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Retaining Contractual Equilibrium through the Doctrine of Change of Circumstances: What Can Be Learned from Chinese Experiences? By carrying out a large-scale investigation of judicial decisions delivered from 2009 to April 2023, this article analyses and presents Chinese experiences in retaining contractual equilibrium through the doctrine of change of circumstances. They include the judiciary's three-step analytical framework based on the shared assumption theory and the contractual equilibrium theory, categorisation of the disrupted contractual equilibrium caused by a change of circumstance, and elaboration on the relationships between the three doctrines regarding unexpected circumstances (i.e. the doctrine of change of circumstances, the doctrine of frustration of the purpose of the contract and the doctrine of force majeure) under Chinese contract law. This article, for the first time, systemically elaborates on the Chinese judicial analytical approaches in applying the doctrine of change of circumstances through a large-scale investigation of judicial decisions and clearly shows the doctrine's distinct role in the context of unexpected circumstances. The discussions help to gain a deep understanding of the application of the Chinese doctrine of change of circumstances in real life and are of great value for nourishing the comparative law discourse of the rules of unexpected circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal translation enjoys significance in both empirical and theoretical aspects, while the historical perspective can help the academia and translators to know the past of certain specific field of laws so as to produce better translation versions. Based on commonly accepted translations theories, this article explores the historical importance of contract law in perspective, analyzes the process of development, exhibits the translation achievements and experiences from major translators and agencies, thus, some paradigm and future advices can be drawn therefrom. Employing a theoretical method in a history angle is not that frequently used in translation practice, however it is also not that rare, it can be a start for not only contract law per se, but the whole legal translation in balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the impact of Chinese cultural values on the application of law on contractual damages. Following an experimental design, 43 in-depth interviews were conducted with Chinese judges in 13 cities and provinces across China. The data reveal two patterns. First, the judges took the cultural values into account when determining the amount of damages. Second, the consideration of cultural value factors reduced the judges' consideration of legal factors. The local cultural values did not change the Chinese judges' understanding of law. Instead, the judges compromised the legal requirements and cultural desires by using the discretion offered to them or by recommending mediation. The consideration of cultural values is not only the result of judges' personal preferences, but also of judges seeking social approval. The motivation of Chinese judges to obtain social approval may be enhanced by the assessment criteria and the institutional constraints of Chinese courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the patients’ reasons for encounter (RFE) and health problems managed by general practitioners (GPs) in the rural areas of Beijing to provide evidences for health services planning and GPs training. Methods: This study was conducted at 14 community health service centers (CHSCs) in 6 suburban districts of Beijing, using a multistage sampling method. A total of 100 GPs was selected from the study sites. A self-designed data collection form was developed on the basis of Subjective-Objective-Assessment-Plan (SOAP), including patient characteristics, RFEs, health problems, interventions, and consultation length. Each GP recorded and coded their 100 consecutive patients’ RFEs and health problems with the International Classification of Primary Care, 2nd version (ICPC-2). Descriptive statistics were employed to describe the distribution of RFE and health problems. Student t-test and analysis of variance were used to compare the differences of mean number of RFE or health problems per encounter by patient characteristics. Results: A total of 10,000 patient encounters with 13,705 RFEs and 15,460 health problems were recorded. The RFEs and health problems were mainly distributed in respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, metabolic and nutritional, and digestive systems. Cough and hypertension were the most common RFE and health problem, respectively. With increased ages, the mean number of RFEs decreased and the mean number of health problems increased. Patients with Beijing medical insurance had less RFEs and more health problems than those in other cities (p<0.001). Patients who had visited the CHSC previously and signed contracts with the GP team had more health problems than those who had not (p<0.001). Conclusions: These findings present a view of patients’ demands and work contents of GPs in Beijing rural areas and can provide reference for health services planning and GPs training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital content contracts have received comparatively little scrutiny in Asian markets, particularly in Hong Kong. Such contracts pose significant challenges for sales law generally and complicate the design of appropriate consumer remedies. The marketing of digital content contracts is equally problematic when considered from a consumer protection perspective. In comparison with the USA and the European Union (EU), where regulators and the academic community have engaged actively with the proliferation of digital content and the need to guarantee fairness in consumer markets, there has been little engagement with the potential pitfalls for consumers in Hong Kong. The growing demand for online and app-based games, for example, is a consumer trend that has to date received insufficient attention. In the United Kingdom (UK), the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) has recently examined the provision of online and app-based games and has considered, in particular, those games targeted at children. It has further published a set of principles aimed at better regulating the domestic UK market. This article examines the OFT principles, its analysis of the industry, and key aspects of its consultation process. It considers whether a similar approach is required in order to better protect Hong Kong consumers. It further discusses whether those lessons learned in addressing the marketing and sale of online and app-based games have a broader application to digital content contracts more broadly. Building on the recent OFT experience, the article discusses wider consumer protection developments, particularly in the EU, aimed at best protecting consumers of digital content. It highlights the growing focus of regulators in the EU on information duties and general consumer rights. The article examines ways of similarly bolstering consumer redress mechanisms in Hong Kong and discusses the merits and potential design of a new consumer rights ordinance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The goal of the present study is to determine if there are relationships between legal principles contained in the Chinese legislation, the concept of the rule of law, and London's migrant division of labor. The aim of the present study was to examine and evaluate migration connected with trafficking in women and prostitution, labor migration from the new member states, and the landscape of European migration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture land made pastoral area become agriculture-nomadic-band, which caused land govern right moving from Mongolian to immigrant by renting in Qing Dynasty. Producing and changing rules firmed resources circulate, thus new rules and old rules brought society variation in common. The effect of land renting rule to Mongolia area was outstanding for nation element, while it was not so clear in those rules' source area, namely Jiangnan area. This article tries to understand the effect of renting rule to society variation through edge society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]