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Background: No studies have focused on cortical anchorage resistance in cuspids, this study aimed to characterize the cortical anchorage according to sagittal skeletal classes using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: CBCT images of 104 men and 104 women were divided into skeletal class I, II, and III malocclusion groups. Skeletal and dental evaluations were performed on the sagittal and axial cross-sections. One-way analysis of variance followed by least significant difference post-hoc tests was used for group differences. Multiple linear regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between influential factors and cuspid cortical anchorage. Results: All cuspids were close to the labial bone cortex in different sagittal skeletal patterns and had different inclinations. There was a significant difference in the apical root position of cuspids in the alveolar bone; however, no significant difference in the middle or cervical portions of the root was found between different sagittal facial patterns. The middle of the cuspid root was embedded to the greatest extent in the labial bone cortex, with no significant difference between the sagittal patterns. For all sagittal patterns, 6.03 ± 4.41° (men) and 6.08 ± 4.45° (women) may be appropriate root control angles to keep maxillary cuspids' roots detached from the labial bone cortex. Conclusions: Comparison of skeletal class I, II, and III malocclusion patients showed that dental compensation alleviated sagittal skeletal discrepancies in the cuspid positions of all patients, regardless of the malocclusion class. Detailed treatment procedures and clear treatment boundaries of cuspids with different skeletal patterns can improve the treatment time, periodontal bone remodeling, and post-treatment long-term stability. Future studies on cuspids with different dentofacial patterns and considering cuspid morphology and periodontal condition may provide more evidence for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great significance to identify the critical influential factors of pollutant emissions for emission mitigation. However, city disparity implies different priorities for regional mitigation. This study aims to estimate the consumption-based emissions of 309 prefecture-level cities in China based on the multi-region input–output table and the sectoral NOx emission inventory and investigate the emission transfer phenomenon among cities and sectors. In addition, a geographically weighted regression method is used to analyze the spatial heterogeneity in the driving factors of regional consumption-based emissions. The results reveal that the top 10 cities in consumption-based emissions account for 25.2% of emissions and contribute 22.6% to GDP. The consumption-based emissions are mainly driven by local demand (72.79%) at the regional level and by construction activities (94.43%) at the sectoral level. Besides, the results also show the spatial variances in contributions of driving forces to consumption-based emissions. Economic growth has been identified as the most important factor which promotes consumption-based emissions. However, disposable personal income, per capita road area, urbanization, and percentage of tertiary industry GDP are conducive to reduce consumption-based emissions in some cities of China. It could be concluded that policies without consideration of the emissions from a consumption perspective are difficult to achieve effective emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable production pathways are essential for the greening of the industrial sector. To develop the comprehensive optimal pathway, it is important to consider the interactions between multiple industries and objectives. While previous studies have combined several objectives in this field, the simultaneous optimization of multiple industries is still lacking. This study simulates the system of industrial sustainable production measures, including 184 measures in seven types, and proposes the optimization model in China's iron and steel, cement, and coal-fired power industry as cases. To solve this problem with large-scale variables and high-dimensional objectives, this study develops the solution approach including the objective decomposition mechanism and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm–II–elimination and choice expressing reality (NSGA–II–ELECTRE-III) algorithm, with final decision schemes selected by the Vague-set based approach. Results show that though the energy and emission objectives within an industry are synergic, but the relationships between different industries are almost irrelevant. By 2035, The three industries are estimated to reach energy conservations and emission reductions of 5.2–66.8% compared to 2017. The optimal solutions can exceed the air pollutant emission reduction targets but take risks of reaching energy conservation and CO 2 emission reduction ones. The main contribution measures in the three industries are the integration of production equipment structure upgrade and cleaner production technology promotion, production output limitation, and production equipment structure upgrade, respectively, with 57 measures being prior for promotion. In sum, this study provides new solution methods and several policy suggestions for industrial sustainable production management. [Display omitted] • Three industry and 184 sustainable production measures are simulated. • The modified NSGA–II–ELECTRE-III algorithm was proposed. • The main contributor measures of the three measures are different. • China's coal-fired power industry may achieve carbon peaking target later than 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The travel restriction leads to the enormous economic loss to the tourism industry. In this paper, the economic loss and the environmental gains (e.g., water and energy resources) from COVID-19 impact on China's tourism industry are estimated based on environmentally extended multiple regional input-output model. Results indicate that the China's tourism consumption loss triggered 921 billion US$ output loss via supply chain in 2020, which account for 7 % of GDP in 2019. Additionally, the economic loss further ripples tourism water footprint conservation of 10 billion m3 (equal to the annual water consumption of Poland) and tourism energy footprint conservation of 116 million tce (equal to the annual energy consumption of Australia). Findings reveal that regions with large tourism economic losses are not completely consistent with the regions with significant relief of water and energy pressures. Water pressure in Xinjiang (Northwest) and energy pressure in Hainan (South) have been alleviated due to reduced tourism consumption along the Southeast coast. These knock-on effects highlight a deeper internal link between the economy and the environment. The development of tourism in the post-COVID-19 era needs to reduce the direct water and energy footprint of local area by applying advanced water-saving and energy-saving technologies. • China's tourism output loss caused by COVID-19 accounts for 7 % of GDP in 2019. • 10 billion m3 of water saving equals to the annual water consumption of Poland. • 116 million tce of energy saving equals to the annual energy consumption of Australia. • Tourism activities decreasing in East relieve great water use stress in Northwest China. • Decreasing tourism demand in Southeast mitigates energy use stress in South China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Quantifies water consumption of 135 sectors caused by tourism activities in China. • Illustrates direct and indirect water used driven by direct tourism sector in China. • Compared the accommodation water consumption per guest per day in different regions. • China exported a net 898 million m3 tourism water footprint to worldwide. • Assesses the global scarce water footprint transferred from Chinese tourist. Tourism depends largely on a high water consumption. Previous studies have primarily focused on virtual water embodied in goods or products through trade. Our study provides novel insights into the virtual water embodied in goods and services purchased by tourists. We identified the tourism blue water footprint (TWF) of China according to the environmentally extended input–output table of 135 sectors (11 direct + 124 indirect tourism sectors) together with tourism satellite account data. The results show that the agriculture, electricity, and petroleum sectors majorly contribute to the indirect TWF, while the accommodation and air transport sectors majorly contribute to the direct TWF and were water intensive. Using a constant ratio of 1.5 relating local water footprints to tourist water footprints, we then estimate that China's outbound tourists consume more water than inbound tourists (net TWF of 906 million m3). Nearly half of the net TWF from Chinese tourists is consumed in water deficient countries. Thus, the pressure caused by Chinese tourists on global water resources should be considered. This paper quantitatively evaluates the impact of China's tourism-induced water transfer on global water resources from the perspective of direct and indirect tourism consumption. The results of this paper enrich the research cases of the impact of final consumption on water resources utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is experiencing serious atmospheric pollution, which also exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity. The Chinese government has implemented targeted pollution control measures at the city level, emphasizing coordination among cities to prevent and control air pollution in key regions such as Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration. This study combined an inter-city multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model with an air quality dispersion model consisting of a weather research and forecasting (WRF) model and the CALPUFF model (WRF/CALPUFF) to study the inter-city economic consumption, pollutant emission and concentration among 13 cities in BTH urban agglomeration. NO x is chosen as an example. The combined effects of economic linkage and atmospheric transport show that NO x concentrations in cities in the BTH urban agglomeration are attributable to three consumption sources: a local contribution from the target city's own local economic consumption (average, 25%), and non-local consumption contributions, including other cities in the BTH urban agglomeration (average, 36%) and regions outside of BTH (average, 39%). Compared with the contributions to NO x concentrations calculated using only the MRIO model or atmospheric transport stimulation model, the results of this paper quantify that the consumption outside of a city could provide a greater impact on the city's air quality due to the combined effects of economic linkage and atmospheric transport. To avoid negative impacts of emission reduction targets on economic consumption, governmental regional pollution control policies should consider the combined effects of economic linkage and atmospheric transport. • The inter-city MRIO model is combined with the air quality simulation model. • The non-local consumption could drove a greater impact on a city's air quality in BTH region. • Provide a useful guidance to the inter-city air pollution control policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo heat treatment will cause plenty of release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere which are important precursors for ozone (O 3 ) formation. In this study, dewaxed bamboo was heat-treated at 180 °C for 2 h to investigate the emission characteristics and the formation pathways of VOCs during heat treatment by removing different main components. The results showed that aldehydes (22.61%-57.54%) and esters (14.64%-38.88%) are the primary VOCs released during heat treatment. These compounds mainly originate from the degradation of hemicellulose, lignin, cellulose, and the linkage bonds between them in bamboo. During the bamboo heat treatment, the degradation of CO, CH, and CO bonds in hemicellulose results in the release of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 3-furfural, and 1-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate. The breakage of benzene ring group and the CO and CH bonds of lignin leading to the emission of VOCs including m-Formylphenol, Vanillin, and Syringaldehyde. The degradation of aliphatic CH, CC, and CO bonds in the amorphous region of cellulose contributes to an enhanced release of alcohols, olefins, and alkanes. It is calculated that acids (28.92%-59.47%), esters (10.10%-22.03%) and aldehydes (17.88%-39.91%) released during heat treatment contributed more to Ozone Formation Potential (OFP)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)