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Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal trends in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body mass index (BMI) among children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019. Methods: A total of 1 840 212 children and adolescents aged 7–18 years (921 223 boys) were tested for CRF from 1985 to 2019. CRF was tested by 50‐m × 8 shuttle run for boys and girls aged 7–12 years, 1000‐m run for boys aged 13–18 years, and 800‐m run for girls aged 13–18 years. Trends in BMI from 2000 to 2019 were also investigated. Results: Cardiorespiratory fitness decreased during the entire 34 years among children and adolescents in all sex and age categories, and the most rapid decline occurred from 1995 to 2005. Some positive trends in CRF were observed among adolescents aged 13–15 years from 2005 to 2019 and among girls aged 16–18 years from 2014 to 2019. The variation in the CRF distribution was not uniform, with Z‐scores for participants with high CRF levels changing little or increasing (CRF stabilized or improved) and Z‐scores for participants with low CRF levels continuing to decrease (CRF decreased). BMI increased over time for boys and girls in all age categories, with an acceleration of the increase for adolescents in recent years. Conclusions: This study revealed that the overall CRF levels of Chinese children and adolescents decreased over three decades but stabilized or improved in recent years. BMI continued to increase. Our findings are important for the focus on future domestic physical fitness and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To understand the distribution and secular trends of Chinese adult boys and girls and investigate their spatial network effects and determinants of spatial network effects. Methods: Our study extracted data of 18‐year‐old boys and 17‐year‐old girls in China from the national students fitness and health survey reports in 1985, 2000, 2010, and 2019. A total of 89 839 participants were selected. The growth range and growth rate in each period were calculated. A neighborhood relationship network was created to share the common boundary. Results: During the period 1985–2019, the average height of Chinese 18‐year‐old boys increased from 168.19 to 172.14 cm, and that of 17‐year‐old girls increased from 156.97 to 160.17 cm (all p trend <.05). Both boys and girls showed significant correlations in first‐ and second‐level neighbors (all p <.05) with the most significant correlations in first‐level neighbors (all p <.001). But there were no significant correlations in third‐level neighbors. Height of girls and boys in each region was correlated with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, urbanization rate, population density, longitude, and latitude. After controlling for factors with significance, only the initial regional height of girls in 2000 was positively correlated with first level neighborhood (p <.05). Conclusion: Since 1985, the heights of Chinese boys aged 18 and girls aged 17 have been increasing and the increases accelerated. Height is related to nearer neighbors. After controlling GDP per capita, urbanization rate, population density, longitude and latitude, the correlations has almost disappeared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The karst ecosystem is prone to degradation and this accounts for a large proportion of land degradation in southwestern China. In order to improve the nutrient status and microbial community structure of karst soil, the amendment method of combining biochar, compost, and chemical fertilizer l was explored. With CK as the control, M as manure compost, B as wood biochar, and F as chemical fertilizer, field trials were set up with eight treatments. The results showed that the biochar treatments led to higher fungal diversity and soil nutrient content than no‐biochar treatments, and the compost treatments resulted in higher fungal diversity and soil nutrient content than no‐compost treatments. Cluster and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analyses indicated that the composition and structure of the fungal community varied under different treatments; both the compost fungal network and biochar fungal network were more complex than their respective control networks. Soil carbon and nutrient fractions had significant effects on soil fungal networks. In short, the addition of both biochar and manure compost enlarged the complexity of microbial‐related networks and enhanced the soil nutrient status, indicating that biochar‐based fertilizer was beneficial in karst‐degraded soil restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the spatiotemporal variations in body mass index among Han adolescents aged 18 years across 27 provinces of China from 1985 to 2019. Cross-sectional epidemiological study. A total of 141,406 adolescents aged 18 years were included from eight Chinese National Surveillance on Students' Constitution and Health from 1985 to 2019. Body mass index data were extracted from 27 provinces in each CNSSCH. All provinces were categorized into seven regions. Linear regression was used to assess the trends. The population-based national body mass index of boys and girls aged 18 years from 27 provinces increased by 2.35 kg/m2 and 1.40 kg/m2, respectively (all p < 0.001). Body mass index has been greater and the increase was larger in North China and East China during the 34-year period. Body mass index has been smaller and the increase was smaller in South China and Southwest China. The Northeast China had the largest increase in body mass index, becoming the region with the largest body mass index through 2019. The body mass index among Chinese adolescents aged 18 years across provinces increased from 1985 to 2019. Further national and local efforts are needed to address spatiotemporal variations in body mass index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gymnothorax minor has been often confused with G. reticularis because of the similar morphological characteristics. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of G. minor is 16,575 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and two non-coding regions (CR and OL). All the protein-coding genes use ATG as start codon except COI using GTG. Most of them have complete stop codon as stop codon while COII and ND4 use T(aa). Phylogenetic analysis showed G. minor first clustered together with congeneric species and formed a monophyly in species of the genus Gymonthrax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biochar-based fertilization altered the bacterial community structure of karst soil. • Biochar-based fertilizer enhanced associations between bacteria. • Soil amendments enabled more keystone taxa to participate in soil nutrient cycling. The karst ecosystem is prone to degradation and accounts for a large proportion of land surface in southwestern China. In order to improve the nutrient status and microbial community structure of karst soils for the restoration of vegetation, we tested a management strategy of combining biochar, compost and chemical fertilizer to amend karst soil. With CK as the control, M as manure compost, B as wood biochar, and F as chemical fertilizer, field trials were set up with eight treatments (CK, M, F, B, M + F, B + M, B + F, and B + M + F). Our results showed that the biochar treatments had higher bacterial diversity and soil nutrient content than no-biochar treatments, and the compost treatments had higher bacterial diversity and soil nutrient content than no-compost treatments. Cluster and LEfSe analyses indicated that the structure and composition of bacterial community varied with different treatments; the compost network (M, MF, BM and BMF) had a higher number of nodes, links and modules than the no-compost network (CK, F, B and BF), and the biochar network (B, BF, BM and BMF) was more complex than the no-biochar network (CK, F, M and MF). Soil properties (soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus) were significantly correlated with soil bacterial networks. The addition of both organic compost and biochar enlarged the complexity of microbial-related networks and enhanced the soil nutrient status, indicating that biochar-based fertilizer was effective for soil restoration in degraded karst landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the secular trends and urban-rural disparities in height of Chinese adolescents aged 18 years from 1985 to 2019., Methods: Data were extracted from the Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health from 1985 to 2019, and the heights of a total of 76 554 boys and 75 908 girls aged 18 years were measured. The Mann-Kendall trend test was used to analyze the secular trends in height. Changes in different periods and urban-rural disparities were tested by z-tests and calculating the ratios of the coefficient of variation (CV) of height., Results: The height of Chinese boys and girls aged 18 years increased from 168.21 and 157.10 cm in 1985 to 172.15 cm and 160.11 cm in 2019, respectively, with a larger increase in rural areas. The secular trends in height were the largest for boys from 1995 to 2005 and for girls from 2014 to 2019, and the same results were observed in urban and rural areas. The urban-rural disparities for boys and girls decreased by 1.79 and 0.91 cm, respectively, with significant decreases for boys in all regions and for girls in the eastern region. The overall CVs of height increased by 0.13% and 0.25% for boys and girls, respectively, with the largest increase among rural girls., Conclusions: The height of Chinese adolescents aged 18 years continued to increase between 1985 and 2019. The urban-rural disparities narrowed, and inequalities within rural areas for girls increased., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)