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Background: Migrant and left-behind families are vulnerable in health services utilization, but little is known about their disparities in immunization of non-National Immunization Program (NIP) vaccines. This study aims to evaluate the immunization coverage, knowledge, satisfaction, and associated factors of non-NIP vaccines among local and migrant families in the urban areas and non-left-behind and left-behind families in the rural areas of China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in urban areas of Zhejiang and rural areas of Henan in China. A total of 1648 caregivers of children aged 1–6 years were interviewed face-to-face by a pre-designed online questionnaire, and their families were grouped into four types: local urban, migrant, non-left-behind, and left-behind. Non-NIP vaccines included Hemophilus influenza b (Hib) vaccine, varicella vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, enterovirus 71 vaccine (EV71) and 13-valent pneumonia vaccine (PCV13). Log-binomial regression models were used to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the difference on immunization coverage of children, and knowledge and satisfaction of caregivers among families. The network models were conducted to explore the interplay of immunization coverage, knowledge, and satisfaction. Logistic regression models with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were used to estimate the associated factors of non-NIP vaccination. Results: The immunization coverage of all non-NIP vaccines and knowledge of all items of local urban families was the highest, followed by migrant, non-left-behind and left-behind families. Compared with local urban children, the PRs (95% CIs) for getting all vaccinated were 0.65 (0.52–0.81), 0.29 (0.22–0.37) and 0.14 (0.09–0.21) among migrant children, non-left-behind children and left-behind children, respectively. The coverage-knowledge-satisfaction network model showed the core node was the satisfaction of vaccination schedule. Non-NIP vaccination was associated with characteristics of both children and caregivers, including age of children (> 2 years-OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.07–2.68 for local urban children; 2.67, 1.39–5.13 for migrant children; 3.09, 1.23–7.76 for non-left-behind children); and below caregivers' characteristics: family role (parents: 0.37, 0.14–0.99 for non-left-behind children), age (≤ 35 years: 7.27, 1.39–37.94 for non-left-behind children), sex (female: 0.49, 0.30–0.81 for local urban children; 0.31, 0.15–0.62 for non-left-behind children), physical health (more than average: 1.58, 1.07–2.35 for local urban children) and non-NIP vaccines knowledge (good: 0.45, 0.30–0.68 for local urban children; 7.54, 2.64–21.50 for left-behind children). Conclusions: There were immunization disparities in non-NIP vaccines among migrant and left-behind families compared with their local counterparts. Non-NIP vaccination promotion strategies, including education on caregivers, and optimization of the immunization information system, should be delivered particularly among left-behind and migrant families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of land use/cover type changes in the Haideigou open-pit coal mine on the evolution of the landscape patterns and ecological and environmental quality in the mine area, based on medium- and high-resolution remote sensing images in 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2021 using ArcGIS 10.5, Fragstats 4.2, and the Google Earth Engine platform. The results show that: (1) From 2006 to 2021, the area of cropland and waste dumps in the Heidaigou mining area changed significantly, the land use shifted in a single direction, and the overall land use change was unbalanced. (2) Through the analysis of landscape indicators, it was shown that the diversity of the landscape patches in the study area increased, connectivity decreased, and the patches became more fragmented. (3) Based on the changes in the mean value of the RSEI over the past 15 years, the ecological environment quality of the mining area deteriorated first and then improved. The quality of the ecological environment in the mining area was significantly affected by human activities. This study provides an important basis for achieving the sustainability and stability of ecological environmental development in mining areas.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association of solid fuel use for cooking and heating with the progression of multimorbidity. Methods: A total of 5,437 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were included. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of the independent and joint effects of solid fuel use for cooking and heating with the progression of multimorbidity. Results: The proportion of participants reporting solid fuel use for both cooking and heating was 59.0% at baseline. Solid fuel use for both cooking and heating was associated with the progression of multimorbidity (adjusted OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.19-1.70), compared with clean fuel use for both. Conclusion: Solid fuel use for cooking and heating play an important role in the progression of multimorbidity. Therefore, solid fuel reduction should be considered in developing multimorbidity control and prevention programmes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wu, Zhang, Zhou, Zhang, Cheng, Liu and Xu.)