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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is identifiable by the excessive increase of mesenchyme paired with the loss of epithelium. Total flavonoids of Astragalus (TFA), the main biologically active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine, Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi), shows outstanding effects on treating pulmonary disorders, including COVID-19-associated pulmonary dysfunctions. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of TFA on treating pulmonary fibrosis and the possible mechanisms behind these effects. A549 cells were treated with TGF- β 1 and TFA to observe the potential effects of TFA on regulating alveolar epithelial cell proliferation, TGF- β 1-induced EMT, and the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Then, mouse pulmonary fibrosis was induced with a single intra-tracheal injection of bleomycin, and TFA was administrated by i.p. injection. Lung fibrosis was evaluated through histological and molecular analyses, and the possible mechanisms were explored using immunological methods. The results demonstrated that TFA could promote cell proliferation but inhibit TGF- β 1-induced EMT on A549 cells. TFA attenuated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by modulating inflammatory infiltration and M2 macrophage polarization; it furthermore modulated EMT through regulating the TGF- β 1/Smad pathway. In addition, TFA augmented the expression of the Wnt7b protein, which plays an important role in alveolar epithelium reparation. In conclusion, TFA alleviated bleomycin-induced mouse lung fibrosis by preventing the fibrotic response and increasing epithelium regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tudigou porphyry Cu deposit is located in the central part of the southern Qinling belt. Copper mineralization is closely associated with monzogranite porphyry. Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of monzogranite porphyry suggests that the ages of magmatism at Tudigou vary between 150 ± 1 and 148 ± 1 Ma and overlap with the molybdenite Re–Os age of 150–148 Ma, indicating that the Tudigou intrusion and associated mineralization formed during the Late Jurassic. The enrichment in large‐ion lithophile elements, depletion in high‐field‐strength elements, high Ba/Th and La/Yb ratios, and negative correlation between Dy/Yb and La/Sm ratios, together with narrow ranges of εHf(t) values (εHf(t) = −4.0 to +1.4) suggest monzogranite porphyry was derived from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle with minor crustal components contribution, which is also evidenced by the lead isotopic result. The La/Yb ratios of 30 Mesozoic plutons in the southern Qinling belt were used to calculate the Moho depth, which suggests that the magmatism and mineralization in the region occurred during lithosphere thinning in response to the tectonic transition from compression to extension transitional regime. The calculated oxygen fugacity of the Late Mesozoic porphyry deposits in the Qinling–Dabie orogen have identical ΔFMQ values (averaging +1.4 to +2.4). However, the V/Sc ratios (the proxy for water content) are distinct among different deposit sizes, indicating that the dissolved water in the magma plays a critical role in porphyry‐type mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fuxing porphyry Cu deposit is a recently discovered deposit in Eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang, northwestern China. The Cu mineralization is associated with the Fuxing plagiogranite porphyry and monzogranite, mainly presenting as various types of hydrothermal veins or veinlets in alerted wall rocks, with potassic, chlorite, phyllic, and propylitic alteration developed. The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages: stage I barren quartz veins, stage II quartz–chalcopyrite–pyrite veins, stage III quartz–polymetallic sulfide veins and stage IV quartz–calcite veins. Four types of fluid inclusions (FIs) can be distinguished in the Fuxing deposit, including hypersline (H-type), vapor-rich two-phase (V-type), liquid-rich two-phase (L-type), and trace amounts of pure vapor inclusions (P-type), but only the stage I quartz contains all types of FIs. The stages II and III quartz have two types of FIs, with exception of H- and P-types. In stage IV quartz minerals, only the L-type inclusions can be observed. The FIs in quartz of stages I, II, III and IV are mainly homogenized at temperatures of 357–518 °C, 255–393 °C, 234–322 °C and 145–240 °C, with salinities of 1.9–11.6 wt.% NaCl equiv., 1.6–9.6 wt.% NaCl equiv., 1.4–7.7 wt.% NaCl equiv. and 0.9–3.7 wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. The ore-forming fluids of the Fuxing deposit are characterized by high temperature, moderate salinity and relatively oxidized condition. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of quartz indicate that the ore-forming fluids were gradually evolved from magmatic to meteoric in origin. Sulfur and lead isotopes suggest that the ore-forming materials were derived from a deep-seated magma source. The Cu mineralization in the Fuxing deposit occurred at a depth of ~ 1 km, and the changes of oxygen fugacity, decompression boiling, and local mixing with meteoric water were most likely critical for the formation of the Fuxing Cu deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yuhai porphyry Cu–Mo deposit is located in the eastern Tianshan orogenic belt of the southern Central Asian Orogen Belt, being an economically important porphyry Cu deposit in NW China. The deposit comprises sixteen buried orebodies that are predominantly associated with dioritic and granodioritic intrusions and are structurally controlled by roughly NE-trending faults. LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating yielded crystallization ages of 441.6 ± 2.5 Ma (MSWD = 0.03, n = 24) for diorite and 430.4 ± 2.9 Ma (MSWD = 0.04, n = 19) and 430.3 ± 2.6 Ma (MSWD = 0.09, n = 24) for granodiorite. In situ zircon Hf isotope data on a diorite sample show ε Hf (t) values from + 8.7 to + 18.6, and two granodiorite samples exhibit similar ε Hf (t) values from + 12.6 to + 19.6 and + 12.6 to + 18.9, respectively. The dioritic and granodioritic intrusions belong to a low-K tholeiite series and are relatively enriched in large ion lithophile elements (K, Ba, Pb, and Sr) and are depleted in high field strength elements (Th, Nb, Ta, and Ti). Moreover, these intrusions have high SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 and MgO contents, low Na 2 O, P 2 O 5 and TiO 2 contents, low Nb/Ta ratios, and slightly positive Eu anomalies. Re–Os dating of molybdenite intergrowth with chalcopyrite yielded a well-constrained 187 Re– 187 Os isochron age of 351.7 ± 2.9 Ma (MSWD = 1.5) with a weighted average age of 355.7 ± 2.4 Ma (MSWD = 0.69) Ma, indicating that the Yuhai Cu–Mo deposit is younger than the intrusion of the diorite and granodiorite. Combined with the regional geological history and above-mentioned data, we suggest that the Yuhai intrusions were most likely derived from the partial melting of mantle components that were previously metasomatized by slab melts formed by the northward subduction of the ancient Tianshan ocean plate beneath the Dananhu–Tousuquan island arc during the Silurian to Carboniferous. Under the subduction-related tectonic setting, the metasomatized mantle magma was emplaced into the shallow crust and induced the formation of the Early Carboniferous Yuhai Cu–Mo deposit, and the hydrothermal fluids of enriched sulfides probably played an important role in the Cu–Mo mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The earliest pulse of mafic dykes at Cihai emplaced at 306.9 ± 3.2 Ma. • Diabase dykes were derived from subduction-metasomatized mantle melts. • Iron mineralization at Cihai is coeval with Fe mineralization in Eastern Tianshan. • Beishan-Central Tianshan Terrane was in an arc setting during the Late Carboniferous. The Cihai Fe deposit (100 Mt @ 48% Fe) represents an economically important iron deposit in Beishan Terrane, on the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Xinjiang, northwest China. Many Late Carboniferous to Permian Fe(-Cu) deposits (e.g., Yamansu, Shaquanzi, and Weiya) are also present in adjacent Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt. The Cihai deposit is hosted in mafic dykes (i.e., diabase) and in the contact zone between the mafic intrusion and Mesoproterozoic schist. New zircon U–Pb isotope dating in this study gives a crystallization age of 306.9 ± 3.2 Ma for the ore-bearing diabase, which is the first age-constrained Late Carboniferous mafic magmatic activity at Cihai district. In combination with previous Ar–Ar amphibole dating (281.9 ± 2.2 Ma) for the massive ores, it is suggested that the main iron mineralization and associated mafic magmatic activities occurred at ca. 306–282 Ma, coeval with the large-scale iron mineralization epoch (ca. 324–280 Ma) in Eastern Tianshan. The Cihai diabase samples are LILEs-rich (e.g., K, Rb, and Sr) and HFSEs-depleted (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti) calc-alkaline series, and exhibit high Mg# values (51–63), as well as low compatible element concentrations (Ni = 14–53 ppm; Co = 18–43 ppm; and Cr = 26–219 ppm), indicating a mantle wedge source. They have elevated Ba/La and Sr/Nd values with limited Th/Yb ratios (<1), and display slightly Eu anomalies (0.90–1.19). Isotopically, they are characterized by positive ε Hf (t) values (+13.0 to + 16.1) and young Hf model ages (300 to 420 Ma), which are broadly similar to the isotopic compositions of the depleted mantle and within the ranges of most other mafic–ultramafic intrusions in Beishan-Tianshan orogen. These features suggest that the Cihai diabase intrusions were most likely formed by partial melting of a mantle wedge with some degree of metasomatism by slab-derived fluids. Combined our new geochemical and isotopic results with previous regional investigations, we suggest that the earliest generation of mafic dykes formed in an arc setting related to southward subduction of the paleo-Tianshan Ocean at ca. 306 Ma, and the main iron mineralization and intensive mafic magmatism occurred in a subsequent post-collisional regime during the Early Permian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carboniferous syenogranite at Yuhai has a juvenile lower crust origin with some upper crustal materials. • Silurian intermediate intrusion was derived from a subduction-modified lithospheric mantle. • Silurian intermediate intrusion-related magma was moderately oxidized and water-rich. • Carboniferous syenogranite-related magma was weakly oxidized but also hydrous. • Porphyry copper deposits in Dananhu–Tousuquan belt were formed in subduction-related arc setting. The Yuhai porphyry Cu–Mo deposit is located at the eastern section of the Dananhu–Tousuquan Arc in Eastern Tianshan, NW China. Cu–Mo mineralization generally occurs as disseminations and veins in potassic and phyllic alteration zones, and is predominantly hosted in the Yuhai quartz diorite, granodiorite and minor syenogranite intrusions. New LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the acidic syenogranite was emplaced at 318–320 Ma, younger than the intermediate rocks (i.e., quartz diorite and granodiorite) with Silurian ages. The acidic to intermediate intrusions exhibit geochemical affinities with normal arc rocks (e.g. high Y and Yb contents, and low Sr/Y ratios), in contrast with the subducted slab-derived adakites hosting large porphyry Cu deposits (e.g. Tuwu–Yandong) in the middle section of the Dananhu–Tousuquan Arc. The Yuhai acidic syenogranite rocks have high SiO 2 (≥74.90 wt%), and K 2 O (≥3.48 wt%), relatively low Mg# and compatible element contents (e.g. Cr = 0.65–3.37 ppm; Ni = 0.63–1.02 ppm), and strong depletions in HFSE (e.g. Nb, Ta, and Ti). These geochemical features, coupled with isotopic data such as low initial 87Sr/86Sr (≤0.7033), positive ε Nd (t) (4.0 to 5.9) and ε Hf (t) (≥11) values, young Hf model ages, and variable 206Pb/204Pb ratios (18.549 to 19.465) reported in this study, suggest that their parental magmas originated from the partial melting of a juvenile lower crust and mixed with some old crustal components beneath the Dananhu–Tousuquan Arc. In contrast, the Yuhai intermediate intrusions exhibit relatively low SiO 2 and K 2 O contents, high Mg# values (40–56), and a wide range of ε Hf (t) values, suggesting a source of sub-continental lithospheric mantle metasomatized by slab-derived fluids and melts. Zircon trace element and plagioclase compositions of the Yuhai granitoids further imply that the Silurian intermediate intrusion-related magma was moderately oxidized (mostly Eu N /Eu N * > 0.6) and water-rich (~9 wt%), favorable for the copper mineralization, whereas the Carboniferous syenogranite-related magma was weakly oxidized (mostly Eu N /Eu N * = 0.3–0.6) but also hydrous (~6 wt%). Combined with the regional tectono-magmatic activities and metallogenic processes, we suggest that the Yuhai Cu–Mo deposit and associated granitoids were formed in an arc setting, and that the magma nature and its source components are the key factors constraining the distribution, scale and style of the porphyry copper mineralization in Eastern Tianshan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The ore-forming fluids are dominant by magmatic signature with diluting of meteoric waters. • The magmatic-hydrothermal system occurred at a minimum depth of about 0.9 km. • The hydrothermal fluids boiled intensively during the early and main ore stage. • Initial hydrothermal fluids exsolved from the evolved tonalite magma with high oxygen fugacity. • The f O2 variation, fluid dilution and cooling contributed to abundant precipitation of sulfides. The Tuwu deposit (557 Mt at 0.58% Cu) is the most typical and economically significant one of several porphyry copper deposits in the Dananhu-Tousuquan Arc Belt near the Turpan-Hami Basin, northwest China. The mineralization occurs as chalcopyrite and minor bornite in quartz-bearing veins and host porphyries (i.e. diorite porphyry and tonalite porphyry), and is closely associated with potassic (e.g. K-feldspar, magnetite, and hematite) and phyllic (e.g. sericite, pyrite, albite and chlorite) alterations. Fluid inclusions were studied in different generations of quartz, defined as Qz IA+IB , Qz II , Qz III , and Qz IV. Four types of fluid inclusions were recognized, namely liquid-rich biphase (L 0), vapor-rich biphase (V 0) and triphase (V 1 , with one opaque mineral), as well as brine-rich (B 0 ; with or without an opaque mineral) inclusions. Based on fluid inclusion microthermometry using FIA method, the fluids associated with Qz IB (early ore stage) are characterized by relatively high temperatures (306–458 °C) and salinities (50.3–62.1 and 6.5–22.6 wt% NaCl + CaCl 2 equiv. for B 0 and L 0 inclusions, respectively), under lithostatic pressure of 167 to 444 bars (depth of 0.6–1.6 km), and the fluids associated with Qz II and Qz III (main ore stage) have progressively decreasing temperatures from 201° to 345 °C, under hydrostatic pressure of about 90 bars (depth of 0.9 km), which induced to large-scale mineralization at Tuwu. Mineralogy and physicochemical calculations suggest that the early stage occurred at alkaline and high-oxidized fluid environment (pH = 9.6 to 11.5; log f O2 = −26.4 to − 24.3), whereas the main ore stage took place at acidic and low-oxidized conditions (pH = 4.0 to 5.0; log f O2 = −30.8). The fluids associated with Qz IV (late ore stage) show low homogenization temperatures (<204 °C) and salinities (0.6–4.2 wt% NaCl + CaCl 2 equiv.), implying addition of meteoric water. The δ18O values of quartz and chlorite separates range from 7.7 to 12.1‰ (n = 21), with the calculated δ18O fluid values of − 5.4 to 9.0‰, and the δD values of fluids range from −99 to −45‰. All these observations combined with previous geochronological and geochemical results reveal that the Tuwu deposit was formed by magmatic-hydrothermal fluids related to the Late Carboniferous felsic magmatism (i.e. tonalite porphyry magma) in a subduction setting. The Cu concentration in magma source is probably the key factor controlling the anomalous Cu mineralization at Tuwu, and the oxygen fugacity and temperature decreasing of the fluids resulted in abundant precipitation of Cu-riched sulfides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Bailingshan dacitic tuffs formed at 312 Ma. • Bailingshan dacitic tuffs were derived from melting of juvenile lower crust mixed with mantle materials. • The dacitic tuffs and iron mineralization were generated by the subduction of the Paleo-Tianshan oceanic plate. The Bailingshan deposit is an economically important Fe deposit in Eastern Tianshan, located in the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Xinjiang, northwest China. The orebodies at Bailingshan are mainly hosted in the Carboniferous volcanic rocks. In this study, new secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) zircon U-Pb dating, whole rock geochemistry, zircon Hf-O isotopic analyses and Sr-Nd isotopic analyses were carried out on the Bailingshan dacitic tuff. New SIMS zircon U-Pb dating results indicate that the dacitic tuff occurred in the Late Carboniferous (312.1 ± 3.3 Ma and 312.4 ± 4.4 Ma). The geochemistry of the dacitic tuff is consistent with calc-alkaline arc magmatism, characterized by high SiO 2 (70.33–74.70 wt%) and (La/Yb) N values of 1.06 to 3.47. In addition, the Bailingshan dacitic tuff displays variable ε Hf (t) values (+8.2 to + 14.1), low δ18O values (4.70 to 6.35 ‰), high Mg# values (30–59), together with relatively uniform ε Nd(t) values from + 2.1 to + 5.8 and (87Sr/86Sr) i ratios ranging from 0.703818 to 0.707168, suggesting a fractional crystallization dominated origination from melting of a juvenile lower crust that mixed with the depleted mantle materials was most likely responsible for genesis of the Bailingshan dacitic tuffs. Combined with regional tectonic evolution and our new data, we infer that the change of subduction angle led to the rupture of magma chamber and the release of the Fe-rich fluids from magma chamber, causing the iron mineralization and relevant alteration of Bailingshan deposit in the Aqishan-Yanmansu arc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The f O2 of ore-forming magma at Nantai is suitable for forming a porphyry Mo deposit. • Nantai granitoids are derived from partial melting of lower crust with mantle contribution. • Nantai deposit formed in a compression to extensional transition regime. Late Mesozoic Nantai porphyry Mo deposit is located in the Northern Qinling terrane, eastern China. The intrusions at Nantai include lamprophyre, quartz porphyry, and granite porphyry. Among them, molybdenum mineralization is associated with quartz porphyry and granite porphyry. The ore-bearing porphyries and ore-barren lamprophyres emplaced at ca. 155–146 Ma and ca. 156–146 Ma, respectively. The calculated zircon ΔFMQ values for Nantai felsic and mafic intrusions are –5.0 to +9.1 (an average of + 2.2) and –6.7 to +5.0 (an average of +1.2), which are similar to those of contemporaneous giant Mo deposits in the south margin of the North China Block. The quartz porphyry and granite porphyry are characterized by relatively high SiO 2 (73.39–75.49%), K 2 O (4.24–9.61%), and Rb (291–552 ppm) contents, but low total Fe 2 O 3 (0.13–0.83 wt%), MgO (0.1–0.3 wt%), P 2 O 5 (0.01–0.04 wt%), Sr (22.4–141.0 ppm) and Ba (79.8–1757 ppm) concentrations. These granitic samples have T DM C ages of 2204–1592 Ma, corresponding to negative ε Hf (t) values of –15.8 to –6.2. Geochemical and zircon Lu-Hf signatures as well as lead isotopic analyses for Nantai granitoids suggest that they belong to the high-fractionated I-type granites and were derived from partial melting of lower continental crust with coeval mantle-derived magma contribution. The lamprophyres show low SiO 2 (47.59–49.08%) and Rb (96–120 ppm) contents, whereas they have high Ba (1598–2236 ppm), and Sr (771–990 ppm) concentrations, as well as a lack of negative Eu anomalies. The concentrated ε Hf (t) values (–0.6 to + 3.3), high (Hf/Sm) PMN and La/Sm ratios, as well as Pb isotopic features, indicate that they were derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle that had been metasomatized by subducted components with some crustal material contribution. Combined with our datasets and previous studies, we suggest that the Nantai porphyry Mo deposit formed in a post-orogenic setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Chigou copper deposit formed in a post-collisional tectonic setting. • The ore-forming magma was mainly derived from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle. • Different magma sources may be a key factor controlling different mineralization. The Chigou copper deposit is situated in the southern part of the Qinling orogenic belt, central China, where quartz diorite and quartz diorite porphyry are associated with porphyry-type copper mineralization. Copper generally occurs as veins, veinlets, and disseminations within-host porphyries. The zircon dates tightly constrain the timing of host porphyries to ca. 149–146 Ma, in agreement with the age of porphyry copper mineralization (146.1 ± 2.8 Ma) constrained by using molybdenite Re–Os dating. The calculated zircon ΔFMQ values for quartz diorite are −9.4 to +9.9 (averaging +4.3). The Chigou granitoids show similar geochemical compositions to high-Barium-Strontium (high Ba-Sr) granites, with high Ba (2256–3717 ppm) and Sr (737–1345 ppm), low Rb (86.2–129 ppm), U (1.9–4.7 ppm), Th (16.2–31.2 ppm), and Nb (11.4–19.1 ppm) concentrations, as well as lack of negative Eu anomalies. The concentrated ε Hf (t) values (−3.0 to +1.4), moderate Mg# values (41–52), and high (Hf/Sm) PMN and La/Sm ratios, but low Ba/Th, U/Th, and (Ta/La) PMN ratios indicate that ore-forming magmas derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle that had been metasomatized by subducted sediment-derived melts with a minor crustal contribution. Combined with previous studies, we suggest that the Chigou deposit formed in a post-collisional tectonic setting during the Late Jurassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sulfide enrichment zone is undeveloped as evaporation more than precipitation in arid climates. • Two distinct exhumation and cooling stage has been distinguished since Late Cretaceous. • The interaction of climate, tectonic movement and burial significant to the ancient porphyry deposits preservation. The late Paleozoic Tuwu porphyry Cu deposit is located in the Dananhu–Tousuquan arc in Eastern Tianshan, northwest China. In this study, we present new apatite fission track data of the intermediate-felsic intrusions (i.e., diorite porphyry, tonalite porphyry, quartz porphyry, and quartz albite porphyry) from Tuwu, together with inverse thermal modeling and previous study, to reveal exhumation and cooling history. Apatite fission track length analyses indicate that the track annealing type belongs to a transition from the undisturbed basement distribution to the mixed distribution. As a whole, two phases of cooling were recognized from inverse thermal modeling including a protracted slow cooling period with an average cooling rate of 0.32 ℃/Ma during late Cretaceous to Miocene and moderate slow cooling with a cooling rate of 1.89 ℃/Ma from Miocene to the present day. The first phase of cooling can be mainly attributed to a tectonically quiet and arid to semiarid climate whereas the later phases of cooling related to structural activation occurred at ~25–15 Ma in response to a distant effect of the India-Eurasia convergence. In addition, the exhumation rates of Tuwu intrusions from the two stages are 10.7 m/Ma and 63 m/Ma, respectively. The calculated total exhumation thickness at Tuwu is 1.2–2.3 km since late Cretaceous. Based on the integration of stratigraphic sequence, tectonic setting, paleogeographic, geochronology, and low temperature thermochronology study, we suggest that the thick deposition of coal-bearing stratum during the early and middle Jurassic, the extended duration slow cooling and exhumation controlled by arid to semiarid climate, and the differential lifting movement of fault blocks are key factors for preservation of the early Carboniferous Tuwu Cu deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The ore-forming fluids at Hardat Tolgoi were primarily of magmatic origin, and were diluted by meteoric water later. • The ore-forming metals were sourced from both magmatic hydrothermal and sedimentary wall rocks. • Phase separation, temperature decrease, and fluid mixing are important causes for ore precipitation at Hardat Tolgoi. The Hardat Tolgoi Ag-Pb-Zn deposit (4.3 Mt at 3.15% Pb + Zn and 26.4 g/t Ag) is located in the Erenhot-East Ujimqin polymetallic metallogenic belt, on the western part of the Great Xing'an Range, Inner Mongolia, northeast China. The Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization mainly occurs as vein type ores hosted in argillaceous siltstone, feldspar quartz sandstone with silty slate interlayers of the Aobaotinghundi Formation of Lower Devonian. The hydrothermal ore-forming process can be divided into three stages, i.e., quartz–pyrite–arsenopyrite stage (I), quartz–polymetallic sulfides stage (II), and quartz–calcite–fluorite stage (III). Four types of fluid inclusions have been identified in the quartz-bearing veins of each stage, i.e., liquid-rich two-phase (L-type), single liquid-phase (PW-type), vapor-rich two-phase (V-type), and pure vapor phase (PV-type) inclusions. The fluid inclusions of stage I to III yield homogenization temperatures of 285–407 °C, 202–317 °C, and 144–239 °C, with salinities of 1.2–9.2 wt% NaCl equiv., 0.9–5.0 wt% NaCl equiv., and 0.2–2.6 wt% NaCl equiv., respectively. The ore-forming fluids at Hardat Tolgoi are characterized by moderate temperatures, low salinities, and low densities, and dominated by the H 2 O–NaCl system. Carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of calcite demonstrate that the ore-forming fluids come from a primary magmatic-hydrothermal system, with subsequent involvement of meteoric water at a later stage. Sulfur isotope analyses of sulfides yield δ34S V-CDT values of 1.8 to 8.7‰, with calculated δ34S H2S values of 1.4 to 9.4‰. The 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of sulfides range from 18.141 to 18.468, 15.521 to 15.617, and 38.040 to 38.377, respectively, similar to those of granites from the Hardat Tolgoi deposit. Both sulfur and lead isotope data indicate that the ore-forming metals were most likely derived from the magmatic reservoirs and sedimentary country rocks. The available fluid inclusion results and isotope studies indicate that the pahse separation, temperature decrease, and fluid mixing resulted in large-scale Ag-Pb-Zn ore formation at Hardat Tolgoi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The quartz albite porphyry emplaced at 318.6 ± 3.0 Ma in a subduction environment. • The I-type granite quartz albite porphyry originates from the juvenile lower crust. • The northward subduction of oceanic crust generated these intrusions and mineralization. The Linglong porphyry Cu deposit is located in the Dananhu–Tousuquan Arc Belt, adjacent to the large Tuwu–Yandong Cu deposits in Eastern Tianshan, northwest China. In this study, zircon U–Pb, whole rock geochemistry, and zircon Hf–O isotopic analyses were carried out on the Linglong intrusions (i.e., quartz albite porphyry and diorite porphyry). New SIMS zircon U–Pb dating and previous data indicate that the quartz albite porphyry occurred in the Late Carboniferous (318.6 ± 3.0 Ma), younger than emplacement of the diorite porphyry (338–340 Ma) and tonalite porphyry (332–335 Ma) in this area, as well large-scale copper mineralization (331–335 Ma) in Eastern Tianshan. The geochemistry of the quartz albite porphyry intrusions is consistent with calc-alkaline normal arc magmatism, characterized by high SiO 2 (74.82–77.89 wt%), obvious Eu anomalies (0.42–0.52), high Y (21–25.9 ppm) and Yb (2.98–3.67 ppm) concentrations, moderate Mg# values (35–40), but relatively low Sr/Y (6.86–9.52)and low 10,000 Ga/Al values. In situ Hf–O isotopic analyses on zircons show that the quartz albite porphyry rocks have variable ε Hf (t) (+9.0 to + 13.9) and low δ18O values (4.72 to 5.84‰), suggesting a juvenile lower crust derived composition. However, the diorite porphyry intrusions show features of low SiO 2 (57.51–61.12 wt%), minor Eu anomalies (0.82–1.15), strong depletion in high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, P and Ti), but enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, Ba, K and Pb). They also exhibit normal island arc magma geochemical signatures, with high Y (20.9–40.2 ppm), and Yb (2.75–4.64 ppm) concentrations, high Mg# (40–51), and relatively low (La/Yb) N (2.07–4.10) and Sr/Y (5.75–12.13) values, suggesting the melt was derived from the subduction-modified mantle mafic to ultramafic materials. Combined with regional tectonic evolution and our new data, we suggest that the Late Carboniferous magma was generated during the period of the northward subduction of the Paleo-Tianshan ocean plate beneath the Dananhu–Tousuquan island arc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qinling orogenic belt hosts many porphyry Mo deposits, which were formed by ore-forming fluids exsolved from oxidized magmas. Detailed processes of ore fluids evolution and metal deposition mechanisms of porphyry Mo deposits remain unclear. The quartz solubility model and cathodoluminescence (CL) images combined with fluid inclusions (FIs) and isotope analyses at the Nantai Mo deposit provide new insights into processes and physicochemical conditions for Mo mineralization. Based on field and microscopy of ore and alteration assemblages together with CL images, four types of hydrothermal veins (i.e., A, B, C, and D veins) have been identified. The quartz in A veins intergrown with K-feldspar precipitated from high-temperature and low- to intermediate-salinity fluids under near-lithostatically conditions. B vein comprises quartz and K-feldspar and forms at 336–466 °C, pH from 6.30 to 11.02, and oxygen fugacity (f O2) of −30.81 to −24.26. Hydrothermal fluids during this stage underwent phase separation under ductile to brittle transition. C veins include muscovite and most molybdenite without quartz, indicating that they formed in the retrograde quartz solubility field at 353 to 398 °C. Thermodynamic calculation suggests molybdenite mainly precipitated under f O2 from −32.37 to −29.05 and pH from 2.68 to 6.54. Quartz in D veins formed from low-temperature and low-salinity fluids. Sulfur isotopic analyses suggest that the ore components are derived from the old crust. The main factors controlling Mo mineralization at Nantai are the decreases in f O2 and pH values of hydrothermal fluids. [Display omitted] • The ore-forming components were sourced from magma that derived from an old crust. • The mark of ore-forming fluids is high-temperature, low- to intermediate-salinity, and intermediate-density. • The decrease in f O2 and pH of the hydrothermal fluids lead to molybdenite formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hongshi gold deposit is located in the southwestern margin of the Kanggur–Huangshan ductile shear zone in Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China. The gold ore bodies are predominantly hosted in the volcanogenic metasedimentary rocks of the Lower Carboniferous Gandun Formation and the Carboniferous syenogranite and alkali-feldspar granite. The syenogranite and the alkali-feldspar granite yield SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages of 337.6 ± 4.5 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.3) and 334.0 ± 3.7 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.1), respectively, indicating that the Hongshi gold deposit is younger than 334 Ma. The granitoids belong to shoshonitic series and are relatively enriched in large ion lithophile elements (Rb, K, Ba, and Pb) and depleted in high field-strength elements (Nb, Ta, P, and Ti). Moreover, these granitoids have high SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and K 2 O contents, low Na 2 O, MgO, and TiO 2 contents, low Nb/Ta ratios, and slightly positive Eu anomalies. The ε Hf (t) values of the zircons from a syenogranite sample vary from + 1.5 to + 8.8 with an average of + 5.6; the ε Hf (t) values of the zircons from an alkali-feldspar granite sample vary from + 5.0 and + 10.1 with an average of + 7.9. The δ 34 S values of 10 sulfide samples ranged from − 11.5‰ to + 4.2‰, with peaks in the range of + 1‰ to + 4‰. The above-mentioned data suggest that the Hongshi granitoids were derived from the melting of juvenile lower crust mixed with mantle components formed by the southward subduction of the paleo-Tianshan ocean plate beneath the Aqishan–Yamansu island arc during the Early Carboniferous. The Hongshi gold deposit was formed by post-collisional tectonism during the Permian. The granitoids most likely acted as impermeable barriers that prevented the leakage and runoff of ore-bearing fluids. Thus, the granitoids probably played an important role in controlling gold mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • LA − ICP − MS zircon U-Pb geochronology shows that granitic intrusions in Hardat Tolgoi were emplaced at the Early Jurassic. • These high-K calc-alkaline granitoids were generated by partial melting of the juvenile lower crust. • The magmatism at Hardat Tolgoi was probably attributed to the southeastward subduction of Mongol − Okhotsk oceanic plate beneath the Erguna massif, with exsolved magmatic fluids favorable to the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization. The Hardat Tolgoi Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is located in the Erenhot-East Ujimqin polymetallic metallogenic belt, on the western part of the Great Xing'an Range, Inner Mongolia, northeast China. The Ag-Pb-Zn veins are mainly hosted by the argillaceous siltstone and feldspar quartz sandstone of Aobaotinghundi Formation, which show close genetic relationship with the granitoids at Hardat Tolgoi (i.e., biotite granite, syenogranite, and monzogranite). New LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating yielded the emplacement ages of 196.1 ± 5.8 Ma for biotite granite, 192.3 ± 6.0 Ma for syenogranite, and 194.8 ± 1.7 Ma for monzogranite, respectively, indicating that they were formed in the Early Jurassic. Geochemically, these granitoids are characterized by high SiO 2 , Na 2 O + K 2 O, and low MgO and TiO 2 concentrations, belonging to high-K calc-alkaline series. They exhibit relatively flat REE patterns, with pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Eu N /Eu N * = 0.004–0.015), enriched in LREEs and LILEs (e.g., Rb, U, and Pb), and depleted in Ba, Sr, Nb, P, and Ti. Zircon in situ Hf isotopic analyses yield positive ε Hf (t) values ranging from + 5.7 to + 11.8, corresponding relatively young Hf isotopic crustal model ages of 452 to 843 Ma. The granitoid samples have the 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 18.950 to 19.444, 15. 573 to 15.615, and 38.487 to 38.789, corresponding to initial Pb ratios of 18.483 to 18.960, 15.552 to 15.662, and 37.905 to 38.193, respectively, and yield the δ30Si values between − 0.4 and − 0.1‰, similar to the quartz separates (−0.7 to − 0.1‰). The available geochemical and isotopic data imply that the source magma at Hardat Tolgoi was most likely derived from partial melting of juvenile lower crust. Combined our whole-rock geochemical and Hf − Pb − Si isotopic data with regional tectono-magmatic evolution, it is proposed that the Early Jurassic magmatism at Hardat Tolgoi was probably attributed to the southeastward subduction of the Mongol − Okhotsk oceanic plate beneath the Erguna massif, and their generation was favorable to the Hardat Tolgoi Ag-Pb-Zn ore formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ore-forming fluids were dominant by magmatic water which were diluted by later meteoric water. • Ore-forming metals were sourced from mantle with minor crustal components. • Decreases in temperature and Oxygen fugacity, and the fluid boiling contributed to precipitation of sulfides. The Chigou porphyry Cu deposit is located in eastern segment of the Southern Qinling metallogenic belt, on the southern margin of the Central China Orogenic Belt. Copper mineralization is associated with quartz diorite, quartz diorite porphyry and granite porphyry, and occurs as veins, veinlets, disseminations, or veinlet-disseminations within host porphyries. Ore-forming process could be divided into three stages: stage I quartz + K-feldspar + pyrite ± chalcopyrite, stage II quartz + chlorite + chalcopyrite ± molybdenite and stage III quartz + calcite + pyrite. Four types of fluid inclusions (FIs) were distinguished in quartz-bearing veins, including vapor-rich two-phase (V-type), liquid-rich two-phase (L-type), hypersaline (H-type), and CO 2 -rich (C-type) inclusions. The FIs were homogenized at temperatures of 330–473 °C for stage I, 174–345 °C for stage II, and 128–272 °C for stage III, with corresponding salinities of 3.8–53.6 wt% NaCl equiv., 1.4–15.1 wt% NaCl equiv., and 0.4–7.7 wt% NaCl equiv., respectively. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data indicate that the ore-forming fluids have a dominant magma signature and were diluted by meteoric water during the late stage. Chalcopyrite and pyrite from different stages record a narrow range of δ34S values from −0.2 to −2‰, consistent with the sulfur isotopic values of typical magmatic-hydrothermal system. Chalcopyrite has similar 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios to those of porphyry intrusions. All stable and radiogenic isotope results reveal that the ore-forming components (i.e. metal and sulfur) were sourced from a magmatic reservoir with some crustal materials. Laser Raman micro spectroscopy data and fluid inclusion analytical results suggest that the Chigou deposit was formed by an initially high- to intermediate-temperature, high-oxygen fugacity (f O2) and CO 2 -rich fluid system at an estimated depth of 0.7–2.1 km. Decreases in temperature and f O2 as well as fluid boiling were critical factors controlling sulfide precipitation at Chigou. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ore-forming fluids had a dominantly metamorphic signature and were diluted by meteoric water. • Ore-forming components were primarily sourced from the Precambrian basement. • Temperature decrease, fluid mixing, and pervasive dolomitization are key factors resulting in ore precipitation. The Caixiashan sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposit (131 Mt at 3.95% Zn + Pb) is located in the western segment of eastern Tianshan, on the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Xinjiang, northwest China. Zinc and lead mineralization is mainly hosted in the dolomite marble of the Mesoproterozoic Kawabulake Group. Four stages (I to IV) of hydrothermal activity have been identified, i.e., calcite + dolomite + quartz + pyrite stage I, calcite + dolomite + quartz + spahlerite + pyrrhotite ± arsenopyrite stage II, calcite + dolomite + quartz + galena + pyrite ± chalcopyrite stage III, and late quartz + calcite stage IV. Sphalerite and galena mainly occur in the vein ores of stage II and III. Five types of fluid inclusions are distinguished in the calcite- and quartz-bearing veins, i.e., liquid-rich two-phase (L-type), pure-liquid phase (PL-type), vapor-rich two-phase (V-type), pure-vapor phase (PV-type), and halite-bearing (H-type) inclusions. Fluid inclusions of stages I to IV were homogenized at temperatures of 336–494 °C, 240–357 °C, 140–297 °C, and 71–156 °C, with salinities of 4.0–18.0 wt% NaCl equiv., 4.2–17.3 wt% NaCl equiv., 0.2–13.5 wt% NaCl equiv., and 1.2–7.6 wt% NaCl equiv., respectively. The ore-forming fluids at the Caixiashan deposit are characterized by high- to moderate temperatures, moderate salinities, and low densities, belonging to the H 2 O–NaCl system. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data indicate that the ore-forming fluids at Caixiashan have a dominantly metamorphic signature and were diluted by meteoric water. Carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of calcite, dolomite, and marble demonstrate that the ore-forming fluids were primarily sourced from the dissolution and low-temperature alteration of carbonates. Sphalerite, galena, pyrrhotite, and pyrite samples from stage I to III record high δ34S V-CDT values between 11.2 and 16.1‰, indicating a predominant sulfur source from the Precambrian marine sulfates by thermochemical sulfate reduction. The 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of sulfide samples are similar to those of marble and carbonaceous slate of the Kawabulake Group, whereas they differ from those of granitoid rocks, suggesting that ore-forming metals may have been primarily derived from the Precambrian basement. All of these observations combined with the stable and radiogenic isotope results reveal that the formation of the Caixiashan Zn-Pb deposit was dominated by a metamorphic system, and the ore-forming components were sourced from the Precambrian basement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the relationship between lifestyle, self-esteem and life satisfaction among Chinese adolescents., Methods: 10 899 adolescents in middle schools and colleges from 9 provinces in China were investigated by using Chinese Adolescent Lifestyle Scale (CALS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES)., Results: The distribution of adolescents in the four groups divided by lifestyle and life satisfaction scores were different regarding the area and grade of these students(chi(2)=248.93, P<0.01;chi(2)=568.53, P<0.01). A high percentage of adolescents in cities (58.9%) reported a healthy life style with high life satisfaction while most adolescents in rural areas (58.9%) reported poor life styles with little satisfaction. A high percentage of junior high school students (61.8%) reported a healthy life style with high life satisfaction, but this percentage among senior high school and college students was down to 48.5% and 21.3% respectively. About 7.6% of senior high school students reported a healthy life style but poor satisfaction, a little higher than that of junior high school students (4.1%) and college students (3.6%). Moreover, there were 71.6% college students reported that they lead a poor life style with little satisfaction. The lifestyle is significantly correlated with self-esteem (r=0.472, P<0.01) and life satisfaction(r=0.636, P<0.01), and self-esteem is also significantly correlated with life satisfaction (r=0.450, P<0.01). self-esteem was the mediator of the other two parameters., Conclusion: The lifestyle predicts life satisfaction through self-esteem. Area and grade differences have to be taken into consideration when introducing programs on health promotion, and attention should be attached to the influence of psychological factors.