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Background & aims: Obesity has been linked to various detrimental health consequences. While there is established evidence of a negative correlation between seafood consumption and obesity in adults, the current research on the association between seafood intake in childhood/adolescence and the risk of obesity is lacking. Our aim was to evaluate the association between seafood intake in childhood/adolescence and the risk of obesity in a Chinese nationwide cohort. Methods: We utilized data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from the year of 1997 to 2015. Seafood consumption was evaluated through 3-day 24-hour recalls. In our study, overweight/obesity status was determined based on the Chinese Criteria of Overweight and Obesity in School-age Children and Adolescents (WS/T 586–2018), while abdominal obesity status was determined according to the Chinese Criteria of Waist Circumference Screening Threshold among Children and Adolescents (WS/T 611–2018). Results: During an average follow-up of 7.9 years, 404 cases developed overweight/obesity among 2206 participants in the seafood-overweight/obesity analysis, while 381 cases developed abdominal obesity among 2256 participants in the seafood-abdominal-obesity analysis. The high-consumer group was associated with 35% lower risk of overweight/obesity risk and 26% lower risk of abdominal obesity after fully adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, compared with the non-consumer group. Considering different cooking methods, boiled seafood consumption was associated with 43% lower risk of overweight/obesity and 23% lower risk of abdominal obesity in the fully adjusted model, while stir-fried seafood did not demonstrate a statistical significance. Conclusion: Higher intake of seafood in childhood/adolescents, particularly in a boiled way, was associated with lower obesity risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional clinical modalities for diagnosing bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) remain limited due to their invasive nature, significant costs, discomfort associated with cystoscopy, and low sensitivity to urine cytology. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify highly sensitive, specific, and noninvasive biomarkers for the early detection of this neoplasm. Hypermethylated TWIST1/Vimentin promoter may be a noninvasive biomarker using urine sample. We assessed the TWIST1/Vimentin promoter methylation status in urine samples using the Methylated Human TWIST1 and Vimentin Gene Detection Kit (Jiangsu MicroDiag Biomedicine Co., Ltd., China). The samples were collected from five groups: group 1 consisted of patients with BUC, group 2 contained other patients with urologic tumors, group 3 consisted of patients with benign diseases (e.g., urinary tract infections, lithiasis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia), Group 4 included UTUC (upper tract urothelial carcinoma) patients and group5 comprised healthy individuals. The study encompassed 77 BUC patients, and we evaluated the degree of methylation of the TWIST1/Vimentin gene in their urine samples. Notably, TWIST1/Vimentin positivity was significantly elevated in comparison to groups 2, 3 and 5 (all p < 0.001) at a rate of 77.9%, but no significant difference was observed when compared to group 4. In the relationship between TWIST1/Vimentin methylation and clinicopathological features of BC patients from our center, we found there was no significant association between TWIST1/Vimentin status and proteinuria and/or hematuria, and hypermethylation of TWIST1 / VIM genes was found in both high and low tumor grade and in both non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (stages Tis, Ta, or T1) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (stage T2 or above). In the multivariable analysis for cancer detection, a positive TWIST1/Vimentin methylation were significantly linked to a heightened risk of BC. Moreover, TWIST1/Vimentin promoter methylation demonstrated an ability to detect BUC in urine samples with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 83%. Our findings reveal that hypermethylation of the TWIST1/Vimentin promoter occurs in bladder urothelial carcinoma, and its high sensitivity and specificity suggest its potential as a screening and therapeutic biomarker for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a new approach to the sociology of time by examining how the contentious politics of newness shapes modern revolutionary politics. It goes beyond the prevalent dualistic conception of social time and develops a tripartite model by distinguishing two kinds of unordinary time—carnival time and new time—that are conflated in the dualistic conception. We analyze the Chinese Cultural Revolution (CCR) as a crucial case for understanding the importance of new time to modern revolutionary politics. The effort to forge an ongoing, widely experienced "new time" created a series of contradictions and difficulties in the CCR regarding the power dynamics and boundaries of the experiences of radical newness. The eventual failure of the Jacobin politics of the CCR conditioned the post-CCR suspicion of mass movements and political changes. More broadly, the politics of the interpretation of time provides a different angle on the sociology of political modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of Clostridium ramosum bacteremia in a 73-year-old patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection and right lower abdominal tenderness in China. The microbiological features and genomic epidemiological characteristics of C. ramosum worldwide were investigated to identify the possible sources of infection. Whole-genome sequencing of C. ramosum WD-I2 was performed using an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Phylogenetic analysis of C. ramosum WD-I2 and other publicly available C. ramosum isolates was performed and visualized using the interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) web server. The resistome of C. ramosum WD-I2 consists of two antimicrobial resistance genes (tetM and ermB), which explains the antimicrobial resistance trait to tetracycline and macrolides. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the strain closest to our isolated strain WD-I2 was SUG1069, recovered from a pig feces sample from Canada, which differed by 589 SNPs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. ramosum bacteremia in China. Our findings highlight the potential risk of invasive C. ramosum infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We set out to understand how role-making works and what roles employees and leaders play in this process. Employees often make changes to their work roles, such as by negotiating their job responsibilities and seeking challenging tasks. In this study, we suggest that role-making behaviours influence and are influenced by the dyadic relationship between leaders and employees, otherwise known as leader–member exchange (LMX). We collected three waves of survey data from a sample of Chinese employees who were recent college graduates (n = 203). The results from cross-lagged panel analyses showed that (1) LMX and job-change negotiation were reciprocally related to each other and (2) initial LMX was associated with increased challenge-seeking behaviours, although these behaviours did not lead to greater LMX later on. In addition, we found evidence that when employees experienced a high level of emotional ambivalence (a conflicting, mixed and complex emotional state), the direct and reciprocal relationships between LMX and role-making behaviours were weakened. Our findings advance the understanding of the development of leader–employee relationships in the workplace and have implications for strengthening employee perceptions of high-quality relationships with their leaders by making changes to their workplace roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold clouds are the main operation target of artificial precipitation enhancement, and its key is to find a supercooled cloud water area where the catalyst can be seeded to promote the formation of precipitation particles and increase precipitation to the ground. Based on the multi-spectral characteristics of the Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) satellite, a methodology for identifying supercooled cloud water is developed. Superimposed by a cloud top brightness temperature of 10.8 µm, a combination of 0.46 µm, 1.6 µm, and 2.2 µm red–green–blue (RGB) composites are used to identify the cloud phase and to obtain the real-time supercooled cloud water distribution every 5 min and in a 2 km resolution for the whole coverage of China. Based on the RGB composition, the supervised machine learning method K-mean clustering was applied to classify the cloud top phase. The results were validated extensively with Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). It is worthwhile to highlight that the corresponding hit rate reached 87% over the full disk domain for both the summer and winter seasons. Furthermore, on 29 November 2019, microphysical properties were measured, and the data of supercooled cloud droplets and ice crystals were obtained using YUN-12 transport aircraft in Taiyuan. After simultaneously matching the satellite with an airborne track, the cloud particle image data were obtained near the cloud top and within the clouds during the climb and descending stages of the flight. The phase obtained from the microphysical properties of supercooled cloud droplets and ice crystals was compared with cloud phase results identified by FY-4A and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud phase products. The case study and comparison show that (1) the supercooled water clouds and ice particles identified by FY-4A are in good agreement with those from the airborne measurement at the cloud top and within the cloud and (2) the positions and shapes of water clouds and ice clouds identified by FY-4A correspond well with MODIS cloud phase products. However, there is a small deviation in the extent of ice clouds, which is mainly located in the transition area between ice clouds and water clouds. The extent of ice clouds identified by FY-4A is slightly larger than that of MODIS products. Combined with airborne detection, the comparison shows that the ice clouds identified by the FY-4A satellite are consistent with aircraft detection. The supercooled cloud water identified by FY-4A can meet the needs of the operational precipitation enhancement of cold clouds, improve operational effectiveness, and promote the application of satellite technology for weather modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As research regarding the targets and initiators of workplace gossip is gaining traction, one perspective that remains overlooked is the gossip receiver. Organizational newcomers are a particularly relevant population to study the impact of receiving negative gossip on because they use social information to navigate an unfamiliar organizational terrain. We propose a parallel moderated mediation model in which receiving negative gossip has contradicting effects on newcomer job anxiety through perceived social inclusion and negative rumination, and agreeableness as a boundary condition of the effects of receiving negative gossip. We collected data from 202 newcomers using a four‐wave time‐lagged design and found that receiving negative gossip increased newcomer job anxiety via negative rumination but did not decrease job anxiety via perceived social inclusion. Further, agreeableness moderated the effect of receiving negative gossip on negative rumination (but not perceived social inclusion) such that the effect of receiving negative gossip on negative rumination was stronger for less agreeable newcomers. Lastly, the indirect effect of receiving negative gossip on job anxiety via negative rumination was stronger for less agreeable newcomers. Theoretical and practical implications specific to gossip and newcomers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are a significant threat to worldwide public health, resulting in increased morbidity, death, hospitalization time and healthcare expenses. Here, the genomic and phylogenetic characteristics of a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolate carrying both the new mcr-1.33 variant and blaNDM-5 gene obtained from a urinary tract infection in China are investigated. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli 779 was evaluated by using the broth microdilution method. Short-read Illumina NovaSeq 6000 and long-read Oxford Nanopore MinION platforms were applied to sequence the bacterial whole genomic DNA and then de novo assembled. The genome sequence was annotated using the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline and further subjected to identify the sequence type (ST), capsular type, and antibiotic resistance genes. BacWGSTdb 2.0 was used to perform the core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) analysis with other closely related E. coli isolates deposited in the public database. Results: E. coli 779 was resistant to aztreonam, levofloxacin, fosfomycin, cefoxitin, cefepime, cefotaxime, imipenem, meropenem, polymyxin, and tigecycline. The complete genome sequence of E. coli 779 is made up of nine contigs totaling 5,667,876 bp, including one chromosome and eight plasmids. The isolate was assigned to ST101, serotype O-:H31, and phylogroup B1. The colistin resistance gene mcr-1.33 (located in a 242,460 bp IncHI2/IncHI2A plasmid) and the β-lactam resistance gene blaNDM-5 (located in a 46,161 bp IncX3 plasmid) were among the 27 antimicrobial resistance genes discovered. The closest relative of E. coli 779, another ST101 strain (E. coli 443) obtained from a sewage sample in Shandong, China in 2015, differs by only 24 cgMLST alleles. Conclusion: We discovered the first multidrug-resistant ST101 E. coli strain with plasmid-mediated mcr-1.33 variant and blaNDM-5 gene in China. These findings would help us to better understanding the genomic traits, antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and epidemiological aspects of this bacterial pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Interactions between plants and their soil biota, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in particular, may play a vital role in the establishment and the range expansion of exotic plants in new environments. However, whether there are post-introduction shifts in dependence on AMF and how dependency interacts with competition remains poorly understood. Methods We conducted a common garden greenhouse experiment to examine how native (USA) and invasive (China) populations of the plant species Plantago virginica , respond to soil biota, and whether these responses change in the presence of a competitor. Important Findings We found that while native populations consistently had a higher AMF colonization rate and benefited from AMF in both biomass and seed production, invasive populations received less benefit from AMF, and even showed reduced biomass with AMF in the presence of a competitor. This low mycorrhizal dependency in invasive populations correlated with greater suppression by an indigenous competitor for the invader. The different responses of the invasive and native populations to AMF suggest that alteration of mycorrhizal dependency has occurred during the invasion of P. virginica into China. Our findings suggest that this reduced dependency incurs a cost during interspecific competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The People's Republic of China (PRC) has been an aid donor for over six decades, offering multiple forms of development aid to other developing countries. Meanwhile, China has been constantly readjusting its strategies of aid provision while introducing institutional reforms to improve the efficiency of aid as a form of economic statecraft. What significant policy and institutional changes has China conducted in its aid distribution? What are the key motivators that have propelled such reforms? And how do Western donors perceive the Chinese model of aid distribution? Using a two-level analytical framework, this article mainly explores the domestic and international factors driving the three rounds of Chinese aid reforms. The article finds that while the transformation of China's strategic priority enabled by leadership perception change is the key domestic incentive for aid reforms, international variables contribute to such processes either directly by exerting pressure and conveying knowledge or indirectly by changing China's global status and leadership perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Advanced Nursing (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) is the property of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Numerous studies have examined the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The causes of osteoporosis include endocrine factors, nutritional status, genetic factors, physical factors, and immune factors. Recent osteoimmunology studies demonstrated that the immune system and immune factors play important regulatory roles in the occurrence of osteoporosis, and people should pay more attention to the relationship between immunity and osteoporosis. Immune and bone cells are located in the bone marrow and share numerous regulatory molecules, signaling molecules, and transcription factors. Abnormal activation of the immune system alters the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which results in an imbalance of bone remodeling and osteoporosis. The incidence of osteoporosis is also increasing with the aging of China's population, and traditional Chinese medicine has played a vital role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis for centuries. Chinese medicinal plants possess unique advantages in the regulation of the immune system and the relationships between osteoporosis and the immune system. In this review, we provide a general overview of Chinese medicinal plants in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, focusing on immunological aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chongqing municipality experienced massive rural population migration to cities and towns in recent years. This study extracted abandoned farmland parcels from 1:10,000 scale farmland distribution maps of 2002 and 2011, calculated the abandonment rates for each township in three selected countries, analyzed the variations of abandonment rates across these townships and investigated the influential factors using the township-level data. Results from the multiple linear regression analysis show that the township forestland area ratio is the primary influential factor on abandonment rate, followed by distance between townships and Chongqing’s main urban zone, average net income per farmer, and farmland area per farmer. Township average elevation, distance between townships and county seat, and terrain slope have positive but statistically insignificant effect. In other words, the farmland abandonment rate is higher in remoter townships and in townships where crops are more prone to threaten from wild animals, where average net income per farmer is higher, and where there is more farmland area per farmer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impacts of educational factors on economic growth across 31 provinces during 1996 and 2010 in China. A spatial panel estimation model is applied to study the impacts of education on economic growth taking into account the spatial spillover effects in Feder model and the cumulative effect. The results reveal that (1) educational factors are significantly spatially autocorrelated. Educational factors have spatial spillover effects. Regional differences of education impacts still exist. (2) Average schooling year has a more positive effect on economic output than capital investment and labor force. Basic education might play a more important role in economic growth. (3) Education sector also benefits non-education sectors on economic growth if “spatial effects of economic shocks” are considered. Some policies that may enhance education development and their impacts on economic growth are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The soil and water conservation practices of ecological restoration (ER), fish scale pit (FP), furrow and ridge tillage across the slope (FR), shrub strips (SS), and vegetation-covered ridge (VR) are characteristic of the Jixing small watershed of the low mountain and hilly region of Jilin Province, Northeast China. This study aims to elucidate the effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil conditions after the short-term implementation of practices. Soil samples were collected from five soil and water conservation sites (ER, FP, FR, SS, and VR) and two controls (BL and CT) to investigate their properties. To evaluate the influence of soil and water conservation practices on soil quality, an integrated quantitative index, soil quality index (QI), was developed to compare the soil quality under the different soil and water conservation practices. The results show that not all soil and water conservation practices can improve the soil conditions and not all soil properties, especially soil organic carbon (SOC), can be recovered under soil and water conservation practice in short-term. Moreover, the QI in the five soil and water conservation practices and two controls was in the following order: ER > VR > BL > FR > CT > SS > FP. ER exhibited a higher soil quality value on a slope scale. In the low mountain and hilly region of Northeast China, ER is a better choice than the conversion of farmlands to planted grasslands and woodlands early in the soil and water conservation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why did Communism take root in China during the May Fourth Movement era (1917 to 1921)? I argue that a key factor was the revolutionary vanguard’s emergence through taking over existing activist organizations. Using reports and meeting minutes of 28 organizations and individual activists’ correspondence, diaries, and memoirs as sources for comparative cross-sectional analysis and processual case studies of the organizational debates over whether to adopt Bolshevism as a unifying ism, I find that a crucial factor explaining an organization’s positive response to Communist bloc recruitment was whether it practiced ethical activism, which engendered a sectarian group ethos that meshed with Bolshevik organizational culture. By contrast, the absence of ethical activism, and the correlative mismatch in organizational ethos, was associated with a negative response to Communist recruitment efforts. Two key mechanisms—frame resonance and group discipline—mediate this selective attraction. I conclude by discussing how organization-level analysis of selective spillover between social movements enhances our understanding of both individual participants’ motivations and the distinct style in which a movement responds to its political environment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An innovative approach of mean emission by vehicle type was used in this paper to assess the impact of new vehicle emission standards in Beijing, China during the period of 2000-2005. It was found that CO and NO emissions decreased by 48% and 23%, respectively, from Type O (before 2000) to Type I (year 2000) vehicles. The reductions from Type O to Type II (year 2002) vehicles were 85% and 73% for CO and NO, respectively. When all three types of vehicles (Types O, I and II) are combined, the annual per vehicle CO emissions decreased from 586 kg per vehicle per year in 2000 to 324 kg per vehicle per year in 2005, while that of NO decreased from 66.9 to 43.4 kg per vehicle per year, which was mainly resulted from the impact of stringent new vehicle emission standards implemented in years 2000 and 2002. However, the vehicle population increased by 70% during the same time period, which offset the impact of cleaner vehicles. Thus, the total vehicle emission decreased little for CO (885,000 tons in 2000, 837,000 tons in 2005) and even increased slightly for NO (101,000 and 112,000 tons in 2000 and 2005, respectively). The ambient concentrations of CO decreased significantly throughout 2000-2005, the same trend was not observed for NO. Correlation analysis (grey correlation and Pearson correlation) between the annual vehicle emissions and annual concentrations of CO, the annual NO emission and annual NO concentration indicated that the implementation of new vehicle emission standards was associated with the abatement of ambient CO and NO concentrations in Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) results in adverse health outcomes. Although this is a global concern, residents of China may be particularly vulnerable due to frequent severe air pollution episodes associated with economic growth, industrialization, and urbanization. Until 2012, PM2.5 was not regulated and monitored in China and annual average concentrations far exceeded the World Health Organizations guidelines of 10 μg/m3. Since the establishment of PM2.5 Ambient Air Quality Criteria in 2012, concentrations have decreased, but still pose significant health risks. A review of ambient PM2.5 health effect studies is warranted to evaluate the current state of knowledge and to prioritize future research efforts. Our review found that recent literature has confirmed associations between PM2.5 exposure and total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, hypertension, lung cancer, influenza and other adverse health outcomes. Future studies should take a long-term approach to verify associations between exposure to PM2.5 and health effects. In order to obtain adequate exposure assessment at finer spatial resolutions, high density sampling, satellite remote sensing, or models should be employed. Personal monitoring should also be conducted to validate the use of outdoor concentrations as proxies for exposure. More research efforts should be devoted to seasonal patterns, sub-population susceptibility, and the mechanism by which exposure causes health effects. Submicron and ultrafine PM should also be monitored and regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to deepen our understanding of the impact of an oscillating policy environment on non-traditional schools in China since 2010. It does this through analysing policy documents and an analytic case study of one newly founded school in Shenzhen, China. The wavering policy environment framing the paper reflects a long-running internal government tussle between educational centralization and decentralization. The article first maps the trajectory of policy change associated with the "walking on two legs" tradition. It then examines how national policies are locally interpreted and enacted by depicting one school's historical episode and re-examines the case from a macro social change perspective to understand why the policy environment changed. The paper explores the issue by asking what significant policies describe China's "running schools on two legs" policy approach, how the oscillating policy environment influenced practices in one school and why the government changed its stance to re-centralize control of education. The paper discusses a number of implications arising from the case and shows the power of central policy ideology on the shape and purpose of schools. • 'Walking on two legs', or decentralization -recentralization tension, is a recurring theme in modern China. • The implementation of PPPs in education is contextually mediated and institutionally rendered. • It is a single school case that can reflect the oscillation of decentralization and privatization policies in China. • At the heart of the policy oscillation and the subsequent crackdown on PPPs was an intention to strengthen ideological control and teach the market a lesson about who is ultimately in charge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Comprehensive thermal stability sequence of hopane compounds is presented. • C 35 H/C 34 H ratio shows limited validity within peak oil window. • C 31 22R/C 30 H ratio shows limited validity within peak oil window. • Ts/C 29 Ts ratio was proposed as novel maturity indicator in lacustrine shale system. Molecular compositions extracted from source rocks offer direct indicator of the organic matter input, depositional redox conditions and thermal maturity levels that source rock has experienced, however, the application of such technique commonly encounters difficulty in highly mature system. A suite of twenty-eight organic-rich lacustrine shale samples from the Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Depression, East China were geochemically investigated, aiming to obtain a comprehensive thermal stability sequence of hopanes and the validity of various molecular parameters. By means of systematic comparisons on compound ratios and concentrations, the thermal stability of hopanes is presented as follows: [C 35 hopane (H) < (C 33 H, C 32 H) < C 34 H < C 30 H < C 31 H < C 29 H < 17α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane (Tm) < 18α (H)-30-norneohopane (C 29 Ts) < C 30 diahopane (D) < 18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane (Ts), from the least stable to the most stable]. Limited validity of the paleoenvironment and organic matter input parameters such as C 35 H/C 34 H and C 31 22R/C 30 H ratios in mature source rocks is caused by the preferential decomposition of C 35 H and C 30 H compounds during thermal maturation. Therefore, application of molecular parameters derived from hopanes need to be exercised with extra caution. Their validity varies with maturity levels and most hopane related parameters will lose their effectiveness at peak oil generation stage. Meanwhile, a novel maturity parameter (Ts/C 29 Ts ratio) derived from thermal stability difference of hopanes was proposed herein, supported by strong correlations with vitrinite reflectance and other two reliable maturity parameters. Upon further calibration, this novel maturity parameter can be deemed as a reliably alternative indicator and is expected to have wide application in highly mature source-rock/oil maturity assessment, especially for the shale oil system. The findings of this study may help for better understanding of limited validities of molecular indicators during thermal evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One heavy crude oil from Liaohe Basin, NE China and its oxidized counterparts at 200 and 400 °C have been characterized geochemically by negative-ion electrospray ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry to investigate the variation of acid and neutral nitrogen compounds during in-situ combustion. The heteroatom compounds of acid and neutral nitrogen detected in the samples are mainly N 1 , N 1 O 1 , N 1 O 2 , O 1 , O 2 , O 3 and O 4 classes, dominated by N 1 , O 1 and O 2. The N 1 class predominated by carbazole and benzocarbazole with double bond equivalents (DBE) 9 and 12, is relatively stable and resistant to oxidation, while the N 1 O 1 and N 1 O 2 classes vary without a clear trend during oxidation. The O 1 class is generally low in raw sample and the 200 °C oxidized oil but increases sharply in the 400 °C oxidized oil. The O 2 class is peaked in the 200 °C oxidized oil but its relative concentration declines drastically in the 400 °C oxidized oil. The O 1 and O 2 class compounds show a similar DBE and carbon number (CN) distribution trend with increasing temperatures. Lower DBE and CN compounds are enriched in the 400 °C oxidized oil after alkyl side chain cleavage, where small proportion of high DBE compounds derived from aromatization and condensation has also been observed. The relative abundance of O 1 and O 2 species with specific DBE values and carbon number ranges are sensitive to in-situ thermal upgrading and ratios of DBE1/DBE4-O 1 and DBE1/DBE3-O 2 endure the potential as geochemical proxies to monitor the degree of oil upgrading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida vulturna belongs to the Candida haemulonii species complex and is phylogenetically related to C. auris. We report a C. vulturna outbreak among persons in Shanxi Province, China, during 2019-2022. Isolates were resistant to multiple antifungal drugs and exhibited enhanced adhesion and biofilm formation properties.

Purpose: Germline mutations in CDH1 are associated with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) and have been identified in multiple ethnicities. However, CDH1 germline mutations have seldom been documented in Chinese patients with HDGC, and their frequency remains unclear. Here, we aimed to examine the frequency of CDH1 germline mutations in Chinese patients with HDGC. In total, 285 patients who met the International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium 2015 testing criteria of HDGC for CDH1 germline mutations were recruited., Methods: All 16 CDH1 exons, including neighboring intronic sequences, were amplified using polymerase chain reaction and screened using Sanger sequencing. Variants were analyzed using Mutation Surveyor V4.0, SIFT, and PolyPhen-2 software., Results: Three nonsense and nine missense CDH1 germline mutations were identified in 21 of 285 index cases (7.4%). Two CDH1 germline mutations, N405Y (Asn405Tyr) and W409X (Trp409Ter), were identified as new variants. In addition, up to 28.6% of CDH1 mutations in the 21 indicated patients were identified as c.1775G>C (E551Q). The frequency of CDH1 mutations was 6.5% (7/108) in HDGC and 7.9% (14/177) in early onset diffuse gastric cancer (EODGC). The mutation detection rates of CDH1 in males and females were 6.7% (4/60) and 8.5% (10/117) in EODGC and 4.6% (3/65) and 9.3% (4/43) in HDGC, respectively., Conclusion: These data reveal, for the first time, the type and frequency of CDH1 germline mutations in Chinese HDGC and demonstrate that germline CDH1 mutations are a noteworthy contributor to the high frequency of HDGC in Chinese., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The challenge-hindrance model deems primary appraisal the central mechanism underlying the effects of challenge and hindrance stressors on employee outcomes. However, the literature has reported conflicting findings on the relationships between challenge/hindrance stressors and challenge/hindrance appraisals. Drawing upon transactional theory (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), the current study aims to address these conflicting findings by investigating the moderating effect of conscientiousness on stressor-appraisal relationships. On this basis, we further demonstrate when challenge and hindrance appraisals mediate the effects of challenge and hindrance stressors on work motivation (i.e., work engagement) and job strain (i.e., job-related anxiety). We conducted two substudies to examine the research model at the between-person level (Study 1) and the within-person level (Study 2). The results of both studies were highly convergent. Challenge stressors were more positively related to both challenge and hindrance appraisals for employees high in conscientiousness. Hindrance stressors were also more positively related to hindrance appraisal for employees high in conscientiousness. By exacerbating the stressor-appraisal relationships, conscientiousness was found to strengthen the indirect relationship of challenge stressors with work engagement via challenge appraisal and the indirect relationships of challenge and hindrance stressors with job-related anxiety via hindrance appraisal. We conclude that conscientiousness functions as a double-edged sword in the process of making primary appraisals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Background: Breast cancer, a malignant disorder, occurs in the epithelial tissue of the breast gland. Chemotherapy is the standard treatment for breast cancer, however, the side effect, especially gastrointestinal dysfunction, due to chemotherapy still remain major problems. Traditional Chinese Medicine has been proven therapeutically effective on reducing adverse effects caused by chemotherapy. Shenhuang Plaster., Methods: The study is a randomized, placebo-controlled, blind trial. A total of 160 Chinese breast cancer patients will be enrolled and randomly allocated into the experimental group and control group in a 1:1 ratio. Patients in the experimental group will be prescribed Shenhuang plaster application on shenque point (CV8) plus chemotherapy treatment. Patients in the control group will be prescribed placebo plaster application on CV8 plus chemotherapy treatment. The acupoint application will last 3 days. The primary outcome will be the form of faces every day, and the secondary outcomes the symptom score of traditional Chinese medicine, the changes of fecal bacteria and metabolites, serum motilin, gastrin and ghrelin levels., Discussion: This study is to observe therapeutic effects with Shenhuang plaster application on CV8 to regulate chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity in breast cancer patients., Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=55262) No. ChiCTR2000034313. Registered on July 2, 2020., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Introduction: Spasticity is a common complication of poststroke, tuina is a widely used rehabilitation treatment, although there is a lack of supportive evidence on efficacy and safety for patients with poststroke spasticity. The aim of this systematic review is to assess and synthesis evidence of efficacy and safety of tuina for spasticity of poststroke., Methods and Analysis: A comprehensive electronic search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Wiley, Springer, PEDro, Chinese Science Citation Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese Scientific and Journal Database (VIP), Wanfang Database (Wanfang), Japanese medical database (CiNii), Korean Robotics Institute Summer Scholars and Thailand Thai-Journal Citation Index Centre will be conducted to search literatures of randomised controlled trials of tuina for spasticity of poststroke survivors range from the establishment to 1 January 2020.There is no time of publication limitations. The primary outcome will be measured with the Modified Ashworth Scale, and the second outcome will include Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale, surface electromyogram RMS value, the Modified Barthel Index, Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale, quality of life 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey and Visual Analogue Scale. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions will be used to assess the risk of bias, and GRADE will be used to access the confidence in cumulative evidence. The protocol will be conducted according to approach and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols 2015., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethical approval will not be required, for no primary data of individual patients were collected. We will publish the findings in a peer-reviewed journal., Prospero Registration Number: CRD42020163384., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Due to the increased risk of viral infection and the severe shortage of medical resources during the pandemic of COVID-19, most hospitals in the epidemic areas significantly reduced non-emergency admissions and services, if not closed. As a result, it has been difficult to treat cancer patients on time, which adversely affects their prognosis. To address this problem, cancer centers must develop a strategic plan to manage both inpatients and outpatients during the pandemic, provide them with the necessary treatment, and at the same time prevent the spread of the virus among patients, visitors and medical staff., Methods: Based upon the epidemic situation in Zhejiang Province, China, the number of running non-emergency medical wards in the Zhejiang Cancer Hospital was gradually increased in a controlled manner. All staff of the hospital received COVID-19 preventive training and was provided with three different levels of protection according to the risks of their services. Only patients without a known history of SARS-CoV-2 contact were eligible to schedule an appointment. Body temperature was measured on all patients upon their arrival at the hospital. Chest CT image, blood cell counting and travel/contact history were investigated in patients with fever. Respiratory tract samples, such as sputum and throat swabs, from all patients, including those clinically suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection, were collected for nucleic acid detection of SARS-CoV-2 before treatment., Results: A total of 3697 inpatients and 416 outpatients seeking cancer treatment were enrolled from February 1 to April 3, 2020, in compliance with the hospital's infection-control interventions. The clinicopathological parameters of the patients were summarized herein. 4237 samples from 4101 patients produced negative RNA testing results. Four clinically suspected patients all presented negative RNA test results and were excluded from the SARS-CoV-2 infection through follow-up retesting and monitoring. Seven patients with only N-gene positive results were retested, followed by CT scan and SARS-CoV-2 contact history investigation. All of them were finally diagnosed as non-infected patients. There was one outpatient who was confirmed positive by virus RNA test and then followed up. She might be an asymptomatic laboratory-confirmed case. During the study period, there was no SARS-CoV-2 infection among staff, patients and escorts of patients in the Zhejiang Cancer Hospital., Conclusion: This study suggested our infection-control interventions, including viral nucleic acid test, could be used as a reliable method to screen cancer patients in the area with moderate COVID-19 prevalence. Cancer may not be a high-risk factor of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Background: Tong Jing Tiao Xing tuina (TJTX) is a Chinese massage method. Excising with scalp acupuncture (ESA) is a treatment combining scalp electroacupuncture with physical therapy (PT), and yinao fujian formula (YNFJ) is a Chinese oral herbal granule medicine. The combination of the 3 methods is called the "Zhishen Tiaoxing" (ZSTX) rehabilitation program, which is used as an alternative of limb spasm after stroke. There is little available evidence demonstrating its safety and efficacy., Methods: This will be a subject-blind, randomized controlled trial conducted in 3 medical centers. It will strictly follow the Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture, 2010. We will recruit 316 patients with limb spasm after stroke, 200 from the Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China, 80 from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese medicine, Harbin, China, and 36 from Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. A block randomization sequence stratified by centers will be generated using SAS Version 9.2 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA), which was performed at the Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine's Key Unit of Methodology in Clinical Research. The treatment group is treated with TJTX (once a day), ESA (once a day), and oral YNFJ (twice a day). The control group will be treated with PT. Two groups of patients will be treated 5 sessions a week for 4 weeks, and there will be 6-month follow-up. The outcome evaluators will be blinded to patient grouping. The primary outcome will be modified Ashworth scales. The secondary outcome indexes will be the simplified Fugl-Meyer assessment scale, surface electromyogram root mean square value, modified Barthel index, stroke-specific quality of life scale, health scale of traditional Chinese medicine, visual analogue scale (VAS), and the Hamilton depression scale., Discussion: The Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) mainly aim to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation program, by comparing the treatment of ZSTX with the PT for the treatment of limb spasm after stroke., Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR 1900024255. Registered on July 3, 2019.

This study investigates spatial-temporal variability and trends of ambient PM 2.5 in Beijing, China, using data collected from eight urban and four suburban stations. During 2013-2018, the city-wide annual PM 2.5 concentrations decreased significantly by 40% (84 μg/m 3 in 2013 vs. 50 μg/m 3 in 2018). The decreasing PM 2.5 trend is more pronounced in winter and during the heating season (November-March), in urban areas, and at the median and upper percentiles of PM 2.5 concentrations. The 95th percentile PM 2.5 concentrations had decreased by 20 μg/m 3 /yr in the heating season and 16 μg/m 3 /yr in the non-heating season. During the six-year study period, there was a significant increase in excellent air quality days (PM 2.5 concentration < 35 μg/m 3 ) and a significant decrease in heavy pollution days (PM 2.5 concentration > 150 μg/m 3 ). PM 2.5 concentrations were strongly correlated across the 12 stations. Urban areas in south Beijing experienced higher PM 2.5 levels than suburban sites at every hour-of-day, day-of-week, and month-of-year. PM 2.5 levels were higher during winter and the heating season, when PM 2.5 emission was high due to space heating and mixing layer heights were low. PM 2.5 was higher at weekends than during weekdays, when 20% of private passenger vehicles are prohibited, and higher at night than during the day, when heavy duty delivery vehicles are not permitted. These temporal and spatial trends suggest that Beijing's PM 2.5 is strongly impacted by local emissions. Our results indicate, control strategies implemented were successful in Beijing's air quality improvement, but further reduction of PM 2.5 concentrations in Beijing could be challenging due to significant contribution from its neighboring cities, calling for comprehensive and collaborative efforts in regional/national scale., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To assess clinical indication-specific antibiotic prescribing in pediatric practice in China based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) metrics and to detect potential problem areas., Study Design: Pediatric prescription records on the 16th of each month during 2018 were sampled for all encounters at outpatient and emergency departments of 16 tertiary care hospitals via hospital information systems. Antibiotic prescribing patterns were analyzed across and within diagnostic conditions according to WHO AWaRe metrics and Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification., Results: A total of 260 001 pediatric encounters were assessed, and antibiotics were prescribed in 94 453 (36.3%). In 35 167 encounters (37.2%), at least 1 intravenous antibiotic was administered. WHO Watch group antibiotics accounted for 82.2% (n = 84 176) of all antibiotic therapies. Azithromycin (n = 15 791; 15.4%) was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic, and third-generation cephalosporins (n = 44 387; 43.3%) were the most commonly prescribed antibiotic class. In at least 66 098 encounters (70.0%), antibiotics were prescribed for respiratory tract conditions, mainly for bronchitis/bronchiolitis (n = 25 815; 27.3%), upper respiratory tract infection (n = 25 184; 26.7%), and pneumonia (n = 13 392; 14.2%)., Conclusions: Overuse and misuse of WHO Watch group antibiotics for respiratory tract conditions and viral infectious diseases is common in pediatric outpatients in China. Pediatric antimicrobial stewardship should be strengthened using WHO AWaRe metrics., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2) is essential for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced complications in animal models. This case and control study assessed genetic variants of NFE2L2 for associations with T2DM and its complications in Han Chinese volunteers. T2DM patients with (n = 214) or without (n = 236) complications, or healthy controls (n = 359), were genotyped for six NFE2L2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs: rs2364723, rs13001694, rs10497511, rs1806649, rs1962142 and rs6726395) with TaqMan Pre-Designed SNP Genotyping and Sequence System. Serum levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) were determined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Informative data were obtained for 341 cases and 266 controls. Between T2DM patients and controls, the genotypic and allelic frequencies and haplotypes of the SNPs were similar. However, there was a significant difference in genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs2364723, rs10497511, rs1962142 and rs6726395 between T2DM patients with and without complications, including peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcers and microangiopathy. Furthermore, HMOX1 levels were significantly higher in T2DM patients with complications than in controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis, however, showed that only rs2364723 significantly reduced levels of serum HMOX1 in T2DM patients for the GG genotype carriers compared with participants with CG+CC genotype. The data suggest that although NFE2L2 rs2364723, rs10497511, rs1962142 and rs6726395 were not associated with T2DM risk, they were significantly associated with complications of T2DM. In addition, only for rs2364723 higher serum HMOX1 levels were found in the T2DM patients with CG+CC than those with GG genotype., (© 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine.)