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Integrated ocean management (IOM) aligns with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and serves as a crucial strategy for promoting the enduring health of marine ecosystems and the sustainable utilization of marine resources. An analysis of the evolution of China's integrated ocean management policy (IOMP) is crucial for providing valuable guidance in achieving sustainable growth in marine management and the marine economy for both China and other coastal nations worldwide. This paper studies the evolution characteristics, challenges, and prospects of IOMP in China since 1978 using content analysis. The findings indicate that the evolution of IOMP can be categorized into four stages: the germination period (1978–1998), the construction period (1999–2009), the systematization period (2010–2017), and the strategization period (2018–present), based on the state of international marine management. The IOMP has transitioned over time from its initial emphasis on resource development during the germination period to a strategization period that prioritizes the full development of all parts of the system. However, the ultimate goal has consistently been to achieve harmonious coexistence between people and the sea. China's IOMP has experienced a progressive development; nevertheless, it continues to encounter obstacles such as the pressing requirement to revise sea-related policies and the absence of policy alignment. The objective of this paper is to explore the evolution, challenges, and prospects of China's IOMP to better improve the land–sea coordination policy, strengthen international judicial cooperation. and provide effective policy reference for other maritime countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is not only an important energy carrier needed to achieve the global goal of carbon neutrality, but also an important way of international energy trade in the future. This research analyzes the advantages and challenges of China's participation in international hydrogen trade in detail, proposes the possible routes of China's international hydrogen trade, and proposes specific measures to enhance China's participation in international hydrogen trade. This paper proposes that China should take green hydrogen as its development direction, and guide the development of China's hydrogen trade with the principle of blue green cooperation and gray hydrogen withdrawal. In the future, China's hydrogen trade forms will be diversified, and the types of trade will cover the entire hydrogen energy industry chain. Therefore, China should accelerate the overall deployment of hydrogen trade and the construction of hydrogen trade infrastructure, and build a more sophisticated hydrogen economy. [Display omitted] • The advantages of China's international hydrogen trade are analyzed. • Discussed China's possible international hydrogen trade routes in the future. • The obstacles affecting China's hydrogen competitiveness are analyzed. • Put forward suggestions to promote China's international hydrogen trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important task of China’s agricultural development is to achieve modernization in all respects. The rural revitalization strategy was first introduced in the report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. This strategy now stands as the general guiding principle and central task of China’s agricultural initiatives in the new era and serves as a pivotal move toward advancing agricultural modernization. Taking into consideration the current situation of China’s agricultural development, the authors analyze the factors driving agricultural modernization and project the trajectory of agricultural modernization by 2035. The findings indicate that China has created a conducive institutional and development environment in production, consumption, industry, science and technology, trade, etc., thereby laying a solid foundation for its agricultural modernization. Projections suggest that by 2035, China will establish itself as the world’s preeminent nation in agricultural production and consumption, a powerhouse in agricultural industrialization and agricultural product trading, and a leading country in agricultural science and technology. However, China still faces tremendous challenges in terms of consumption structures, quality requirements, industrial development, format innovation, production methods, service functions, scientific and technological levels, and personnel structure. Therefore, on the path to agricultural modernization, China still needs to advance the structural reforms on the agricultural supply side, shift its agricultural production and operation methods, elevate its level of opening up in agriculture, and foster a deeper integration between urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of 'revisionism' has caught the attention of international relations scholars amid intensifying rivalry between the United States and China. It is a trademark of rising powers, and China was likewise expected to become a revisionist power, intent on changing the status quo. However, history tells us that not all rising powers necessarily become revolutionary states, seeking to overturn the prevailing order and replace it with another through hegemonic wars. This paper presents a novel understanding of revisionism by distinguishing between strategic 'contestation' and 'challenge'. In the context of declining unipolarity, a dissatisfied rising power will contest the rules and principles of issue-specific regimes and demand legitimate adjustments that better reflect the new distribution of power. A challenge emerges when demands are rejected, and a contestation leads to 'deconcentration' and 'delegitimation' of the established order. The establishment of the AIIB can be examined as an example of contested multilateralism that falls short of a challenge. This paper concludes that China is 'contesting', not 'challenging' the liberal international order and suggests a set of countermeasures that the U.S. can think of: selective accommodation, reinforcement of alliances and partnerships, and overcoming domestic challenges such as populism that undermine the liberal values, constitutive of the liberal international order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is the first vaccine developed specifically targeting the prevention of cervical cancer. For more than 15 years, China has expedited a series of efforts on research and development of the domestically manufactured HPV vaccines, producing local population-based evidence, promoting free HPV vaccination from pilots, and launching action plans to tackle barriers in the scale-up of HPV vaccination. To further roll out the HPV vaccination program in China, several challenges should be addressed to support the steps forward. The availability of more locally manufactured HPV vaccines, pricing negotiation and local evidence supporting the efficacy of one-dose schedule would greatly alleviate the continued supply and financial constraints in China. Meanwhile, more attention should be paid to girls living in low-resource areas and males to ensure equal access to the HPV vaccination. Furthermore, linkage to secondary prevention and further real-world monitoring and evaluation are warranted to inform effective cervical cancer prevention strategies in the post-vaccine era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The problems and challenges encountered by Chinese medical institutions in implementing the national centralized drug procurement was investigated and analyzed in order to provide reference for the regulatory agencies to formulate policies. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect the problems encountered by 329 Chinese medical institutions in implementing the national centralized drug procurement and the corresponding suggestions provided by relevant experts. Statistical analysis was performed to identify differences in the themes and the number of collected problems, further revealing the relevance to the region in which the medical institutions is located. Result: 1360 problems and suggestions were collected from 329 Chinese medical institutions that located in North (19.15%), Northeast (5.78%), East (33.43%), Central (10.03%), South (9.73%), Southwest (14.89%), and Northwest China (6.99%). There was statistically significant difference in the number of collected problems and suggestions between regions (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the content of gathered problems and suggestions involves in 15 themes including system construction, organizational system and work responsibilities, reasonable measurement and reporting of procurement volume et al. These themes that these medical institutions are focusing on are mainly centered on the supply guarantee (15%), reasonable measurement and reporting of procurement volume (11.40%) and guarantee measures for clinical priority use (9.48%) of drugs with national centralized procurement. Meanwhile, we found that problems regarding the supply guarantee of drugs with national centralized procurement displayed significant difference between regions (p = 0.0096). Conclusion: Chinese medical institutions are facing great challenges in implementing the national centralized drug procurement. The scientific study and judgment of the current situation and the construction of corresponding solution require a precise classification of the problems encountered by medical institutions in the process of implementing the national centralized drug procurement policy, which is of great practical significance for deepening the reform of the medical and health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of rural women's political participation in China, this extensive study examines the complex interactions between demographic changes, traditional cultural values, and gender roles. It does so primarily in light of the Three-Child Policy and extended maternity leave laws. The results of our study shed light on the overall detrimental effects of these policies on the level of involvement of rural women in political activities. The implementation of the Three-Child Policy, in conjunction with the extension of maternity leave, aims to tackle demographic challenges and improve maternal health. However, it unintentionally reinforces long-standing traditional gender norms. The challenges related to an ageing population are highlighted by a notable decrease in the birth rate and a growing proportion of elderly individuals. This also reinforces the widely held belief that women are primarily responsible for domestic duties. The implementation of these policies presents a range of complex obstacles for rural women, which restrict their ability to reintegrate into the workforce and hinder their potential for career advancement. Consequently, this impedes their engagement in political matters. Moreover, this study underscores the importance of adopting a comprehensive policy reform strategy that takes into account the complex interplay between demographics, extended maternity leave, and long-lasting cultural values. The proposed approach places a high emphasis on empowering rural women, with a specific focus on promoting inclusivity and encouraging their active participation in political processes. In summary, this research presents a compelling argument for policymakers to reevaluate existing policies and formulate effective strategies aimed at promoting a society that is characterised by fairness and inclusivity. In addition, it promotes additional investigation through interdisciplinary research, aiming to delve more deeply into the nuanced experiences of rural women and assess the efficacy of potential policy reforms. Collaborative initiatives between academic institutions and women's organisations play a crucial role in advancing gender equality and empowering rural women to actively participate in shaping their communities and the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Study on Optical Communications / Guangtongxin Yanjiu is the property of Study on Optical Communications Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many researchers see China as the most likely competitor to balance US power and even overtake it as an indisputable global power. Some of them, according to the theory of transition, have predicted that the United States and China will be the two main powers forced to engage in the biggest conflicts of the future. Even recent polls show that most people share the view that China will replace the United States as the world's leading superpower. In this regard, China has become the most quoted nation when it comes to any possible change of the unipolar system structure to a two- or multipolar one. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether China has enough capacity to become a hegemonic power by challenging the role of the United States. This study provides a tableau of important factors besides those of an economic and military nature that limit the potential of this state to be a global superpower, thus challenging American hegemony. Through a literature review, documentation review, and secondary quantitative data produced by other research materials, this study concludes that China continues to be an Asian-continental power without the capacity to project its power across the globe as the United States does. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to the analysis of China's and Ukraine policies as challenges at the beginning of the XXI century. External and internal factors which influence the NATO's definition of its role and place in the contemporary system of international relations are considered. To this purpose, the content of certain definitions, specifics of internal development of Western society of the second half of the XXth century which form subsequent perception of security environment as well as the impact of China and Ukraine on the NANO's choice of the ways of adaptation to the contemporary security processes. The author notes that China and Ukraine are substantially different challenges for NATO and initial analysis shows that the Alliance rather quick and promptly takes into account their meaning for the creation of adaptive mechanisms and instruments to the contemporary world political processes. China's challenge makes NATO to activate the process of its "globalizing" through the creation and participation in supplementary security mechanisms and institutions beyond the Statute's defined Euro-Atlantic region. At the same time, Ukraine acts as an outpost of Western word covering the Alliance's members from Russian aggression and giving them possibility to make rearmament necessary for efficient rebuff in case of attack. Ukraine's challenge lies in that NATO support of Kyiv increases the risk of direct military collision between NATO and the Russian Federation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese social workers struggle to remain in this emerging profession; structural barriers are a challenging issue. This qualitative research explored the structural barriers Chinese social workers encounter and the coping strategies they utilize through interviews and focus group discussions with 49 experienced social workers. Two themes concerning structural barriers emerged: (a) constraining structural contexts; and (b) immature professionalization. Three categories of coping strategies were identified: (a) building a partnership and integrating resources; (b) utilizing a professional and personal social support network; and (c) improving organizational governance and strategic management. The barriers and coping strategies differentially impacted various career stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The viability of advance care planning (ACP) in cultures where discussing future desires is taboo is unclear, it is essential to examine the challenges faced by Chinese nurses lacking legal protection for ACP., Aims: To comprehend Chinese oncology nurses' perceptions of serious illness conversation and ACP, and identify barriers to engagement., Methods: A qualitative descriptive exploratory study involving semi-structured interviews with 13 experienced oncology nurses, analyzed using thematic analysis and critical incident technique, following the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines., Findings: Four themes emerged: Inadequate Competence Causes Patient Harm, Cultural Influences to Patient Autonomy, Psychological Tolerance Neglects Best Interests, and Systemic and Legal Uncertainties Impact Patient Rights., Conclusion: Policy changes supporting nurses in ACP implementation, a 'whole-system strategic approach' involving legislative changes, organizational support, and public awareness are crucial for optimizing ACP and meeting diverse patient needs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Yi-An, SHIH and Ran, Zhang declare no conflicts of interest. Cheng, WANG has received research grant from National Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Introduction of High-level Talents Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region High-Level Talent Research Support and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region talent development Fund. Qian, LU has received research grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Hospital facilities in China are experiencing increased strain on existing systems and medical resources, necessitating the use of home-based hospice and palliative care (HBHPC). HBHPC primarily relies on community nurses and related medical personnel. Understanding the challenges that community nurses face when providing this form of care is urgently needed to optimize the design and delivery of HBHPC. Our study aimed to gain insight into community nurses' challenges when providing HBHPC for patients. Methods: We performed a descriptive qualitative study using a phenomenology approach. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 13 nurses from two community health service centers in Jinan, Shandong Province, China. A thematic analysis was applied to identify themes from the transcribed data. Results: Three major themes emerged: 1) Community nurses' inadequate self-preparation for providing HBHPC; 2) Patients and their families' non-collaboration in HBHPC; 3) Community health service career disadvantages. Many negative experiences can be attributed to institutional barriers. Conclusion: Community nurses faced multifaceted challenges in home care settings. This study could provide a framework for guiding the improvement of interventional variables in the provision of HBHPC. Future research should involve developing effective methods of improving community nurses' job motivation and community health service institutions' incentive systems, as well as increasing advocacy around HBHPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid economic development in China places a large demand for energy, and as a result, thermal power plants in China are producing an enormous amount of coal fly ash (CFA) which causes severe environmental pollution. This paper briefly describes the current production and utilization status of CFA in China and identifies the challenges confronting sustainable CFA utilization as the Chinese economy is being transformed. These issues include a regional imbalance in supply and demand, reducing demand in the real estate industry as well as stricter laws for environmental protection. Viable directions for future CFA utilization are proposed, for example, production of CFA-based ceramic tiles, recovery of elemental resources, agricultural melioration, treatment of wastewater and flue gas, and production of high-volume CFA concretes. This paper has some guiding significance for sustainable and cleaner utilization of CFA in China and even worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The goal of achieving elimination of schistosomiasis across all endemic counties in China by 2030 was proposed in the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan . On June 16, 2023, the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023 - 2030) was jointly issued by National Disease Control and Prevention Administration and other 10 ministries, which deployed the targets and key tasks of the national schistosomiasis elimination programme in China. This article describes the progress of the national schistosomiasis control programme, analyzes the opportunities to eliminate schistosomiasis, and proposes targeted recommendations to tackle the challenges of schistosomiasis elimination, so as to accelerate the process towards schistosomiasis elimination and facilitate the building of a healthy China.

The increasingly serious energy crisis and environmental pollution caused by the excessive use of fossil fuels have been prompting China to aggressively seek a clean and self-sufficient energy source in the future. In the past decades, hydrogen has emerged as a promising alternative due to its advantages of cleanliness, abundance, high energy density, and high conversion efficiency. However, several challenges have to be overcome for China's successful transition to hydrogen economy. In this paper, the hydrogen supply chain is firstly described to help the readers to clearly understand the hydrogen economy. Subsequently, the feasibility of hydrogen economy is discussed by reviewing viewpoints from the literature. Finally, the challenges of China's transition to hydrogen economy are detailed summarized and discussed, and the strategies for China to develop hydrogen economy were compared with that of Japan and Australia. • Hydrogen economy is feasible with many challenges. • Hydrogen and electricity should clearly have the same strategic position in China. • Geographic differences in resources and demands should be addressed. • It is necessary to diversify the application of hydrogen. • CCS technology is significance to the medium-term development of China's hydrogen economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The growing demand for LTC (Long-term care) services for disabled elderly has become a daunting task for countries worldwide, especially China, where population aging is particularly severe. According to CSY (China Statistical Yearbook,2019), the elderly aged 65 or above has reached 167 million in 2018, and the number of disabled elderly is as high as 54%. Germany and other countries have alleviated the crisis by promoting the public LTCI (Long-Term Care Insurance) system since the 1990s, while China's public LTCI system formal pilot only started in 2016. Therefore, the development of the public LTCI system has gradually become a hot topic for scholars in various countries, including China.Methods: This review has been systematically sorted the existing related literature to discuss the development of public LTCI (Long-Term Care Insurance)system form four aspects, namely, the comparison of public LTCI systems in different countries, the influence of public LTCI, challenge of public LTCI, and the relationship between public LTCI and private LTCI. We searched some databases including Web of Science Core Collection, Medline, SCOPUS, EBSCO, EMBASE, ProQuest and PubMed from January 2008 to September 2020. The quality of 38 quantitative and 21 qualitative articles was evaluated using the CASP(Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) critical evaluation checklist.Results: The review systematically examines the development of public LTCI system from four aspects, namely, the comparison of public LTCI systems in different countries, the influence of public LTCI, the challenge of public LTCI, and the relationship between public LTCI and private LTCI. For example, LTCI has a positive effect on the health and life quality of the disabled elderly. However, the role of LTCI in alleviating the financial burden on families with the disabled elderly may be limited.Conclusion: Some policy implications on the future development of China's LTCI system can be obtained. For example, the government should fully consider the constraints such as price rise, the elderly disability rate, and the substantial economic burden. It also can strengthen the effective combination of public LTCI and private LTCI. It does not only help to expand the space for its theoretical research but also to learn the experiences in the practice of the LTCI system in various countries around the world. It will significantly help the smooth development and further promote the in-depth reform of the LTCI system in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore the challenges of parents caring for early-stage schizophrenia (ESS) children/adolescents in China. Design and Methods: Thirteen parents of ESS subjects completed semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data. Findings: Seven themes emerged from the data: psychological shock and emotional burden; lack of disease knowledge and care skill; poor treatment compliance of the patient; difficulty getting along with the patient; conflict within the family or in the workplace; financial burden; and need sufficient social support. Each challenge was produced and influenced under the Chinese special social context. Practice Implications: Professional support was needed to help patients with schizophrenia to cope with their situation promptly. Education initiatives should focus on mental health to prevent discrimination from society and enable people to recognize the early symptoms of schizophrenia in children. Telemedicine should be explored for application in the treatment of mental illness. Also, a broader nationwide healthcare policy would be needed to help to reduce the individual and societal financial burdens associated with schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since pseudorabies (PR) re-emerged and rapidly spread in China at the end of 2011, researchers have focused on effective vaccine strategies to prevent and control pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection in pig herds. Due to the extensive application of an attenuated vaccine based on the Bartha-K61 strain isolated in Hungary in 1961 and the variation of the PRV strain, it has been suggested that traditional vaccines based on the Bartha-K61 strain offer only partial protection against variant strains. It was therefore evaluated whether the Porcilis® Begonia vaccine, which is based on the NIA-3 strain with deletions in the gE and TK genes, is efficacious against experimental infection with the virulent, contemporary Chinese PRV strain ZJ01. In this study, piglets were vaccinated with Porcilis® Begonia through either the intradermal (ID) route or the intramuscular (IM) route and subsequently challenged intranasally with strain ZJ01 at 4 weeks post-vaccination. An unvaccinated challenge group and an unvaccinated/nonchallenged group were also included in the study. All animals were monitored for 14 days after challenge. Vaccinated and negative control pigs stayed healthy during the study, while the unvaccinated control animals developed lesions associated with PRV ZJ01 challenge, and 44% of these pigs died before the end of the experiment. This study demonstrated that ID or IM vaccination of pigs with a vaccine based on the NIA-3 strain Porcilis® Begonia clinically protects against fatal PRV challenge with the ZJ01 strain. • 0.5*105.0 TCID50/pig challenge is success. The challenged piglets appears steady progression of PRV. • Porcilis® Begonia clinically protects against fatal PRV challenge with the ZJ01 strain. • ID route represents a valid strategy in terms of efficacy and efficiency compared to the IM route. • ID-administered vaccines with lower doses than IM formulations can induce immunogenic responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by Phlebotomus chinensis that poses a great threat to human health. Historically, visceral leishmaniasis was predominantly prevalent in northwestern regions of Sichuan Province. Following the founding of the People's Republic of China, large-scale integrated interventions had been implemented in visceral leishmaniasis-endemic areas of Sichuan Province, including identification and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis patients, elimination of infected dogs, Ph. chinensis control and health education. This review summarizes the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis, discusses the control strategy of visceral leishmaniasis and analyzes the challenges of elimination of visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept in Sichuan Province, so as to provide insights into elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the province.

An ambitious goal has been set for elimination of schistosomiasis in all endemic counties (districts) in Sichuan Province by 2023. To achieve this goal, and to continue to consolidate the control achievements, it is necessary to understand the current endemic status of schistosomiasis, identify the challenges and analyze the experiences and lessons from the schistosomiasis control program, and develop targeted control strategies and interventions in the province. This paper reviews the progress of schistosomiasis control in Sichuan Province since the 12th Five-Year Plan period, analyzes the challenges in the schistosomiasis elimination program, and proposes recommendations for future directions and priorities.

China is facing rapid population aging and the country has the world's largest aging population. The rapid demographic shift in aging population is associated with many social and health problems, in particular mental health issues. The aim of this article is to summarize the challenges and recent progress in mental health-care delivery and clinical research for older people in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to obtain a deeper understanding of the experiences of family caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients in Shenzhen, Southern China. This study sought to describe how being the main caregiver influences family caregivers' daily lives. This article reports on the findings from individual interviews with 20 family caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients. The interview transcripts were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis, which revealed that caring for a cancer patient over the course of his or her illness significantly affected many aspects of family caregivers' lives. Three major themes were identified in their experiences: (1) challenges, (2) personal growth, and (3) social support. In exploring these themes, this article offers insights into family caregivers' experiences in Southern China, particularly among family members of terminally ill cancer patients and presents implications for future professional practice, especially oncology social work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and other extracorporeal therapies for acute kidney injury (AKI) and other organ dysfunction syndromes in critically ill patients are common in the intensive care unit (ICU). Many studies have focused on clinical practice for managing these conditions. However, there are few studies that describe the utilization of extracorporeal therapies, especially CRRT, in patients with sepsis-associated AKI. Summary: Two hundred ICU physicians were included in a survey from February 28, 2017, to March 20, 2017, on the current status of septic AKI and clinical practice in CRRT. According to the responses, 40% of sepsis patients in the ICU had AKI, and 25% required extracorporeal therapies. However, 29% of candidates gave up therapy for medical or nonmedical reasons. Overall survival for sepsis was 60%; among survivors, 80% were dialysis free at discharge. CRRT was the most common modality of extracorporeal therapy in the ICU, and 82% of physicians chose convection as the major clearance mode. The survey showed 30% of physicians saw the removal of inflammatory mediators as the major objective of extracorporeal therapies; however, only 18.5% of physicians considered inflammation as a measure to trigger CRRT. The median treatment duration of CRRT in China was 12 h per day for 5 days. Key Messages: There were some similarities and differences in CRRT practice for septic AKI patients in China and globally. The differences reveal some insights into improving the outcomes of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper discusses the development of shared bike programs in China, especially the innovative dockless bikeshare (DBS) system, using up-to-date empirical analysis. Bicycle sharing programs had existed in China since 2008 but overall bicycle mode share decreased until 2016 when DBS emerged. A comparison of classical city docked bikeshare (BS) programs found that government-oriented operators and a low financial threshold for users were the keys to the success of docked BS in China. In less than two years, a new, innovative, flexible, shared bicycling system – the DBS – has grown from nothing to a substantial 23 million fleets, covering over 200 cities and regions, making docked BS appear insignificant. It is a highly capital-driven, privately-operated business model, largely deployed in cities in conjunction with urban railway systems and has achieved high penetration in mega cites (e.g., 0.135 fleet/resident in Beijing). The development of DBS has experienced "free growth", "regulated" and "limited" phases in a short time. While the central government initially held a " neutral-positive " policy towards this new system, the rapid expansion of dockless fleets soon exceeded cities' limits and resulted in local government policies changing from " neutral-positive " to " neutral-negative ", and from August 2017, forceful limiting regulations have been implemented. DBS systems have advantages such as easy access using a smart phone, convenience of pickup and park and low cost. These merits attract its main users, who are found to be young, highly educated with almost equal numbers of males and females. DBS trips are mainly short, with high frequency and used for commuting purposes. DBS systems have burgeoned due to three factors: (1) those promoting user demands, (2) those winning partial support of government, and (3) those promoting operators' supply. The results show that rapid growth of dockless bikeshare programs is mainly "supply-driven by operators" rather than by "user demand" or "triggered by government policy". Financial sustainability, vandalism and threat to bicycle industry by DBS are the three main challenges that require investigation, especially, the fact that the booming DBS market may cause low profitability for local bicycle manufacturers and thus make the entire industry fragile. Feasibility of docked bikeshare and dockless bikeshare are compared and concluded in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oil Drilling & Production Technology / Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi is the property of Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• The environmental problems created by mining activities in the arid region of China have not been addressed. • Land degradation is the most prominent problem resulting in mining activities. • Unclear objectives of ecological restoration is the main challenges faced by mining area. • Ideal restoration effects can be achieved through improvement of vegetation coverage and ecosystem services. The arid region in China with rich mineral resources are belongs to ecological fragile region with inadequate recovering capacity. Hundred years of continues mining of mineral resources for economic purposes, leads to the problem of land degradation caused by the spatial coupling of large-scale mining disturbance and arid fragile ecological environment. The environmental problems created by mining have not been addressed promptly, while at the same time, new problems have emerged. On the basis of our 20 years of practical experience on ecological restoration in mining areas, review and synthesis of selective literature, with interpretation and perspective, the mining situation and its ecological impacts, the factors impeding ecological restoration capability in the arid region in China were examined, the key challenges and promotion strategy were presented. The main findings of this study are as follows: Land degradation is the most prominent problem resulting in mining activities, and mainly reflected by immediate disturbance, long term effects and ecological degradation. The main challenges faced by mining area restoration in arid areas are unclear objectives of ecological restoration, lack of ecological water consumption, unreasonable selection of indigenous plants, serious land degradation and wide restoration area. Our restoration experiments in typical mining areas have proved that the micro-topography reconstruction measures can increase surface roughness, redistribute limited precipitation resources (especially snow), and make soil water and nutrients carried by surface runoff and collected in valleys to regulate soil infiltration and water supply, so as to achieve water-saving and non-irrigated vegetation restoration. The ideal restoration effects are the improvement of vegetation coverage, the increase of available land resources, and the improvement of ecosystem services in mining areas. This study would be helpful to carried out related implementation on ecological restoration and could act as a valuable reference for the researchers involved in the ecological restoration in arid region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy-intensive manufacturing is a major source of GHG emissions and environmental impacts. Countries in the world are all facing challenges in green manufacturing transformation. The conceptual evolution and actual implementation of green manufacturing in China and other countries show some similarities but also discrepancy. This paper describes the green manufacturing system in China from four aspects: green factory, green product, green park and green supply chain. The comparison of the four aspects is carried out between China and world's major economics including Europe, the United States, Japan, etc. Our results show that the common challenges among countries in the process of promoting green manufacturing are absent of corresponding product baseline standards in evaluating green products and no sufficient life cycle planning within plant boundaries. China is faced with specific challenges that there is no clear green product evaluation standards in life cycle assessment methods, system boundaries and life cycle stages of products. Other countries such as Germany and the United States are faced with challenges that there is a lack of environmental and performance evaluation as well as concrete implementation of life cycle evaluation within the factory boundary, and that there is difficulty for the national manufacturing industry chain to achieve a closed loop since industrial migration. We suggest that China draw lessons from the European Union, the United States and Japan in the elaborate methods design of green products assessment. As such, China's green factory assessment framework and strict government guidance can be a reference for other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically. In this commentary, authors described this new challenge for dental education using the recent literature and experience gained in the Italian University of Catanzaro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although thyroid cancer survivors have a good prognosis and the survival rate of differentiated thyroid cancer is close to 100%, treatment and its side effects seriously affect the quality of life of patients, especially rehabilitation at work. The purpose of this study was to explore the challenges faced by differentiated thyroid cancer survivors in returning to work and maintaining employment., Methods: A purposive sample of differentiated thyroid cancer patients who had undergone surgical treatment and were followed up at the outpatient departments of thyroid surgery wards of two tertiary care hospitals in Jiangsu Province, China, between January and March 2023, were subjected to semi-structured interviews. An inductive content analysis was conducted to identify themes., Results: A total of 27 participants, aged 23-56 years, were interviewed. Three themes and eight subthemes were identified: pressure perception including social pressure in the workplace, regular appointments conflict with work schedules, and dilemma of career development; the challenges of self-adjustment including physical disorder, unable to adapt to the pace of work, and unstable mood affects working condition; and lack of social support including lack of access to information or support groups, lack of sympathy and understanding from employers, and lack of professional support., Conclusions: Our study identified that our participants with differentiated thyroid cancer patients face challenges in trying to return to work or maintain employment within the confines of their disease. Multilevel interventions, ranging from employer and co-worker understanding to information, psychological and other support from health care professionals, can facilitate the process of returning to work and help patients reconcile illness and work., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

China is now in the process of building its national carbon emissions trading scheme (ETS). Data are the foundation for the design and operation of an ETS. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the data requirements for China's national ETS construction and the existing ETS-related data for enterprises in China. In doing so, it identifies the underlying data gap in building China's national ETS in terms of data availability and data quality. Based on the experiences of international ETSs, and experiences at national and pilot levels in China, we propose two short-term strategies and four long-term solutions to meet the challenges from technical and management perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China produced 17.1 billion cubic meters (BCM) of methane sourced from coal seams in 2015, of which 4.43 BCM is from wells drilled from the surface. This level of production is a clear indicator that China has gone into early stage large-scale coalbed methane (CBM) development. CBM resources in China have been extensively investigated since the 1980s. Research has focused on the geological controls of reservoir character. There have been significant advances over the last 37 years that have aided China’s CBM industry. CBM resources less than 2000 m in depth in China are estimated to be 36.81 trillion cubic meters, of which more than 84% occur in nine large-scale basins, such as the Qinshui, Ordos, Junggar, Qianxi, Erenhot, and Hailar. CBM accumulation and coal reservoir characteristics are controlled by the deposition, structure, coal rank, hydrology as well as other geological factors. Each basin has its own unique geological controls that influence the character of CBM reservoirs in both subtle and obvious ways. Coal reservoir geology in some basins or regions in China are still not well understood because of the complexity of the geological settings. At present, large-scale CBM production in China only occurs within the Qinshui and Ordos basins, mostly sourced from middle-to-high rank coal reservoirs. The CBM geology in other basins needs further investigation in order to achieve large-scale commercial production. To this end, the geological research in the paper should address issues such as how to stimulate economic gas flow from deep low permeability reservoirs and how best to efficiently produce from multiple horizons simultaneously. This paper summarizes these and other key issues that are significant scientific and technical challenges for the CBM industry within China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article aims to assess the achievements and challenges of Chinese conflicts of system in the past three decades. It reviews contemporary literature on Chinese conflict of laws. It argues that, although numerous journal articles and some valuable monographs and collections have been published, Professors Zheng Sophia Tang, Yongping Xiao, and Zhengxin Huo's Conflict of Laws in the People's Republic of China fills a gap in the literature because it provides a comprehensive and updated review of the Chinese conflicts system, achieves a balance of national pride and constructive criticism, and conducts a precise and concise comparative study between Chinese and international/foreign laws. This review article also comments on how 2017 Chinese Civil Law General Provisions would impact on Chinese conflict of laws. It concludes that China has partially modernized its conflicts system. The compilation of the Chinese Civil Code may ultimately improve this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deepens and extends research into the challenges that Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) teachers face both in terms of classroom instruction and in their work more broadly. These challenges reflect CFL teachers' struggles to reconcile their educational beliefs, values, and experiences as teachers and learners in China with their experiences as teachers in American schools. The conflicts between the two educational systems manifest themselves in a large number and range of difficulties, including designing curriculum; selecting appealing lesson themes and choosing classroom activities, strategies, and materials that motivate students; managing student behavior; and working with parents. Cultural differences and difficulties inherent in the Chinese language are also issues for CFL teachers. Suggestions for teacher preparation, professional development programs, and school leaders as well as directions for future studies are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional human resource challenges are productivity-oriented, whereas the current ones are human-oriented, with the ultimate goal of enhancing organisational productivity. The most recent human resource challenges generally include labour cost and the Generation Y work force, among others. But, the main human resource challenge that the tourism industry in China, at present faces, is labour shortage. In order to comprehensively understand the human resource challenges in the Chinese context, particularly in the southern part of China (i.e. Guangdong province), this study investigates the issues through focus group interviews. The present study also identifies the underlying reasons that lead to these challenges and provides possible solutions to cope with these challenges in the following four aspects: staffing, employee development, compensation, and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Infectious bronchitis, an acute and highly contagious disease that affects chickens, is caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The antigenic variant QX-like IBV was first reported in China in 1996 and is now endemic in many countries. Our previous study reported the first detection and isolation of QX-like IBVs in Japan and that they were genetically related to the recently detected strains in China and South Korea. The pathogenicity of 2 Japanese QX-like IBV strains (JP/ZK-B7/2020 and JP/ZK-B22/2020) was evaluated by inoculating specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with 102 to 106 median embryo infectious dose. Both strains caused clinical signs of respiratory symptoms, gross tracheal lesions, and moderate-to-severe suppression of tracheal ciliostasis. To evaluate the efficacy of commercial IBV live vaccines against the JP/ZK-B7/2020 strain, vaccinated SPF chickens were challenged with the JP/ZK-B7/2020 strain at 104 EID 50 (median embryo infectious dose). Only the JP-Ⅲ vaccine provided high levels of protection (reduced suppression of tracheal ciliostasis and reduced viral loads in organs), whereas the Mass vaccine showed little protective effect. Virus neutralization test results and comparisons between IBV genotypes based on the S1 gene suggested that QX-like and JP-III genotypes were closely related. These results suggest that the JP-III IBV vaccine, which has relatively high S1 gene homology with QX-like IBVs, is effective against Japanese QX-like IBV strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchiectasis is a common but long-neglected disease in China, causing a substantial disease burden both to patients and to society. The overall prevalence of physician-diagnosed bronchiectasis in people aged 40 years or older is estimated at 1.2% and is trending upward with aging of the population. The etiology of bronchiectasis has not been identified heretofore in more than 70% of patients in China, although pneumonia and tuberculosis still appear to be the most common causes of acquired bronchiectasis. Etiologies, comorbidities, and infecting organisms vary greatly across previously published epidemiological studies, resulting in considerable uncertainty. Little is known about the spectrum of severity of bronchiectasis in China. Presently, engagement of pulmonologists is largely limited to acute treatment of exacerbations of severe bronchiectasis. Based on limited available data and expert consensus, the first comprehensive guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of bronchiectasis in China were published in 2012. Research to advance medical care for patients with this disease in China should focus on several priorities, including: standardization of diagnostic criteria with appropriate application of computed tomographic imaging; use of validated multidimensional grading systems to assess the severity of bronchiectasis; and epidemiological studies that are designed to measure mild to moderate as well as severe disease, and to represent the population beyond large urban centers. Better estimates of the true burden of bronchiectasis are needed to guide allocation of national medical resources and to implement public health strategies for prevention of the disease. Treatment should be expanded to include expert maintenance care of ambulatory patients in addition to treatment of exacerbations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schistosomiasis has been endemic in China for more than 2 000 years, which causes huge morbidity, social and economic burdens. Guided by the national specific strategic programs and criteria for schistosomiasis, tremendous achievements have been gained for schistosomiasis elimination in China. This paper reviews the progress of schistosomiasis control and endemic status of schistosomiasis in China during the period from 2012 to 2021, analyzes the challenges to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis elimination in China by 2030, and proposes suggestions for future schistosomiasis control programs.

Hydropower is known as a typical renewable energy with maturely developed technology as well as large-scale exploitation. The average hydropower exploitation has exceeded 60% of the total resources in developed countries. With plentiful water energy and an exploitable hydropower of 542 million kW h, China ranks the world׳s first of hydropower resources. By the end of 2012, the installed capacity of China׳s hydropower had reached 249 million kW h, accounting for 46% of total exploitable amount. Due to the gradual deficiency of fossil energy and serious concern of environmental protection, hydropower was defined as one of the key power sources for the power industry development during the 12th Five-year Plan Period. However, owing to the influence of project approval system, relocation policy, on-grid price, taxes and development costs, China׳s hydropower development still did not achieve the expected target during the 11th Five-year Plan Period. To overcome the current challenges and promote a rapid and sound development of the industry, it is necessary to comprehensively carry out investigations on the systems, working procedures and protective policies for hydropower development at the state level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because China has emerged as the largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter in total annual emissions, to accelerate the pace of GHG emission reduction in China is important to the success of global efforts in addressing climate change. Carbon trading is a market mechanism and key instrument in the mitigation of climate change. This paper explores the policy process and development state to date of China׳s carbon-trade market to understand the emergence and development of that market and to understand what barriers are hampering China׳s carbon-trade market development. To achieve this goal, this paper introduces and analyzes China׳s status in the international market, examines the factors driving carbon-market launching by the Chinese government, and traces the development of mandatory carbon-emission trading and voluntary emission trading. It is argued that China׳s carbon-trading market is confronted with challenges such as the absence of a functional carbon-trading market, inaccuracy of the quota allocation, an imperfect trading mechanism, and lagging legislation. At the present stage, shortcomings such as having no real-time carbon price and dominated spot transactions differentiate China׳s trade market substantially from a functional system. A quick market integration of China׳s carbon market appears remote. It is suggested that specific measures be taken to promote the development of the Chinese carbon-trading market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]