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The original intention of virtual water trade (VWT) is to help water-scarce areas adjust the crop trade structure to alleviate the water shortage problem. However, China's existing virtual water trade (VWT) must effectively alleviate the problem. This paper's structural features and stability of the VWT network (VWTN) in China's major crop trade between 2000 and 2017 were characterized using complex network theory. The results in terms of time scale showed that the total content of VW in China's major crops increased by ~23.6% for 18 years. Trade relations among most regions remained stable, whereas a few areas changed: Jilin, Henan, and Heilongjiang played essential roles in the output network, and so did Guangdong, Shanghai, and Fujian in the input network. Attributed to policy adjustment, Henan and Jilin became more prominent in the output network with the gradual decline of Jiangsu's position. Regarding spatial scale, the cumulative distribution of degrees consistent with the power–law relationship showed high variability and vulnerability of China's VWTN, especially when nodes were weighted. Since areas with more VWT partners/content provided connectivity to those with fewer partners/content, it is worthwhile to focus on developing protection policies for critical areas. The virtual water trade from North China (water-poor) to South China (water-rich) is contrary to the distribution of water resources. A similar situation showed in a global world that the long-term supply relationship would aggravate the water resources shortage and food security. Furthermore, we suggest combining network theory and VWT to lay the foundation for the invulnerability research of VWTN and the optimal regulation of crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preoperative anxiety is associated with increased use of anesthetics and poorer postoperative outcomes. However, the prevalence of preoperative anxiety has not been characterized in Chinese patients. In this study, we aimed to estimate the overall prevalence of preoperative anxiety in Chinese adult patients and to explore the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with preoperative anxiety in China. Methods: This study was a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted at 32 tertiary referral centers in China from September 1 to October 31, 2020. Adult patients scheduled for elective surgery were evaluated by the 7-item Perioperative Anxiety Scale (PAS-7) for preoperative anxiety after entrance to the operating zone. Results: A total of 5191 patients were recruited, and 5018 of them were analyzed. The prevalence of preoperative anxiety measured by PAS-7 was 15.8% (95% CI 14.8 to 16.9%). Multivariable analyses showed female sex, younger age, non-retired, first in a lifetime surgery, surgery of higher risk, and poorer preoperative sleep were associated with higher prevalence of preoperative anxiety. Conclusions: Preoperative anxiety was relatively common (prevalence of 15.8%) among adult Chinese patients undergoing elective surgeries. Further studies are needed using suitable assessment tools to better characterize preoperative anxiety, and additional focus should be placed on perioperative education and intervention, especially in primary hospitals. Trial registration: This study was registered prospectively at www.chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR1900027639) on November 22, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the constituent phytochemicals and biological activities of six Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun (L. litseifolius) cultivars. Processed by UPLC‐MS/MS and untargeted metabolomics analysis software (MS‐DIAL and MS‐FINDER), components of different L. litseifolius cultivars were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of spectra, MS/MS fragmentation, and retention time, 40 compounds (including 6 phenolic glycosides and 34 flavonoids) were identified rapidly and accurately. Moreover, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant, antimicrobial effects, and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell viability of different L. litseifolius varieties were evaluated. Purple small leaf (PSL) was found to be the most superior variety with the highest antioxidant activities (8.27, 10.09, and 10.80 mg TE/g for DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, respectively), broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity, and lowest cell cytotoxicity. The results showed that these bioactivities were closely related to phytochemicals among the six cultivars. Practical applications: L. litseifolius is well known as an important folk drink in the Southern China folklore for its specific efficacy in preventing diabetes. However, there is still a paucity of information on L. litseifolius, as other active components and bioactivities of it remain to be investigated. The wide range of flavonoids discovered in L. litseifolius provides abundant natural health‐promoting agents for further applications in medicine and functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Blue physical water, green physical water and imported virtual water are interrelated. • The combination of input-output analysis and CROPWAT model can be used as an integrated water management and evaluation method. • The consumption and transfer of local physical water in the agricultural sector constitute the most important part of the water cycle in the North Tianshan Mountains. • Policy planning represents a key factor for China inland arid regions industries sustainability. The consumption of local blue-green physical water (blue-green PW) is linked to imported virtual water (imported VW) within economic production. The quantitative analysis of interactions between blue-green PW and imported VW is important for integrated management of water resources in inland arid areas. This study used the North Tianshan Mountains (NTM) as a case study to demonstrate the construction of a framework to account for local blue-green PW and imported VW in regional economic production using an input-output model. The results showed that the consumption and transfer of blue-green PW in the agricultural sector constitute the most important part of the water cycle in the NTM. Production consumed relatively less imported VW, 51.3% of which was by the secondary and tertiary industries. VW consumed by the primary industry in the NTM was closely correlated with that by the secondary and tertiary industries, whereas low consumption by the primary industry in the NTM and high demand for primary industry products from outside regions resulted in the direct outflow of large amount of blue-green VW. The current structure of trade in VW also contributed to increasing water shortages in the NTM. This study proposed that the enhancement of the cyclic strength of the primary industry in the local economic system is an effective measure to reduce water loss and improve water utilization efficiency. In addition, by considering the results of industrial linkage analysis of economic sectors, this study proposed that the government should promote the development of industries with large water storage potential, such as construction, manufacturing and forestry, and that adjustment of the structure of local industries should be accelerated so as to reduce the loss of VW during local economic production and trade flows of the primary industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tarim River Basin in China has predominantly assumed the task of commodity cotton and other high water-intensive crop production in recent years. The spatial matching status of agricultural water and land resources is a prerequisite for local economic development. This paper provides an insight into the spatiotemporal variation trends of agricultural production water footprint and oasis farmland in the Tarim River Basin. The degree of spatial mismatching between oasis farmland and crop production water footprints studied in this paper found how the crop water footprint affected the change in oasis farmland area by sensitivity analysis. Time series data covering the period of 1990–2015 were used for the study. The results showed that the annual variation of crop production water footprint and oasis farmland area have experienced upward trends in Tarim River Basin. The blue water makes the largest contribution to the components of the crop production water footprint in each district (all exceeded 77%). The crop production water footprint and oasis farmland area tend to aggregate towards the eastern region. The level of spatial mismatch between the blue water footprint and farmland area fluctuated during the study period, but it was gradually remedied after 2000, while the spatial mismatch between green water footprint and farmland area gradually worsened. The number of districts with mid and high sensitivity to changes in blue water footprint continuously increased during 1990–2005, which revealed that the change in blue water footprint has an increasing influence on oasis farmland. The results can provide operable recommendations for efficient use of water resources, maintaining oasis suitable farmland scale and agricultural sustainable development in the Tarim River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are nearly two million ha of red jujube in the arid inland agricultural region south of the Tianshan mountains in China that produce approximately 37.2% of the global red jujube market. This paper provides an insight into the spatiotemporal variation of the water footprint and economic water productivity of red jujube cultivation in six main red jujube-producing areas. The effects of regional policies, industrial clusters, planting structures, irrigation methods and brand values studied extensively in this paper and shows how these driving factors affect the variation. Time series data covering the period of 2003–2015 was used for the study. The results showed that the annual variation of yield, cultivated areas, water footprint and economic water productivity of red jujube cultivation have experienced upward trends in the Tianshan regions, but that there were also few differences between different growing areas. The blue water makes the largest contribution (more than 70%) to the components of the red jujube water footprint in each red jujube producing area. The contribution of grey water footprint to the total consumptive WF was quite small (less than 10%) and the remaining 10%–15% was due to the green water. The water footprint and overall economic water productivity through the red jujube in various producing areas are affected by local government management and performance. The possible ways of improving economic water productivity in terms of red jujube cultivation are through policy, technological and management interventions. • Water footprint is proposed as an effective assessment tool for management of water resources. • Blue water footprint has the greatest impact on red jujube growing scale in Turpan-Hami basin. • The difference in economic water productivity provides reference for the selection and development of producing areas. • Policy planning represents a key factor for sustainability management in red jujube industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative analysis of the reallocation and linkages of virtual water in the economic sector was important for the integrated water resources management in inland arid regions. Taking the northern Tianshan Mountains (NTM) as an example, we applied the environmental input-output model to design the accounting framework for the reallocation of blue and green virtual water (VW) in the economic sector and analyzed the correlation effect of VW reallocation among various sectors by backward and forward linkages in economic analysis. The results showed that the direct blue and green water consumption of primary industry respectively accounted for 99.2% and 100% of the total water consumption in NTM. Planting sector had the largest amount of VW outflow among all sectors. Animal husbandry, forestry and construction had a large pulling effect on VW outflow of planting sector, while planting sector and animal husbandry were the main sectors for VW export of blue and green water. We suggest that the government can increase the import of blue-green VW for agricultural raw materials through VW trade and develop industries such as service and electricity that have less pulling effect on the primary industry VW, so as to improve the economic added value of VW in the primary industry and reduce the loss of VW in primary industry production and trade flows in future water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A longevity area in Xinjiang, China and an adjacent non-longevity area both have similar climatic and hydrogeological conditions, and the residents of the two control groups have similar ethnic composition, diets and lifestyles. This study investigated if differences in groundwater quality between the longevity area and the non-longevity area are associated with the health of residents in the two control groups. In order to quantitatively describe the groundwater quality of the two control groups and its influence on human health, the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method (FCEM) was used to compare and assess the overall water environment of the two control groups. Furthermore, the human health risk of groundwater for the two control groups was assessed using the Health Risk Assessment Model recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Results showed that the overall water environment categories for the longevity area and non-longevity area are moderate quality (grade III) and very poor quality (grade V), respectively. The main health risk in the longevity area water environment is the non-carcinogenic risk ( HQ LLV ) caused by Cl - . The main health risks in the non-longevity area water environment are the non-carcinogenic risk ( HQ CA ) caused by Cl - and the carcinogenic risk ( Risk CA ) caused by As. The total health risk ( HR all ) caused by over-standard inorganic pollutants in the water environment of the non-longevity area is 3.49 times higher than that of the longevity area. In addition, the study showed that the water environment pollution downstream of the Keriya River is conjunctively caused by agricultural activities and domestic sewage. The overall water environment of the longevity area is more conducive to the health-longevity of residents than the non-longevity area.