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The dikraneurine leafhopper genus Anaka is reviewed based on a comparative morphological study. Five new species, Anaka auricula sp. nov., Anaka cruciata sp. nov., Anaka curvata sp. nov., Anaka rosacea sp. nov., and Anaka spiralis sp. nov. from China are described and illustrated in detail. Additionally, a key to known Anaka species is provided along with a checklist of all species and their distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Phytoplasma are wall-less phytopathogens that invade hundreds of plant species, causing symptoms, including witches' broom, phyllody, and leaf yellowing. The difficulty in phytoplasma artificial cultivation makes research on the interactions of phytoplasma–plant–vector insects lag behind the research on interactions of other phytopathogen–plant–vector insects. The spread of phytoplasma heavily relies on piercing–sucking insects. In this study, the feeding behavior of the leafhopper Hishimonus hamatus Kuoh fed on healthy Chinese jujube leaves and on jujube witches' broom (JWB) leaves was investigated to find whether JWB infection changed the feeding behavior or preference of H. hamatus. Then, we performed a metabolomic analysis to inspect the metabolite composition of healthy and JWB-infected jujube leaves and tried to explain why the leafhopper tended to feed on JWB-infected leaves. We found that more small-molecular carbohydrates, free amino acids, and free fatty acids and less lignans, coumarins and triterpenoids were accumulated in JWB-infected leaves, which might be related to more vector leafhopper feeding with a higher frequency. Hishimonus hamatus Kuoh is a leafhopper species native to China that feeds on Chinese jujube leaves. This leafhopper species has been verified to transmit jujube witches' broom (JWB) disease, caused by phytoplasma, a fatal plant pathogen, which belongs to the phytoplasma subgroup 16SrV-B. The transmission of JWB phytoplasma largely relies on the feeding behavior of piercing–sucking leafhoppers. However, the specific mechanisms behind how and why the infection of JWB influences the feeding behavior of these leafhoppers are not fully understood. To address this, a study was conducted to compare the feeding patterns of H. hamatus when feeding JWB-infested jujube leaves to healthy leaves using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. Then, a widely targeted metabolome analysis was performed to identify differences in the metabolite composition of JWB-infected jujube leaves and that of healthy jujube leaves. The results of EPG analyses revealed that when feeding on JWB-infected jujube leaves, H. hamatus exhibited an increased frequency of phloem ingestion and spent longer in the phloem feeding phase compared to when feeding on healthy leaves. In addition, the results of metabolomic analyses showed that JWB-infected leaves accumulated higher levels of small-molecular carbohydrates, free amino acids, and free fatty acids, as well as lower levels of lignans, coumarins and triterpenoids compared to healthy leaves. The above results indicated that the H. hamatus preferentially fed on the phloem of infected leaves, which seems to be linked to the transmission of the JWB phytoplasma. The results of metabolomic analyses partially imply that the chemical compounds might play a role in making the infected leaves more attractive to H. hamatus for feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the emergence of soybean stay-green syndrome (SGS), also referred to as 'zhengqing', in the Huang-Huai-Hai region of China has resulted in significant yield losses. SGS is a phenomenon characterized by the delayed senescence of soybean, resulting in stay-green leaves, flat pods, and stunted seed development at harvest. We previously identified a distinct geminivirus, named soybean stay-green associated geminivirus (SoSGV), as the causative agent of SGS by fulfilling Koch's postulates. To further understand the epidemiology of SoSGV, in this study, we collected 368 stay-green samples from 17 regions in 8 provinces including the Huang-Huai-Hai region and surrounding areas. The results showed that 228 samples tested positive for SoSGV (61.96%), and 96.93% of these positive samples showed severe pod deflation. Our epidemiological assessment reveals that SGS caused by the SoSGV is prevalent in the fields, and it is undergoing geographical expansion and genetic differentiation. Additionally, we determined other natural hosts grown in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. By capturing insects in the field and conducting laboratory vector transmission tests, we confirmed that the common brown leafhopper (Orosius orientalis) is the transmission vector of SoSGV. With a better understanding of the transmission and epidemiology of SoSGV, we can develop more effective strategies for managing and mitigating its impact on soybean yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Planaphrodes is a genus of Aprhodinae distributed in the Palaearctic region from Portugal to Japan. This paper reconstructs phylogenetic relationships among species of Planaphrodes based on morphological characteristics for the first time, elucidates the phylogenetic status of the genus and describes two new species found in China. A morphology-based phylogeny of the Holarctic leafhopper genus Planaphrodes Hamilton is reconstructed for the first time based on 39 discrete male adult morphological characters. The results support the monophyly of Planaphrodes, with the included species forming two monophyletic lineages defined mainly by the number and location of aedeagus processes. The position of Planaphrodes in the Aphrodini was resolved as follows: (Stroggylocephalus + (Anoscopus + (Planaphrodes + Aphrodes))). The fauna of Planaphrodes from China, Japan and Korea are reviewed and six species are recognized, including two new species: P. bifasciatus (Linnaeus), P. sahlbergii (Signoret), P. nigricans (Matsumura), P. laevus (Rey), P. baoxingensis sp. nov. (China: Sichuan) and P. faciems sp. nov. (China: Hubei). Acocephalus alboguttatus Kato, 1933 syn. nov. and Aphrodes daiwenicus Kuoh, 1981 syn. nov. are considered junior synonyms of Planaphrodes sahlbergii (Signoret, 1879). Planaphrodes bella Choe, 1981 is a junior synonym of Planaphrodes nigricans (Matsumura, 1912). A checklist and key to species of Planaphrodes are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Atkinsoniella is a large genus of 98 species across the world and 88 species recorded in China within the globally distributed subfamily Cicadellinae, which is phytophagous, and some of which have been reported as important agricultural pests. Some Atkinsoniella species are very similar in morphological characteristics, making accurate identification at species level confusing. To provide further evidence toward understanding the relationships within the genus Atkinsoniella and subfamily Cicadellinae, mitogenomes of 12 Atkinsoniella sibling species were obtained and annotated. Their characteristics were comparatively analyzed. In addition, the comprehensive phylogenetic relationship within the subfamily Cicadellinae was determined based on three mitochondrial datasets using both the maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. The results suggested that the genus Atkinsoniella was recovered as a monophyletic group. The branches of the 12 newly sequenced species were clearly separated, with most nodes receiving strong support in all analyses, indicating that mitogenomics is an effective method for identifying closely related species and understanding their phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. The herbivorous leafhopper genus Atkinsoniella Distant, 1908 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae), a large genus of subfamily Cicadellinae, consists of 98 valid species worldwide and 88 species recorded in China. Some species of the genus are very similar in morphological characteristics, so they are difficult to identify accurately. In this study, 12 mitochondrial genomes of Atkinsoniella species with similar morphological characteristics were first obtained through high-throughput sequencing, which featured a typical circular molecule of 15,034–15,988 bp in length. The arrangement and orientation of 37 genes were identical to those of typical Cicadellidae mitogenomes. The phylogenetic relationship within the subfamily Cicadellinae was reconstructed using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods based on three concatenated datasets. The topological structures of the six obtained phylogenetic trees were highly consistent. The results suggested that Atkinsoniella was recovered as a monophyletic group and emerged as a sister group with the monophyletic clade of Bothrogonia, Paracrocampsa (part), and Draeculacephala (part). The branches of the 12 newly sequenced species were clearly separated, with most nodes receiving strong support in all analyses. In addition, the key to the 12 Atkinsoniella species was provided to identify species according to morphological characteristics. This study further promotes research on the classification, genetics, evolution, and phylogeny of the genus Atkinsoniella and subfamily Cicadellinae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The leafhopper genus Empoascanara Distant, 1918 encompasses 81 species, most of which are distributed in Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian Realm. The leafhopper genus Kapsa Dworakowska, 1972 encompasses 23 species, mainly known from the Oriental and Australian Realms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Multivariate climate change is expected to impact insect densities and plant growth in complex, and potentially different, ways. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a unique crop system where the increase in quality from chemical defences induced by Empoasca onukii (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) feeding can outweigh reductions in yield and make attack by this leafhopper desirable to tea farmers. Differential impacts of weather attributes on tea and herbivores could impact feasibility of this unique farming strategy in a rapidly changing climate. 2. We monitored leafhopper densities and tea shoot growth at a tea farm in Fujian Province, China for 2 months (June and July). We used distributed lag non‐linear models to capture potentially delayed and non‐linear effects of weather attributes on tea growth and leafhopper densities. 3. Weather attributes had contrasting effects on leafhopper density and tea shoot growth. Leafhopper densities were highest with low daily mean and maximum temperatures, while warm temperatures favoured tea growth. Effects of temperature on leafhoppers were delayed, while effects on tea growth were immediate. Precipitation reduced tea growth, and had a delayed positive effect on leafhopper density. 4. The delayed effects of weather attributes on leafhoppers indicate that earlier, less conspicuous life stages (i.e. eggs and early instar nymphs) may be susceptible to desiccation. Although increasing annual mean temperature is commonly predicted to benefit multivoltine insect pests, our results show that cool, wet conditions benefit E. onukii during summer months when they are most abundant. These results have implications for tea green leafhopper management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The leafhopper genus Anufrievia Dworakowska, 1970 includes 33 species and is widely distributed in China, Korea, South Korea, Japan, Nepal, India, Thailand and Vietnam. New information: Two new species found at Bijie City and Shibing County, Guizhou Province, China are described and illustrated, A. crispata sp. nov. and A. confluensa sp. nov. A key to distinguish the Chinese species of the genus is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythroneura sudra is a leafhopper occurring in northern China, which causes significant damage to fruit. The relationships between E. sudra and five fruit tree species (Rosaceae) were studied for 3 yr. The highest relative density of E. sudra was recorded on leaves of Amygdalus persica L. and Cerasus pseudocerasus Lindl. Likewise, it had the highest survival rate and shortest developmental time when it fed on these two plants species, indicating that they were the most preferred by E. sudra than the other plant species. The relative density and growth performance of E. sudra were negatively correlated with the levels of tannins and flavonoids in the leaves of the host species. Both plant species had relatively lower flavonoids and tannins, and this may have contributed to the enhanced survival and population growth of E. sudra. These results can guide the development of improved management strategies for this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new genera of the leafhopper tribe Erythroneurini, Hamata gen. nov. and Levigata gen. nov., are established based on type species from Yunnan, China: Hamata coralliformis sp. nov. and Levigata arborea sp. nov., respectively. Two additional new species, Gladkara bifida sp. nov. from Yunnan and Thapaia tibetensis sp. nov. from Tibet, are described and illustrated and amended descriptions of their respective genera are provided. A new synonymy is suggested: Elbelus tripunctatus Mahmood, 1967 = Elbelus melianus Kuoh, 1992, syn. nov. Eleven species of nine erythroneurine genera are newly recorded from China: Arboridia (Arboridia) kakogawana (Matsumura, 1932), A. (A.) suputinkaensis (Vilbaste, 1968), Balanda kara Dworakowska, 1979, Dorycnia vietnamica Dworakowska, 1979, Gambialoa (Gambialoa) borealis Dworakowska, 1981, Gladkara albida Dworakowska, 1995, Seriana dentata Sohi & Mann, 1992, S. malaica Dworakowska, 1978, Tautoneura mukla Dworakowska, 1981, Yakuza sumatrana Dworakowska, 2002, and Ziczacella lyrifora (Dlabola, 1968). Additional faunistic data and illustrations are provided for the following species from China: Arboridia (Arboridia) agrillacea (Anufriev, 1969), A. (A.) lunula Song & Li, 2013, A. (A.) maculifrons (Vilbaste, 1968), A. (A.) suzukii (Matsumura, 1916), Arboridia (Arborifera) surstyli Cai & Xu, 2006, Gambialoa (Gambialoa) asiatica Dworakowska, 1979, Kaukania anser Dworakowska, 1972, Seriana indefinita Dworakowska, 1971, S. ochrata Dworakowska, 1971, Ziczacella dworakowskae (Anufriev, 1970), Z. heptapotamica (Kusnezov, 1928), and Z. steggerdai (Ross, 1965). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species Scaphoideus destitutus sp. n. is described and illustrated from Guangxi Autonomous Region, China. A key based on the male genitalia is given to distinguish species with bicolored forewings of this genus. A map showing the geographic distribution of the species in China is also provided. The type specimen of the new species is deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of leafhoppers: Abrus damingshanensis sp. n. (from Guangxi) and A. expansivus sp. n. (from Guizhou) are described and illustrated from China. A map showing the geographic distribution of the two new species is given. Taxonomic notes on species of the genus Abrus is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new species of the Oriental empoascine leafhopper genus Dayus Mahmood are described from China: D. bifurcatus sp. n., D. trifurcatus sp. n. and D. serratus sp. n. A key to distinguish all Chinese species of the genus is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes and illustrates four new species of the leafhopper genus Olidiana McKamey (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae) from southern China, namely O. clavispinata, O. dendritica, O. longa, and O. longiforma. It notes that Olidiana is a replacement name for Lodiana and proposes a new combination, Olidiana nigrifaciana. As of 2013, the genus Olidiana reportedly contains 87 species occurring primarily in the Oriental region, 49 of which are known in China.

Two new leafhopper species, Pediopsoides (Celopsis) rhombica sp. nov. from Guizhou Province, and P. (C.) trifurcata sp. nov. from Hainan Province of China, are described and illustrated. The type specimens examined here are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of the empoascine leafhopper genus Membranacea Qin & Zhang are reported from China: M. hubeiensis Yu & Yang, sp. n. and M. stenoprocessa Yu & Yang, sp. n.. A key to distinguish all species of the genus is provided [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egidemia peruana sp. n., a new species from South Peru (Urubamba Province, Cusco Region), is described and illustrated. The new taxon can be distinguished from the other eight known Egidemia China species mainly by the shape of the male pygofer, subgenital plates, styles, and aedeagus. Taxonomic notes on the genus and a key to its species are included. Egidemia peruana sp. n., uma nova especie do sul do Peru (Provincia de Urubamba, Regiao de Cusco), e descrita e ilustrada. O novo taxon pode ser distinguido das outras oito especies conhecidas de Egidemia China, principalmente, pela forma do pigoforo masculino, placas subgenitais, estilos e edeago. Notas taxonomicas sobre o genero e uma chave para as suas especies sao incluidas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of Zyginella minuta was sequenced and annotated in this study. The closed-loop mitogenome is 15,544 bp in length, has an AþT content of 76.3% (A=43.0%, T=33.3%, G=10.2%, and C=13.5%), containing 37 typical genes and a control region. All proteincoding genes (PCGs) started with ATN and stopped with TAA, except for ATP8 used TTG as initiation codon, Cytb ended with TAG, ND5, and ND4 used incomplete T as stop codon. The resultant phylogeny using 13 PCGs and 2 rRNAs showed these species in Typhlocybinae including Z. minuta formed a cluster indicating closer relationship than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the leafhopper species Eupteryx (Stacla) minusula (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) are sequenced and annotated. The mitochondrial genome is 16945 bp, and nucleotide composition of the whole mitogenome is highly AþT biased (A: 43.6%; T: 35.2%, G: 11.3%, C: 9.9%). 11 PCGs have ATN as the start codon, except for atp8 and nad5 genes have TTG. The conventional termination codons (TAA or TAG) occur in 11 PCGs, while cox2 and nad5 uses incomplete codon (T) as termination codon. The complete mitogenome sequence of Eupteryx (Stacla) minusula is available in the GenBank with accession number: MN910279. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the leafhopper species Paraahimia luodianensis was sequenced and annotated. It is 16,497 bp in length and consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two rRNA genes, and one AT-rich region. Most of PCGs started with ATN and stopped with TAA, except for ATP8 started with TTG, COX2, COX3, NAD5, and NAD1 used incomplete T–– as a stop codon. We constructed a phylogenetic tree from 12 species (Hemiptera) based on neighbour-joining method and using 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes. The result showed that both species of Limassolla lingchuanensis and P. luodianensis which belonging to Zyginellini were clustered into one clade. This study further enriched mitogenome database of the tribe Zyginellini. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2003 and 2004, field studies were conducted at three sites in Zhejiang Province in China to assess the impacts of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner rice expressing a fused gene of cry1Ab and cry1Ac on nontarget planthoppers and leafhoppers. Populations in Bt plots were sampled with yellow sticky card traps, Malaise traps, and a vacuum-suction machine, and compared with samples from non-Bt control (IR72) plots. The results from yellow sticky card trap samplings indicated no significant differences between Bt and non-Bt plots in the species composition or densities of each species of planthopper and leafhopper. Three species of planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), Nilaparvata lugens (StAl), and Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen), were collected at all sites, and three species of leafhoppers, Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhier), Thaia subrufa (Motschulsky), and Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky), were collected at Hangzhou. Another species of leafhopper, N. virescens (Distant), was collected at Anji and Jiande instead of T. subrufa. The results from the Malaise trap and vacuum-suction samples revealed no significant differences between Bt and non-Bt plots in species structure of planthoppers and leafhoppers or in population changes of the predominant planthopper species, S. furcifera, the predominant leafhopper species, N. cincticeps, or N. virescens throughout most sampling dates. Densities of planthoppers and leafhoppers were significantly affected by year and site but not by Bt rice, In general, our results suggest that the Bt rice line tested did not adversely affect nontarget planthopper and leafhopper populations and will not lead to higher populations or damage by planthoppers and leafhoppers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an important vegetable crop that is produced commercially in many countries. Lettuce chlorotic leaf rot disease (LCLRD) was first reported in China in 2005, and in 2008, a severe outbreak in Yongan county occurred with an incidence of approximately 25%, causing significant economic losses. However, the causal agent, insect vector, and alternative hosts of this disease are still unknown. The results from the phylogenetic tree and virtual RFLP patterns of the 16S F2nR2 region showed that the phytoplasma associated with LCLRD was more related to the 16SrI-B subgroup with 99% nucleotide identity and a similarity coefficient of over 0.97. Only leafhopper Macrosteles striifrons could transmit LCLRD phytoplasma to the healthy lettuce plants under experimental conditions. Six out of 52 plant hosts, which were collected from some of the fields, could harbor phytoplasma, but only the chinaberry tree (Melia azedarach) might serve as an alternative host with a similarity coefficient of 1.0 to LCLRD phytoplasma. The other hosts of the head lettuce, pepper, and sweet potato could also harbor the phytoplasma, which had the same KpnI digestion profiles from leafhopper of Deltocephalinar spp.. Interestingly, the phytoplasmas from wild and longleaf lettuce belonged to the subgroup of 16SXII-A, which was not detected in leafhoppers in this study. Identification and characterization of the LCLRD agent, its insect vector, and alternative host plants are useful for developing strategies to control this phytoplasma-induced disease in lettuce. • The phytoplasma associated with lettuce chlorotic leaf rot disease was more related to the 16SrI-B subgroup. • Leafhopper Macrosteles striifrons could be a vector for transmitting lettuce chlorotic leaf rot disease phytoplasma. • The chinaberry tree (Melia azedarach) might serve as an alternative host for lettuce chlorotic leaf rot disease phytoplasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat blue dwarf (WBD) is one of the most economically damaging cereal crop diseases in northwestern PR China. The agent associated with the WBD disease is a phytoplasma affiliated with the aster yellows (AY) group, subgroup C (16SrI-C). Since phytoplasma strains within the AY group are ecologically and genetically diverse, it has been conceived that the AY phytoplasma group may consist of more than one species. This communication presents evidence to demonstrate that, while each of the two 16 rRNA genes of the WBD phytoplasma shares >97.5 % sequence similarity with that of the ' Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' reference strain, the WBD phytoplasma clearly represents an ecologically separated lineage: the WBD phytoplasma not only has its unique transmitting vector ( Psammotettix striatus ) but also elicits a distinctive symptom in its predominant plant host (wheat). In addition, the WBD phytoplasma possesses molecular characteristics that further manifest its significant divergence from ' Ca . P. asteris'. Such molecular characteristics include lineage-specific antigenic membrane proteins and a lower than 95 % genome-wide average nucleotide identity score with ' Ca . P. asteris'. These ecological, molecular and genomic evidences justify the recognition of the WBD phytoplasma as a novel taxon, ' Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici'.

Tea green leafhoppers (Empoasca spp.) are considered one of the major pests in tea plantations in Asia. They are, however, difficult to monitor due to their size and flying and jumping abilities. In this study, we clarified the identification of the leafhopper species encountered in our study plantations and examined the impacts of sampling methods in estimating population abundance and sex ratio. The natural sex ratio of eggs, nymphs, and adults of tea green leafhopper and the differences between male and female were tested. Despite previous reports that Empoasca vitis (Goethe) was the major leafhopper present in our study area, our results showed that only Empoasca onukii Matsuda was found. Variation in population size over time and bias in sex ratio depending on the sampling methods were found in our monitoring experiments. In general, adult males were more attracted to yellow sticky cards than females. We believe that because female leafhoppers should be the target in pest control, yellow sticky cards may not be the most suitable monitoring or effective control of tea green leafhopper. We demonstrate the importance of understanding the implications of sampling techniques for population estimation and sex ratio bias as well as how temporal variation may affect monitoring results. Precise monitoring should take into consideration the different life histories of male and female., (© The Authors 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

This study identifies 'centers of endemism' for typhlocybine leafhoppers in China, revealing diversity patterns and congruence of patterns between total species richness and endemism. Distribution patterns of 774 Typhlocybinae (607 described and 167 undescribed species) were mapped on a 1.5° × 1.5° latitude/longitude grid. Total species richness, endemic species richness and weighted endemism richness were calculated for each grid cell. Grid cells within the top 5% highest values of weighted endemism richness were considered as 'centers of endemism'. Diversity patterns by latitude and altitude were obtained through calculating the gradient richness. A congruence of diversity patterns between total species richness and endemism was confirmed using correlation analysis. To investigate the bioclimatic factors (19 variables) contributing to the congruence between total species richness and endemism, we compared the factor's difference between non-endemic and endemic species using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Eleven centers of endemism, roughly delineated by mountain ranges, were identified in central and southern China, including the south Yunnan, Hengduan Mountains, Qinling Mountains, Hainan Island, Taiwan Island and six mountain areas located in western Sichuan, northwest Fujian, southeast Guizhou, southeast Hunan, central and western Guangdong, and north Zhejiang. Total species richness and endemic species richness decreased with increased latitude and had a consistent unimodal response to altitude. The proportions of endemism decreased with increased latitude and increased with rising altitude. Diversity patterns between total species richness and endemism were highly consistent, and 'Precipitation of Coldest Period' and 'Temperature of Coldest Period' may contribute to the congruence of pattern. Migration ability may play a role in the relationship of endemism and species richness; climate, environment factors and important geologic isolation events can also play crucial effects on relationships under special conditions., (© 2013 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.)

Rice dwarf virus (RDV) causes Rice dwarf disease, which leads to considerable losses in rice production in Asia. Purified RDV virions were used as the immunogen to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Three murine mAbs against RDV were prepared. Plate-trapped antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PTA-ELISA), dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) and immunocapture-RT-PCR (IC-RT-PCR) were then developed for sensitive, specific, and rapid detection of RDV in rice and leafhopper samples obtained in the field using the mAbs. The PTA-ELISA, dot-ELISA and IC-RT-PCR detected the virus in infected tissue crude extracts diluted at 1:81,920, 1:10,240 and 1:655,360 (w/v, g mL(-1)), in individual viruliferous rice green leafhopper crude extracts diluted at 1:25,600, 1:6400 and 1:3,276,800 (individual leafhopper/μL), respectively. 878 rice field samples and 531 leafhopper field samples from ten provinces of China were screened for the presence of RDV using the two serological assays and the IC-RT-PCR and the results indicated that 37 of the 878 rice samples and 22 of the 531 leafhopper samples were infected by RDV. All positive samples were from Yunnan Province, indicating that RDV is prevalent in this province, but not in the other nine provinces. The dot-ELISA is suitable for routine detection of large-scale rice and leafhopper samples in field surveys., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)