FDI affects PM 2.5 pollution in the urban agglomeration. The research conclusions of this study can be of great practical significance to optimize the regional industrial layout, control PM 2.5 pollution, and establish a sustainable development policy system in the Sichuan-Chongqing urban agglomeration.

This study investigated the interactions between self-perceived weight status and lifestyle behaviors, and their associations with childhood obesity among school children. Methods : Cross-sectional study data from a nationwide sample of 3258 participants (aged 8-15 years old) during 2015-2017 were used. Self-perceived weight status and lifestyle factors (dietary intake and physical activity) were assessed using self-administered questionnaires. Multivariable mixed-effects models tested the effect of interactions between weight self-perception and behavioral factors on overweight and obesity (ow/ob). Results : Overall ow/ob prevalence based on BMI was 30.9% (38.5% for boys, 23.0% for girls). Based on self-perceived weight status, ow/ob prevalence was 37.7% (35.8% for boys, 39.7% for girls). 41.2% of boys and 25.9% of girls underestimated their actual weight status. The interaction between self-perceived weight status and meat consumption was associated with ow/ob in boys, while the interaction between self-assessed weight status and protein foods and sedentary lifestyle were associated with ow/ob in girls. The attributable proportions of these three factors were 39.8%, 48.2%, and 34.6%, respectively. Conclusions : The self-perceived weight status was different from their actual weight status in children. The interactions between self-perceived weight status and lifestyle behaviors were associated with ow/ob. Health promotion programs that empower children to have appropriate self-awareness of weight status, eating, and physical activity behaviors need to be developed and implemented.

The main functions of this research are to guide the proportion of urban land that is used and the layout of the facilities on it, help understand the changes to surface runoff that are caused by land being used in urban development, and thus solve surface runoff pollution. Hangzhou City, China has been selected for the experiment, and the way in which its land is utilized as well as the grading of urban construction projects in the demonstration area are specifically analyzed. This study systematically distinguishes the definitions of impervious area based on the Sutherland equation and analyzes the impact of different impervious area subtypes on surface runoff water quality. Then, we compare the impact of impervious area subtypes with the impact of other land-use patterns on surface runoff water quality. This study shows the relationship between different land-use types and runoff water bodies: Land-use index can affect runoff water quality; Greening activities, impervious surface, and the water quality index are negatively correlated; the effective impervious area rate is positively correlated with the water quality index. The paper suggests that increasing the proportion of green spaces and permeable roads in build-up land reduces the effective impervious area (EIA) and thus controls land runoff pollution and improves runoff water quality.

Purpose: Eating-out and prevalence of obesity/overweight have been rising rapidly in China in the past two decades due to social economic developments. This study examined Chinese school children's eating-out behaviors and associated factors, including their association with obesity during a 3-year follow., Methods: Data were collected from 3313 primary and middle school children aged 7-16 years in five mega-cites across China in 2015, 2016 and 2017, in an open cohort study. Eating-out behaviors were assessed using questionnaire survey. The Chinese age-sex-specific body mass index (BMI) cutoffs were used defining child overweight/obesity (combined) and obesity; central obesity was defined as WHtR ≥ 0.48. Mixed effect models examined associations between child eating-out behaviors and BMI, overweight and obesity in this longitudinal data, adjusting for other covariates., Results: About 80.1% of the children reported having eaten out ≥ 1 times/week over the past 3 months; 46.7% and 70.9% chose Western- and Chinese-style food when ate out, respectively. Meanwhile, 29.8% of them were overweight/obese, 12.7% were obese and 20.1% had central obesity. Child eating-out behaviors were positively associated with parents' eating-out behaviors (p < 0.05). Boys were more likely to choose Western-style food than girls (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.09-1.48) when eating out. Compared to non-overweight/obese children, those being overweight/obese at baseline were less likely to eat out dining on Western-style food during the follow-up., Conclusion: Eating-out is common among school children in major cities in China, but with considerable differences across groups. Children's weight status was associated with eating-out behaviors., (© 2021. Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.)

With the rapid growth of foreign direct investment (FDI), PM 2.5 pollution in Chinese cities is increasing. Based on panel data for 271 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2016, this paper uses the dynamic spatial fixed-effects Durbin model to analyze the correlation between FDI and PM 2.5 pollution and the effect of FDI on urban PM 2.5 concentrations, as mediated by industrial structure transformation, which is clarified using Stata/SE 16.0. The results showed that PM 2.5 pollution in China has significant spatial spillover effects, and the pollution haven hypothesis is applicable to Chinese cities. The industrial structure partially mediates the relationship between FDI and PM 2.5 . This paper proposes that local governments should promote the market-oriented reform of FDI to create a more convenient, legalized, and international environment for FDI and innovate the governance philosophy of only reducing the existing emissions. A top-level design and sound market supervision system of PM 2.5 control are also needed.

In this study, the occurrence of heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) was investigated in indoor dust samples collected from 33 urban and rural areas in 11 provinces, China. The concentrations of the selected heavy metals were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The mean concentrations of Zn (166 mg kg -1 ), Pb (40.7 mg kg -1 ), Cr (19.8 mg kg -1 ), Cu (16.9 mg kg -1 ), and Cd (2.29 mg kg -1 ) in indoor dust are in low or moderate levels compared with other countries or regions. Cd was significantly enriched with the highest enrichment factor of 23.7, followed by Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cr, which were all lower than 3. The concentrations of Pb from Northern China (61.4 mg kg -1 ) were significantly higher than those from Southern China (8.88 mg kg -1 ). The concentrations of heavy metals in indoor dusts from rural areas were higher than those from urban areas except for Cu. The multivariate analysis of variance revealed that wall cover, fuel types, and air conditioning were dominant factors influencing the levels of heavy metals in indoor dust. Principal component analysis showed that outdoor dust and wall paint were main factors for the high concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Cr, accounting for 40.6% of the total contribution; traffic sources contributed to the high levels of Cu and Zn explained 20.6% of the total variance. The hazard indexes of selected heavy metals were less than 1 and carcinogenic risk value of Cr were between 1.01 × 10 -6 and 1 × 10 -4 , indicating minor noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from heavy metals in indoor dust for residents in China. Pb contributed 72.0% and 86.9% to the sum of noncarcinogenic risk values of selected heavy metals for adults and children, respectively. The carcinogenic risk value of Cr was approximately 13-fold higher than that of Cd for both adults and children. Children endured higher risks from heavy metals in indoor dust compared with adults.

Few studies conducted in China have assessed the effects of ambient air pollution exposure on tuberculosis (TB) risk and mortality, especially with a multicity setting. We evaluated the effect of short- and long-term ambient sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O 3 ), and particulate matter≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) exposures on development and mortality of active TB in 7 Chinese cities in Shandong province from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2017. We estimated the pollution-associated risk to new infection TB, recurrent TB, and mortality in relation to 1-μg/m 3 increases in air pollutants using the penalized multivariate Poisson regression models. A total of 83,555 new infective TB and 3060 recurrent TB including 997 deaths were recorded. Short- and long-term exposures to outdoor air pollutants (SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, O 3 , and PM 2.5 ) were significantly associated with new infection TB, recurrent TB risk, and mortality. The dominant positive effects of SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, and PM 2.5 for new infection and recurrent TB risk were observed at long-term (>30 days) exposure, whereas the dominant effects of SO 2 , CO, and PM 2.5 for mortality were observed at short-term (≤30 days) exposures. Of the 5 air pollutants we assessed, SO 2 and PM 2.5 exhibited more consistent and strong associations with TB-related outcomes. We estimated an increase of 1.33% (95% CI 1.29%, 1.37%) and 3.04% (95% CI 2.98%, 3.11%) in new infection TB count for each 1-μg/m 3 increase of SO 2 at lag 0-180 days and PM 2.5 at lag 0-365 days, respectively. This epidemiologic study in China shows that air pollution exposure is associated with increased risk of active TB development and mortality. The control of ambient air pollution may benefit the control and decrease the mortality of TB disease.

As one of the largest electronic waste (e-waste) disassembling sites in China, environmental quality and human health of Longtang town have always been the focus of concern and research. With the effective enforcement of relevant laws, most informal e-waste dismantling centers have been shut down, but heavy metals are non-biodegradable and easily enriched contaminants that are difficult to remove from the environment. This research investigated the heavy metal (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, As, and Cr) level in sediments, water, paddy soils, and the matched rice plants in Longtang, and assessed the potential ecological risk and human health risk of heavy metals. The results showed that the heavy metal content was highest in the sediment, followed by paddy soil and rice, the lowest in water, and the surface water was higher than groundwater. In the paddy soil, the heavy metal content in the topsoil was the highest, and all exceeded the soil background value of Guangdong Province, and the level of Cu (129.45 mg kg -1 ), Cd (0.44 mg kg -1 ), and Pb (100.63 mg kg -1 ) exceeded the national risk screening value (GB 15618-2018). Compared with previous studies, the contents of Cd, Cu, and Zn in soil showed a downward trend. Potential ecological risk assessment showed that the risk level of Cd in the topsoil was high, and the risk levels of Cd and Cu in the sediment were very high and considerable, respectively, posing a major risk to human health. In rice plants, heavy metals mainly accumulated in the roots of rice, and their migration ability in rice tissues was poor. The heavy metal level in grain was within the threshold value set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC, CXS 193-1995) or China (GB 2762-2017), and the risk level to human health was low. Accordingly, it is imperative to continuously monitor the content of heavy metals in the sediment and soil of Longtang, especially Cu and Cd.

The associations between children's pocket money and their eating behaviors and weight status have not been examined using longitudinal data in China. Examined child and parental factors associated with children's pocket money, and longitudinal effects of pocket money on children's eating behaviors and weight status. Data were collected in 2015, 2016, and 2017 from 3261 school-age children and their parents in mega-cities across China (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Xi'an, Chengdu). Children's weight, height, and waist circumference were measured; pocket money and eating behaviors were self-reported. Mixed effect models were used. Older children received more pocket money than younger children (incident rate ratio (IRR) = 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 1.26). Fathers gave their children more pocket money than mothers did (IRR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.30). Children with fathers having ≥ college education received more pocket money than the others did (IRR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.40). Some nutrition-related parenting behaviors and attitude were also associated with children's pocket money. Compared with children receiving no weekly pocket money, those having 1-10 or 10-30 or >30-yuan weekly pocket money were 12.0-136% more likely to consume unhealthy foods and were 66-132% more likely to be overweight or obese. Some child and parental factors were associated with children's pocket money, which increased risks of having unhealthy eating behaviors and being overweight and obese.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major infectious diseases that seriously endanger people's health. In Shandong province, the relationship between the level of economic development and TB incidence has not been studied. This study aims to provide more research basis for the government to prevent and control TB by exploring the impact of different economic factors on TB incidence., Methods: By constructing threshold regression model (TRM), we described the extent to which different economic factors contribute to TB registered incidence and differences in TB registered incidence among seventeen cities with different levels of economic development in Shandong province, China, during 2006-2017. Data were retrieved from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention., Results: Per capita medical expenditure (regression coefficient, -0.0314462; SD, 0.0079305; P > |t|, 0.000) and per capita savings (regression coefficient, 0.0001924; SD, 0.0000566; P > |t|, 0.001) passed the significance test at the level of 1%.They are the two economic indicators that have the greatest impact on TB registered incidence. Through the threshold test, we selected the per capita savings as the threshold variable. In the three stages of per capita savings (<9772.8086 China Yuan(CNY); 9772.8086-33,835.5391 CNY; >33,835.5391 CNY), rural per capita income always has a significant negative impact on the TB registered incidence (The regression coefficients are - 0.0015682, - 0.0028132 and - 0.0022253 respectively. P is 0.007,0.000 and 0.000 respectively.).In cities with good economies, TB registered incidence was 38.30% in 2006 and dropped to 25.10% by 2017. In cities with moderate economies, TB registered incidence peaked in 2008 at 43.10% and dropped to 27.1% by 2017.In poorer cities, TB registered incidence peaked in 2008 at 56.30% and dropped to 28.9% in 2017., Conclusion: We found that per capita savings and per capita medical expenditure are most closely related to the TB incidence. Therefore, relevant departments should formulate a more complete medical system and medical insurance policy to effectively solve the problem of "difficult and expensive medical treatment". In order to further reduce the TB incidence, in addition to timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment, it is more important for governments to increase investment in medicine and health care.

This study examined prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity (ov/ob) and central obesity in five mega-cities across China (Beijing, Shanghai, Xi'an, Nanjing and Chengdu); described parental perceptions of children's ideal body image (IBI); and prospectively examined associations between parental perception of child IBI and child weight changes over 3 years. In this NIH-funded, open cohort study, data were collected from students and their parents in 2015, 2016 and 2017 (n = 3298, in 3 waves). Cross-sectional analysis included all 3298 children; longitudinal data analysis used mixed effects models and included 1691 children aged 6-17 years with ≥two body mass index (BMI) measurements during 2015-2017. Ov/ob prevalence based on Chinese age-sex-specific BMI cut-points was 30.0%. Based on waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), the abdominal obesity rate was 19.8%. Parents reported different preferred IBI for boys vs girls, being about 3 times more likely to select ov/ob as ideal for boys than for girls (4.5% vs 1.5%, respectively, P < .001). In longitudinal analysis, children whose parents selected ov/ob as ideal had higher BMI Z-scores and WHtR increase over time than those whose parents selected an average body image (β [SE] = 0.042 [0.011], and β [SE] = 0.010 [0.004], respectively, all P < .05). Ov/ob rates were high among children in major cities in China. Chinese parents preferred a heavier ideal body image for their boys. Health promotion programs should help empower parents and their children to develop appropriate body images and maintain healthy body weight., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The overmining of groundwater makes the aquifer in a coastal area prone to seawater intrusion and further leads to deterioration of water quality and ecosystem degradation. However, the vulnerability evaluation of seawater intrusion can provide a scientific basis for the prevention of seawater intrusion, and then ensure the sustainable use of groundwater. In this paper, Baihai City was taken as the study area, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), variable power theory, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used synthetically. The vulnerability of seawater intrusion in the study area was divided into lowest vulnerability, low vulnerability, medium vulnerability, and high vulnerability, and these correspond to 1739.98, 133.88, 664.32, and 737.55 km 2 . On this basis, combined with the groundwater quality and quantity and ecosystem of the study area, the groundwater is divided into concentrated groundwater supply area (8.16%), decentralized groundwater supply area (12.44%), protected area (78.94%), and reserved zone (0.45%), which can provide the basis for the rational exploitation and management of groundwater. By analyzing the results of constant right and variable weight evaluation, combined with the history of seawater intrusion, it is proved that the variable weight evaluation model can effectively solve the unreasonable situation caused by the internal differences of the indicator, so that the evaluation results are more in line with reality. In addition, the application of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method makes the evaluation results clearer.

Although Chinese government has implemented a series of laws, regulations, and policies to deal with air pollutants, air pollution is still one of the biggest concerns in China. Most of the cities in China suffered from extremely high air pollution levels and cannot meet the national air quality standards. In this study, we attempt to measure individuals' average marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) in Beijing with the hedonic price model. We combine an extensive housing transaction dataset with emission data of six air pollutants from 2013 to 2016 in Beijing, China. When estimating the hedonic price function, we apply both ordinary least squares (OLS) and panel model with various fixed effects to better control for unobservables. The empirical results reveal that the concentrations of CO, NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 are significantly negatively correlated with housing prices. However, we found an insignificant relationship with the concentration of SO 2 and the concentration of O 3 appears to positively increase the housing values. Policy implications based on these results were also discussed.

Objective: Using three models too estimate excess mortality associated with influenza of Shanxi Province during 2013-2017. Methods: Mortality data and influenza surveillance data of 11 cities of Shanxi Province from the 2013-2014 through 2016-2017 were used to estimate influenza-associated all cause deaths, circulatory and respiratory deaths and respiratory deaths. Three models were used: (i) Serfling regression, (ii)Poisson regression, (iii)General line model. Results: The total reported death cases of all cause were 157 733, annual death cases of all cause were 39 433, among these cases, male cases 93 831 (59.50%), cases above 65 years old 123 931 (78.57%). Annual influenza-associated excess mortality, for all causes, circulatory and respiratory deaths, respiratory deaths were 8.62 deaths per 100 000, 6.33 deaths per 100 000 and 0.68 deaths per 100 000 estimated by Serfling model, respectively; and 21.30 deaths per 100 000, 16.89 deaths per 100 000 and 2.14 deaths per 100 000 estimated by General line model, respectively; and 21.76 deaths per 100 000, 17.03 deaths per 100 000 and 2.05 deaths per 100 000, estimated by Poisson model, respectively. Influenza-related excess mortality was higher in people over 75 years old; influenza-associated excess mortalityfor all causes, circulatory and respiratory deaths, respiratory deaths were 259.67 deaths per 100 000, 229.90 deaths per 100 000 and 32.63 deaths per 100 000, estimated by GLM model, respectively; and 269.49 deaths per 100 000, 233.69 deaths per 100 000 and 31.27 deaths per 100 000, estimated by Poisson model,respectively. Conclusion: Excess mortality associated with influenza mainly caused by A (H3N2), Influenza caused the most associated death amongold people.

Fine particulate matter is associated with adverse health effects, but exactly which characteristics of PM 2.5 are responsible for this is still widely debated. We evaluated seasonal dynamics of the composition and chemical characteristics of PM 2.5 in Zhuhai, China. PM 2.5 characteristics at five selected sites within Zhuhai city were analyzed. Sampling began on January 10, 2015, and was conducted for 1 year. The ambient mass concentration, carbon content (organic and elemental carbon, OC and EC), level of inorganic ions, and major chemical composition of PM 2.5 were also determined. Average concentrations of PM 2.5 were lower than the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) 24-h average of 65 μg/m 3 . The daily PM 2.5 concentration in Zhuhai city exhibited clear seasonal dynamics, with higher daily PM 2.5 concentrations in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. Carbon species (OC and EC) and water-soluble ions were the primary components of the PM 2.5 fraction of particles. Apart from OC and EC, chemical species in PM 2.5 were mainly composed of NH 4 + and SO 4 2- . There was a marked difference between the summer and winter periods: the concentrations of OC and EC in winter were roughly 3.4 and 4.0 times than those in summer, while NH 4 + , SO 4 2- , NO 3 - , and Na + were 3.2, 4.5, 28.0, and 5.7 times higher in winter than those in summer, respectively. The results of chemical analysis were consistent with three sources dominating PM 2.5 : coal combustion, biomass burning, and vehicle exhaust; road dust and construction; and from reaction of HCl and HNO 3 with NH 3 to form NH 4 Cl and NH 4 NO 3 . However, additional work is needed to improve the mass balance and to obtain the source profiles necessary to use these data for source apportionment.