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The analysis of interwell connectivity plays an important role in the formulation of oilfield development plans and the description of residual oil distribution. In fact, sandstone reservoirs in China's onshore oilfields generally have the characteristics of thin and many layers, so multi-layer joint production is usually adopted. It remains a challenge to ensure the accuracy of splitting and dynamic connectivity in each layer of the injection-production wells with limited field data. The three-dimensional well pattern of multi-layer reservoir and the relationship between injection-production wells can be equivalent to a directional heterogeneous graph. In this paper, an improved graph neural network is proposed to construct an interacting process mimics the real interwell flow regularity. In detail, this method is used to split injection and production rates by combining permeability, porosity and effective thickness, and to invert the dynamic connectivity in each layer of the injection-production wells by attention mechanism. Based on the material balance and physical information, the overall connectivity from the injection wells, through the water injection layers to the production layers and the output of final production wells is established. Meanwhile, the change of well pattern caused by perforation, plugging and switching of wells at different times is achieved by updated graph structure in spatial and temporal ways. The effectiveness of the method is verified by a combination of reservoir numerical simulation examples and field example. The method corresponds to the actual situation of the reservoir, has wide adaptability and low cost, has good practical value, and provides a reference for adjusting the injection-production relationship of the reservoir and the development of the remaining oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently described cave species of the genus Triplophysa have been discovered in southwestern China, suggesting that the diversity of the genus is severely underestimated and that there may be many undescribed species. In this work, four new species of the genus Triplophysa are described from southwestern Guizhou Province, China, namely Triplophysa cehengensis Luo, Mao, Zhao, Xiao & Zhou, sp. nov. and Triplophysa rongduensis Mao, Zhao, Yu, Xiao & Zhou, sp. nov. from Rongdu Town, Ceheng County, Guizhou, Triplophysa panzhouensis Yu, Luo, Lan, Xiao & Zhou, sp. nov. from Hongguo Town, Panzhou City, Guizhou, and Triplophysa anlongensis Song, Luo, Lan, Zhao, Xiao & Zhou, sp. nov. from Xinglong Town, Anlong County, Guizhou. These four new species can be distinguished from all recognized congeners by a combination of morphological characteristics and significant genetic divergences. The discovery of these species increases the number of known cave species within the genus Triplophysa to 39, making the genus the second most diverse group of cave fishes in China after the golden-line fish genus Sinocyclocheilus. Based on the non-monophyletic relationships of the different watershed systems in the phylogenetic tree, this study also discusses the use of cave species of the genus Triplophysa to determine the possible historical connectivity of river systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the curative effect of insulin external application on burn wounds of diabetic patients with different depths. A retrospective analysis of 114 diabetic burn patients in the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University from June 2019 to June 2022. According to the different treatment methods, they were divided into study group (insulin therapy) and control group (conventional therapy) with 57 cases in each. The wound healing time, dressing changes, scar healing after wound healing and adverse events were compared between two groups. Pain level, serum inflammatory factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and oxidative stress factors before and after treatment were compared. The wound healing time (17.23 ± 2.18 vs 20.31 ± 2.09 days) and the number of dressing changes (7.01 ± 1.23 vs 8.93 ± 1.32 times) in study group were significantly lower than those in control group (P < 0.05). Before treatment, there was no difference in pain level, VEGF, interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) between two groups (P > 0.05). However, the pain level, scar healing, IL‐1, TNF‐a and MDA in study group were significantly lower than those in control group after treatment (P < 0.05). And the VEGF and SOD in study group was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.05). External application of insulin can shorten the wound healing time of diabetic patients with different depths, reduce the number of dressing changes, promote scar healing after wound healing, relieve pain and reduce the level of inflammatory factors, which is worthy of clinical promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ontogenetic sequence of an early Cambrian redlichiid trilobite Bathynotus kueichouensis is presented on the basis of numerous articulated specimens from Guizhou, China. The body regionalization of B. kueichouensis witnessed a wide variation in the morphology of trunk segments between different thoracic regions, referred to as the ‘thoracic region 1-4’. A greater size variation of these long pleural spines is recognized from the earlier meraspid degrees in a gradual appearance or disappearance until the holaspid period. The thoroughly inverse variation of these pleural spines in size and form is seen for the first time during the process of trilobite segment formation, which offers an opportunity to trace the evolutionary path of trilobite body structures, associated with their functional morphology and behavior. The ontogenetic strategy of B. kueichouensis is broadly similar to those of other redlichioid representatives where the full ontogenetic sequence exhibited a balanced rate in segment expression and liberation. Such a developmental mode may be the reason why most redlichiids possess a micropygous body patterning during ontogeny and provides insights into the controls of early arthropod developmental segmentation during evolutionary process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Crataegus pinnatifida (C. pinnatifida), including C. pinnatifida Bge. and its variant C. pinnatifida Bge. var. major N, E. Br. has traditionally been used as a homologous plant for traditional medicine and food in ethnic medical systems in China. Crataegus pinnatifida , especially its fruit, has been used for more than 2000 years to treat indigestion, stagnation of meat, hyperlipidemia, blood stasis, heart tingling, sores, etc. This review aimed to provide a systematic summary on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications of C. pinnatifida. Key findings This plant contains flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, organic acids, saccharides and essential oils. Experimental studies showed that it has hypolipidemic, antimyocardial, anti-ischemia, antithrombotic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic neuroprotective activity, etc. Importantly, it has good effects in treating diseases of the digestive system and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. Summary There is convincing evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies supporting the traditional uses of C. pinnatifida. However, multitarget network pharmacology and molecular docking technology should be used to study the interaction between the active ingredients and targets of C. pinnatifida. Furthermore, exploring the synergy of C. pinnatifida with other Chinese medicines to provide new understanding of complex diseases may be a promising strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paramesotriton Chang, 1935 genus of Asian warty newts is the second most diverse genus in the family Salamandridae, currently containing 14 recognized species from northern Vietnam to southwest-central and southern China. Although species of this genus have been included in previous phylogenetic studies, the origin and interspecific relationships of the genus are still not fully resolved, especially at key nodes in the phylogeny. In this study, we sequenced mitochondrial genomes and 32 nuclear genes from 27 samples belonging to 14 species to reconstruct the interspecific phylogenetic relationships within Paramesotriton and explore its historical biogeography in southern China. Both Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood analyses highly supported the monophyly of Paramesotriton and its two recognized species groups (P. caudopunctatus and P. chinensis groups) and further identified five hypothetical phylogenetic cryptic species. Biogeographic analyses indicated that Paramesotriton originated in southwestern China (Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau/South China) during the late Oligocene. The time of origin of Paramesotriton corresponded to the second uplift of the Himalayan/Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau (QTP), rapid lateral extrusion of Indochina, and formation of karst landscapes in southwestern China. Principal component analysis (PCA), independent sample t-tests, and niche differentiation using bioclimatic variables based on locations of occurrence suggested that Paramesotriton habitat conditions in the three current regions (West, South, and East) differ significantly, with different levels of climatic niche differentiation. Species distribution model (SDM) predictions indicated that the most suitable distribution areas for the P. caudopunctatus and P. chinensis species groups are western and southern/eastern areas of southern China. This study increases our knowledge of the taxonomy, biodiversity, origin, and suitable distribution areas of the genus Paramesotriton based on phylogenetic, biogeographic, and species distribution models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to investigate nitrogen (N)-form uptake preference and N utilization efficiency of an invasive plant Spartina alterniflora and its co-occurring native plant Phragmites australis in the Yellow River Delta, China, using a stable isotope–labeling technique. Both species preferred ammonium-N to nitrate-N and glycine-N under both intraspecific and interspecific competition, but the competition type altered the magnitude of this preference. Spartina alterniflora took up more glycine and nitrate but less ammonium under interspecific competition than under intraspecific competition, resulting in a relative preference shift toward organic-N and nitrate. By contrast, P.australis assimilated much less ammonium and nitrate under interspecific competition than under intraspecific competition, but a similar amount of glycine, resulting in a relative preference shift toward organic-N. Biomass, N uptake rate, and N utilization efficiency were all much greater under intraspecific competition than under interspecific competition in P.australis, but smaller in S.alterniflora, suggesting that the invasive species is competitively superior to the native species in terms of growth, N uptake, and N utilization efficiency. We conclude that both species exhibited N-form preference, and competition type could shift such a preference. The competitive advantages in terms of growth, N uptake, and N utilization efficiency might have enabled S.alterniflora to successfully invade communities previously dominated by P.australis in the Yellow River Delta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gyroporus species with cyanescent oxidation reactions were investigated, based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU), the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate ATP synthase subunit 6 (atp6). Three species, including two new species, namely G. alpinus and G. flavocyanescens and one previously-described species, namely G. brunneofloccosus, are revealed from China. Collections formerly reported from China as "G. cyanescens" are either G. alpinus or G. flavocyanescens. The new species are documented and illustrated in detail, while the concept of G. brunneofloccosus is refined with additional recently-collected materials. Additionally, the cyanescent species G. pseudomicrosporus, previously described from China, is shown to be a member of the genus Gyrodon, based on re-examination of the type specimen. A key to the cyanescent Gyroporus species from China is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Ia io from Guizhou Province, China. The genome was a circular mitochondrial genome of 16689 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA), and a control region. The average base composition is 32.76% A, 24.59% C, 14.49% G, and 28.16% T. The first complete mitochondrial genome of I. io provides fundamental data for future systematic taxonomic studies of the genus Ia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) as a commercially important species is widely cultured in China. However, E. sinensis is prone to agonistic behavior, which causes physical damage and wastes energy resources, negatively impacting their growth and survival. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanisms that underlie the switching of such behavior is essential for ensuring the efficient and cost-effective aquaculture of E. sinensis. The 5-HT2B receptor is a key downstream target of serotonin (5-HT), which is involved in regulating animal behavior. In this study, the full-length sequence of 5-HT2B gene was cloned. The total length of the 5-HT2B gene was found to be 3127 bp with a 236 bp 5′-UTR (untranslated region), a 779 bp 3′-UTR, and a 2112 bp open reading frame encoding 703 amino acids. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the 5-HT2B amino acid sequence of E. sinensis is highly conserved with that of Cancer borealis. Using in vitro co-culture and luciferase assays, the miR-143 targets the 5-HT2B 3′-UTR and inhibits 5-HT2B expression was confirmed. Furthermore, RT-qPCR and Western blotting analyses revealed that the miR-143 mimic significantly inhibits 5-HT2B mRNA and protein expression. However, injection of miR-143 did not decrease agonistic behavior, indicating that 5-HT2B is not involved in the regulation of such behavior in E. sinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the guiding cases issued by the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China, guiding criminal cases occupy a crucial place. The guiding cases represent a method of abstracting the key rules of the cases in order to resolve the issues of convictions and sentencing. This process has also established relevant judicial rules in those cases. This article focuses on the bribery case having Pan Yumei and Chen Ning as defendants and mainly deals with the ruling entailed in the court's opinion. This particular case is a repetition of the judicial opinion promulgated by the Supreme Court, but the purpose of the guiding case system has not been fulfilled. Nonetheless, the case gives us a new finding which we cannot obtain through the reading of the "statutory-like" judicial interpretation. It especially presents a new perspective through the particular facts in the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An updated reconstruction of the body plan, functional morphology and lifestyle of the arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus is proposed, based on new fossil specimens with preserved soft anatomy found in several localities of the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte. The animal was 2-4 cm long and mostly encased in a single carapace which is folded dorsally without an articulated hinge. The attachment of the body to the exoskeleton was probably cephalic and apparently lacked any well-developed adductor muscle system. Large stalked eyes with the eye sphere consisting of two layers (as corneal and rhabdomeric structures) protrude beyond the anterior margin of the carapace. This feature, together with a pair of frontal appendages with five podomeres that each bear a stout spiny outgrowth, suggests it was raptorial. The following 14 pairs of limbs are biramous and uniform in shape. The slim endopod is composed of more than 7 podomeres without terminal claw and the paddle shaped exopod is fringed with at least 17 imbricated gill lamellae along its posterior margin. The design of exopod in association with the inner vascular (respiratory) surface of the carapace indicates I. curvirostratus was an active swimmer. Morphological comparisons demonstrate that species of Isoxys were diverse in feeding habits and occupied a very broad morphospace, i.e., carapace bivalved or a single shield, the pre-oral limbs antenniform or modified into great appendages, the succeeding endopods slim or stout. This casts doubt on the current taxonomy that assigns all species to a single genus, and on any presumed lifestyle of Isoxys extrapolated to the generic level. Finally, since I. curvirostratus and I. acutangulus carry a pair of great appendages, Isoxys has recently been placed into the great appendage arthropods. Such placement might be inadequate because the homology of the great appendages can not be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores a study regarding the environmental isotopic and hydrochemical aspects of groundwater systems in Qicun and Daying geothermal fields, Xinzhou Basin, Shanxi, China. It offers information on the methodology and results of the ground flow analysis in the two geothermal fields. Furthermore, it says that the hydrogeochemical inverse modeling was executed to indicate the possible water-rock interaction process that happens under various scenarios.

Soil carbon sequestration was estimated in a conifer forest and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau using a carbon-14 radioactive label provided by thermonuclear weapon tests (known as bomb-14C). Soil organic matter was physically separated into light and heavy fractions. The concentration spike of bomb-14C occurred at a soil depth of 4 cm in both the forest soil and the alpine meadow soil. Based on the depth of the bomb-14C spike, the carbon sequestration rate was determined to be 38.5 g C/m2 per year for the forest soil and 27.1 g C/m2 per year for the alpine meadow soil. Considering that more than 60% of soil organic carbon (SOC) is stored in the heavy fraction and the large area of alpine forests and meadows on the Tibetan Plateau, these alpine ecosystems might partially contribute to “the missing carbon sink”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on analysis of groundwater hydrochemical and isotopic indicators, this article aims to identify the groundwater flow systems in the Yangwu River alluvial fan, in the Xinzhou Basin, China. Groundwater δ2H and δ18O values indicate that the origin of groundwater is mainly from precipitation, with local evaporative influence. d-excess values lower than 10% in most groundwaters suggest a cold climate during recharge in the area. Major ion chemistry, including rCa/rMg and rNa/rCl ratios, show that groundwater salinization is probably dominated by water–rock interaction (e.g., silicate mineral weathering, dissolution of calcite and dolomite and cation exchange) in the Yangwu River alluvial fan, and locally by intensive evapotranspiration in the Hutuo River valley. Cl and Sr concentrations follow an increasing trend in shallow groundwater affected by evaporation, and a decreasing trend in deep groundwater. 87Sr/86Sr ratios reflect the variety of lithologies encountered during throughflow. The groundwater flow systems (GFS) of the Yangwu River alluvial fan include local and intermediate flow systems. Hydrogeochemical modeling results, simulated using PHREEQC, reveal water–rock interaction processes along different flow paths. This modeling method is more effective for characterizing flow paths in the intermediate system than in the local system. Artificial exploitation on groundwater in the alluvial fan enhances mixing between different groundwater flow systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fluxes were measured using a static chamber technique in an alpine steppe in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from July 2000 to July 2001. It was shown that carbon emissions decreased in autumn and increased in spring of the next year, with higher values in growth seasons than in winters. An exponential correlation ( Ecarbon= 0.22(exp(0.09 T) + ln(0.31 P+ 1)), R2= 0.77, P < 0.001) was shown between carbon emissions and environmental factors such as temperature ( T) and precipitation ( P). Using the daily temperature ( T) and total precipitation ( R), annual carbon emission from soil to the atmosphere was estimated to be 79.6 g C/m2, 46% of which was emitted by microbial respiration. Considering an average net primary production of 92.5 g C/m2 per year within the 2 year experiment, alpine steppes can take up 55.9 g CO2-C/m2 per year. This indicates that alpine steppes are a distinct carbon sink, although this carbon reservoir was quite small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constraining the origin of animal groups is allowed, to some extent, by discoveries of Cambrian Lagerstätten that preserve both mineralizing and nonmineralizing organisms. A new species is reported here of the Cambrian arthropod Skania , which bears an exoskeleton that shares homologies with the Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) organism Parvancorina and firmly establishes a Precambrian root for arthropods. A new monophyletic group, Parvancorinomorpha, is proposed as the first clade within the arthropod crown group demonstrably ranging across the Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic transition. The Parvancorinomorpha is interpreted to be the sister group of the Arachnomorpha. Incipient cephalization in Skania and related genera represents a step in the progression toward division of a cephalon from a large posterior trunk as shown in Cambrian arachnomorphs such as naraoiids and the addition of a pygidium and thoracic tergites as shown in the arachnomorph clade basal to trilobites. This evidence can serve as a new calibration point for estimating the divergence time for the last common ancestor of arthropods and priapulids based on molecular clock methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. chinensis Lei) is an important vegetable crop in South China, valued for its nutritional content and taste. Nonetheless, the thermal tolerance of Chinese kale still needs improvement. Molecular characterization of Chinese kale's heat stress response could provide a timely solution for developing a thermally tolerant Chinese kale variety. Here, we report the cloning of multi-protein bridging factor (MBF) 1c from Chinese kale (BocMBF1c), an ortholog to the key heat stress responsive gene MBF1c. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BocMBF1c is highly similar to the stress-response transcriptional coactivator MBF1c from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtMBF1c), and the BocMBF1c coding region conserves MBF1 and helix-turn-helix (HTH) domains. Moreover, the promoter region of BocMBF1c contains three heat shock elements (HSEs) and, thus, is highly responsive to heat treatment. This was verified in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter. In addition, the expression of BocMBF1c can be induced by various abiotic stresses in Chinese kale which indicates the involvement of stress responses. The BocMBF1c-eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) chimeric protein quickly translocated into the nucleus under high temperature treatment in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue. Overexpression of BocMBF1c in Arabidopsis thaliana results in a larger size and enhanced thermal tolerance compared with the wild type. Our results provide valuable insight for the role of BocMBF1c during heat stress in Chinese kale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterlogging has been suggested to affect carbon (C) turnover in wetlands, but how it affects C allocation and stocks remains unclear in alpine wetlands. Using in situ 13CO2 pulse labelling, we investigated C allocation in both waterlogged and non-waterlogged sites in the Zoigê wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau in August 2011. More than 50% of total 13C fixed by photosynthesis was lost via shoot respiration. Shoots recovered about 19% of total 13C fixed by photosynthesis at both sites. Only about 26% of total fixed 13C was translocated into the belowground pools. Soil organic C pool accounted for 19% and roots recovered about 5-7% of total fixed 13C at both sites. Waterlogging significantly reduced soil respiration and very little 13C was lost via soil respiration in the alpine wetlands compared to that in grasslands. We conclude that waterlogging did not significantly alter C allocations among the C pools except the 13CO2 efflux derived from soil respiration and that shoots made similar contributions to C sequestration as the belowground parts in the Zoigê alpine wetlands. Therefore, changes in waterlogging due to climate change will not affect C assimilate partitioning but soil C efflux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shale gas development throughout the world has resulted in a revolution in the field of global energy and has also become an important topic in China in recent years. While organic-rich shale is widely distributed in China and the initial commercialization of shale gas has been achieved, the research, exploration, and development of shale gas remain at an early stage. Problems exist with crucial technologies, innovation, institutional mechanisms, environmental protection, and other aspects of the industry. The shale gas exploration and development industry in China can learn from the experiences of other countries and strengthen its position in the market, with the support of new government policy. Given its unique geological conditions, China should speed up the introduction of technical innovation and establish its unique systems and methods for shale gas exploration and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the squeeze effect of economic financialization on capital accumulation under the background of deepening financial trend in China. Using the dataset of listed companies in China's manufacturing industry from 2007 to 2016, we find that economic financialization leads to the alienation of enterprises' investment behavior. With the economic financialization deepening, companies will invest more in financial assets than in productive assets. The reason is that as expenditure in firm dividend, and profit or borrowing interests is growing, the share of their income from the financial assets is steadily increasing. We also find that the effect varies with companies size: the smaller the size of the enterprises, the stronger squeeze effect of economic financialization on capital accumulation. • This study investigates the squeeze effect of economic financialization on capital accumulation in China. • Using the dataset of listed companies in China's manufacturing industry from 2007 to 2016, we find that economic financialization leads to the alienation of enterprises' investment behavior. • With the economic financialzation deepening, companies will invest more in financial assets than in productive assets. • We also find that the effect varies with companies size: the smaller the size of the enterprises, the stronger squeeze effect of economic financialization on capital accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paleoproterozoic granitoid rocks in the Jiaobei Terrane, which lies in the southern part of the Jiao–Liao–Ji Belt (JLJB) in China, provide valuable information on the tectonic and evolutionary history of the North China Craton (NCC). SHRIMP U–Pb dating of zircons from the Muniushan Monzogranite in the Guocheng gold deposit area, as well as in situ Hf isotope analyses of the zircons, were used to constrain the ages of emplacement and metamorphism, and to understand the petrogenesis of the granite. The geochronological data show emplacement ages of ca. 2.1 Ga and metamorphic ages of ca. 1.85 Ga. The magmatic cores of the zircons have εHf(t) values of −0.51 to 4.00 (average 1.98) and depleted mantle two-stage model ages (T DM2 ) of 2444–2703 Ma (average 2563 Ma). The rocks show the same trends of crustal evolution as ca. 2.5 Ga tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) rocks in the Jiaobei Terrane, indicating that they were formed by the remelting of those TTG rocks. The Muniushan Monzogranite is part of a linear belt of ca. 2.2–2.0 Ga Paleoproterozoic granitoids within the JLJB. The granitoids are A-types, and are accompanied by coeval mafic intrusions and bimodal volcanic rocks, thus indicating widespread extension along the JLJB in the period 2.2–2.0 Ga. The ca. 1.85 Ga metamorphism was related to the collision of the Longgang and Nangrim blocks. The Paleoproterozoic evolution of the NCC constrains the crustal architecture and the source of Mesozoic granitoids in the Jiaobei–Sulu region. Inherited zircons of Paleoproterozoic age are widespread in the Mesozoic granitoids. In addition, Paleoproterozoic ages have been reported from lower crustal granulite xenoliths in the Sulu Orogen, and the southeastern margin of the NCC mirrors the evolution of the JLJB. It is probable, therefore, that NCC lower crust underlies the Sulu Orogen, and that the NCC was the main source for the Mesozoic granitoids in the Jiaobei–Sulu region. This view is consistent with the appearance of inherited zircons of Archean and Paleoproterozoic age on both sides of the orogen, normal δ 18 O values of magmatic zircons, and Paleoproterozoic to Archean two-stage Hf model ages for the granitoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The groundwater flow in karst aquifers is prone to become non-Darcian due to the presence of karst conduits, and this effect may become more pronounced during tunnel construction. Prediction of discharge into tunnels in karst aquifers remains a challenging task because of the complex nature of non-Darcian flow and the uncertainty of aquifer's properties. This study aims to evaluate the effect of non-Darcian flow on the discharge into a tunnel in karst aquifers in Guizhou Province, China, where a large proportion (~86%) of borehole packer tests evidences the flow in non-Darcian regime. An integrated method combining packer test data interpretation, statistical correlation and inverse modelling is proposed to determine the non-Darcian flow properties of the aquifer system. Numerical simulations of steady-state flow show that the predicted discharge based on the Forchheimer's equation agrees better with measurements than that based on the Darcy's law by ~27%. The region with the most pronounced non-Darcian effect occurs at the intersection between the tunnel and a karstified fault connecting to an underground river, and the occurrence of non-Darcian flow leads to an increase in hydraulic gradient, but a reduction in discharge into the tunnel. This work presents a framework that combines aquifer properties estimation and numerical simulations for more accurately evaluating the discharge and seepage erosion risk induced by tunnel construction in karst aquifers. • Borehole packer test data evidence non-Darcian flow behavior in karst aquifers. • Determine aquifer properties by test data interpretation and statistic correlation. • Neglecting the non-Darcian flow effect overestimates tunnel discharge by ~27%. • Increase of flow nonlinearity leads to higher hydraulic gradient and erosion risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niche convergence or conservatism have been proposed as essential mechanisms underlying elevational plant community assembly in tropical mountain ecosystems. Subtropical mountains, compared to tropical mountains, are likely to be shaped by a mixing of different geographic affinities of species and remain somehow unclear. Here, we used 31 0.1-ha permanent plots distributed in subtropical forests on the eastern and western aspects of the Gaoligong Mountains, southwest China between 1498 m and 3204 m a.sl. to evaluate how niche-based and biogeographic processes shape tree community assembly along elevational gradients. We analyzed the elevational patterns of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity, as well as of individual traits, and assessed the relative importance of environmental effects on these diversity measures. We then classified tree species as being either tropical affiliated or temperate affiliated and estimated their contribution to the composition of biogeographic affinities. Species richness decreased with elevation, and species composition showed apparent turnover across the aspects and elevations. Most traits exhibited convergent patterns across the entire elevational gradient. Phylogenetic and functional diversity showed opposing patterns, with phylogenetic diversity increasing and functional diversity decreasing with elevation. Soil nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen, appeared to be the main abiotic variables driving the elevational diversity patterns. Communities at lower elevations were occupied by tropical genera, while highlands contained species of tropical and temperate biogeographic affinities. Moreover, the high phylogenetic diversity at high elevations were likely due to differences in evolutionary history between temperate and tropical species. Our results highlight the importance of niche convergence of tropical species and the legacy of biogeographic history on the composition and structure of subtropical mountain forests. Furthermore, limited soil phosphorus caused traits divergence and the partitioning for different forms of phosphorus may explain the high biodiversity found in phosphorus-limited subtropical forests., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The Paramesotriton Chang, 1935 genus of Asian warty newts is the second most diverse genus in the family Salamandridae, currently containing 14 recognized species from northern Vietnam to southwest-central and southern China. Although species of this genus have been included in previous phylogenetic studies, the origin and interspecific relationships of the genus are still not fully resolved, especially at key nodes in the phylogeny. In this study, we sequenced mitochondrial genomes and 32 nuclear genes from 27 samples belonging to 14 species to reconstruct the interspecific phylogenetic relationships within Paramesotriton and explore its historical biogeography in southern China. Both Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood analyses highly supported the monophyly of Paramesotriton and its two recognized species groups ( P. caudopunctatus and P. chinensis groups) and further identified five hypothetical phylogenetic cryptic species. Biogeographic analyses indicated that Paramesotriton originated in southwestern China (Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau/South China) during the late Oligocene. The time of origin of Paramesotriton corresponded to the second uplift of the Himalayan/Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau (QTP), rapid lateral extrusion of Indochina, and formation of karst landscapes in southwestern China. Principal component analysis (PCA), independent sample t -tests, and niche differentiation using bioclimatic variables based on locations of occurrence suggested that Paramesotriton habitat conditions in the three current regions (West, South, and East) differ significantly, with different levels of climatic niche differentiation. Species distribution model (SDM) predictions indicated that the most suitable distribution areas for the P. caudopunctatus and P. chinensis species groups are western and southern/eastern areas of southern China. This study increases our knowledge of the taxonomy, biodiversity, origin, and suitable distribution areas of the genus Paramesotriton based on phylogenetic, biogeographic, and species distribution models.

Objective: To explore the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cognitive impairment by combining event-related evoked potentials (ERPs) and China-Wechsler Younger Children Scale (C-WISC) in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) with vs. without OSA., Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study of all consecutive children (n = 148) with adenoid tonsil hypertrophy between July 2017 and March 2019 at the Hospital., Results: The children were divided into the OSA (n = 102) and non-OSA (n = 46) groups. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), obstructive apnea index (OAI), and obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) in the OSA group were elevated compared with those of the non-OSA group (all P < 0.001). The mean oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ) and SaO 2 nadir were lower in the OSA group compared with the non-OSA group (both P < 0.001). The respiratory arousal index (RAI) values in the OSA group were larger than those of the non-OSA group (P < 0.001). The P300 and N100 latencies in the OSA group were longer than those of the non-OSA group (both P < 0.001). Pearson's correlation analysis revealed correlations of the P300 peak latency with full-scale intelligence quotient (FIQ) (P < 0.001 and r = -0.527), verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) (P < 0.001 and r = -0.448), and performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) (P < 0.001 and r = -0.515). There was a correlation between the N100 peak latency and PIQ (P = 0.026 and r = -0.183)., Conclusion: ERPs, as an objective measurement, might help assess cognitive impairment in children with OSA., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Insect ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are the targets of diamide insecticides. Two point mutations G4946E and I4790M (numbering according to Plutella xylostella, PxRyR) in the transmembrane domain of the insect RyRs associated with diamide resistance have so far been identified in three lepidopteran pests, P. xylostella, Tuta absoluta and Chilo suppressalis. In this study, we identified one of the known RyR target site resistance mutations (I4790M) in a field-collected population of Spodoptera exigua. The field-collected WF population of S. exigua exhibited 154 fold resistance to chlorantraniliprole when compared with the susceptible WH-S strain. Sequencing the transmembrane domains of S. exigua RyR (SeRyR) revealed that the resistant WF strain was homozygous for the I4743M mutation (corresponding to I4790M in PxRyR), whereas the G4900E allele (corresponding to G4946E of PxRyR) was not detected. The 4743M allele was introgressed into the susceptible WH-S strain by crossing WF with WH-S, followed by three rounds of backcrossing with WH-S. The introgressed strain 4743M was homozygous for the mutant 4743M allele and shared about 94% of its genetic background with that of the recipient WH-S strain. Compared with WH-S, the near-isogenic 4743M strain showed moderate levels of resistance to chlorantraniliprole (21 fold), cyantraniliprole (25 fold) and flubendiamide (22 fold), suggesting that the I4743M mutation confers medium levels of resistance to all three diamides. Genetic analysis showed diamide resistance in the 4743M strain was inherited as an autosomal and recessive trait. Results from this study have direct implications for the design of appropriate resistance monitoring and management practices to sustainably control S. exigua., (© 2019 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether low calf circumference (CC) could predict nutritional risk and the cutoff values of CC for predicting nutritional risk in hospitalized patients aged ⪖ 80 years., Methods: A total of 1,234 consecutive patients aged ⪖ 80 years were enrolled in this study. On admission, demographic data, CC, and laboratory parameters were obtained. Patients with Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) total score ⪖ 3 were considered as having nutritional risk., Results: CC values were significantly lower in patients with nutritional risk compared to those in patients without nutritional risk [27.00 (24.50-31.00) vs. 31.00 (29.00-33.50], P < 0.001]. CC was negatively correlated with age and nutritional risk scores. Logistic regression analysis of nutritional risk revealed that body mass index, albumin level, hemoglobin level, cerebral infarction, neoplasms, and CC (OR, 0.897; 95% confidence interval, 0.856-0.941; P < 0.001) were independent impact factors of nutritional risk. Nutritional risk scores increased with a decrease in CC. In men, the best CC cutoff value for predicting nutritional risk according to the NRS-2002 was 29.75 cm. In women, the cutoff value was 28.25 cm., Conclusion: CC is a simple, noninvasive, and valid anthropometric measure to predict nutritional risk for hospitalized patients aged ⪖ 80 years., (Copyright © 2019 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by China CDC. All rights reserved.)

Background: Youths are disproportionally affected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We aimed to assess anti-retroviral therapy (ART) initiation and viral suppression rates among student and non-student youths in Hangzhou, China., Methods: Data were taken from the Chinese HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome Comprehensive Response Information Management System. Youths aged 15 to 24 years who were newly diagnosed with HIV between 2012 and 2016 and were living in Hangzhou were included in the study. Comparisons between student and non-student youths were made for ART initiation within 30 days, 90 days, and 12 months of HIV diagnosis, and the viral suppression rate at 12 months of HIV diagnosis and at 12 months of ART initiation., Results: A total of 707 cases met inclusion criteria, 29.6% of which were students and 70.4% were non-student youths. The student group had a higher proportion of ART initiation compared with the non-student group within 30 days of diagnosis (45.5% vs. 37.0%, P = 0.044), and a slightly higher but not statistically significant proportion at 90 days (67.0% vs. 62.7%), and 12 months (83.7% vs. 78.5%) of HIV diagnosis. ART initiation within 30 days improved from <15% in 2012 to over 65% in 2016 in both groups, and ART initiation within 90 days improved from <30% in 2012 to >90% in 2016. A smaller proportion of students experienced viral suppression compared with the non-student group (9.6% vs. 17.1%, P = 0.011) at 12 months after HIV diagnosis, but the suppression rate was similar at 12 months of ART initiation (69.9% vs. 71.1%, P = 0.743)., Conclusions: ART initiation in both student and non-student youths has significantly improved between 2012 and 2016. However, the viral suppression rate remained unacceptably low at 12 months of HIV diagnosis in both student and non-student groups. Specific intervention strategies must be taken to address this challenge.

To investigate bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and its contribution to nitrogen demand for Ulva prolifera, a cruise was conducted during a bloom of U. prolifera in Qingdao coastal waters, China, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and DON components were investigated. Uptakes of both DIN and DON by U. prolifera were synchronously measured onboard using stable isotope techniques. The contribution of DON to total dissolved N (TDN) was >50% and that of labile components (urea and to amino acids, AA) to DON exceeded 30%. Both DIN and DON were utilized by U. prolifera, which uptake NH 4 -N preferentially, then urea, NO 3 -N and AA in turn; whereas the ranking of turnover times from short to long was AA, NH 4 -N, urea and NO 3 -N. The high uptake rates and short turnover time of AA and urea indicated that DON may play an important role in the nutrition of U. prolifera., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

To compare the effect of perioperative holistic care versus conventional care on the levels of anxiety and depression of pituitary tumor patients at a single tertiary care center in China.We enrolled 100 patients who underwent transnaso-sphenoidal microsurgical resection of pituitary tumor at our institution between January 2017 and December 2017. The patients were assigned to the conventional care group (n = 50) and the holistic care group by the order of admission. Patients were evaluated by staff nurses at admission and upon discharge from the hospital using the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and the self-rating depression scale (SDS). QoL was assessed using EORTC QLQ-C30.The 2 groups were comparable in the demographic and baseline variables including baseline SDS and SAS scores (P > .05). A significantly greater reduction in SAS score was observed in the holistic care group versus the conventional care group (-19.14% vs -11.60%; P < .05). Moreover, we observed a significantly greater reduction in SDS score in the holistic care group versus the conventional care group (-40.4% vs -18.79%, P < .05). The QoL functional domain scores at discharge were significantly higher in the holistic care group than the conventional care group (P < .05).Perioperative holistic care significantly alleviates the levels of anxiety and depression and improves QoL of pituitary adenoma patients.

The common Cordyceps (more than 20 species) found in Chinese markets are evaluated and illustrated. We systematically introduce their taxonomies, allied species, hosts, distributions, yields, selling statuses, and market prices. We summarize and comment on the medicinal value and food safety of Cordyceps. The concept of "cordyceps" is explained, the "best" cordyceps is explored, and Chinese cordyceps culture is analyzed. We suggest using the word "cordyceps" instead of the Latin Cordyceps to report these important edible and medicinal mushrooms.

Background: Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is the recommended first-line treatment of falciparum malaria in all endemic countries. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum has been confirmed in the Greater Mekong subregion (GMS). Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DAPQ) is the most commonly used ACT in China. To understand the DAPQ sensitivity of P. falciparum, DAPQ resistance was monitored in vivo along the China-Myanmar border from 2007 to 2013., Methods: Eligible patients with mono-infections of P. falciparum were recruited to this study after obtaining full informed consent. DAPQ tablets for different categories of kg body weight ranges were given once a day for three days. Patients were followed up for 42 days. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted to distinguish between re-infection and recrudescence, to confirm the Plasmodium species. The data were entered and analysed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Treatment outcome was assessed according to the WHO recommended standards., Results: 243 patients were completed valid follow-up. The fever clearance time (FCT) and asexual parasite clearance times (APCT) were, respectively, 36.5 ± 10.9 and 43.5 ± 11.8 hours, and there was an increasing trend of both FCT (F = 268.41, P < 0.0001) and APCT (F = 88.6, P < 0.0001) from 2007 to 2013. Eight (3.3%, 95% confidence interval, 1.4-6.4%) patients present parasitaemia on day three after medication; however they were spontaneous cure on day four. 241 (99.2%; 95% CI, 97.1-99.9%) of the patients were adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) and the proportions of ACPR had not changed significantly from 2007 to 2013 (X(2) = 2.81, P = 0.7288)., Conclusion: In terms of efficacy, DAPQ is still an effective treatment for falciparum malaria. DAPQ sensitivity in P. falciparum had not significantly changed along the China-Myanmar border of Yunnan Province, China. However more attentions should be given to becoming slower fever and parasite clearance.

Background: Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread of the malaria parasites infecting human hosts. In malaria-eliminating settings, both imported and local malaria predominantly occurs in border areas, and most of them are P. vivax. Chloroquine (CQ) is the first-line drug for P. vivax treatment in China. To understand CQ sensitivity in P. vivax, in vivo monitoring of CQ resistance was conducted along the China-Myanmar border from 2008 to 2013., Methods: Eligible patients with mono-infections of P. vivax were recruited to this study after obtaining full informed consent. CQ tablets for different categories of kg body weight ranges were given once a day for three days. Patients were followed up for 28 days. PCR was conducted to distinguish between re-infection and recrudescence, to confirm the Plasmodium species. The data were entered and analysed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Treatment outcome and sensitivity were classified according to the WHO recommended standards., Results: 603 patients were completed valid follow-up. The fever clearance time and asexual parasite clearance times were, respectively, 22.2 ± 10.2 and 38.1 ± 12.6 hours. 594 (98.5%) patients were adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR), and nine (1.5%) patients, who were late clinical failure (LCF) or resistant response level I (RI), were imported from the neighbouring districts of Myanmar., Conclusion: In terms of efficacy, CQ is still effective for vivax malaria treatment. Plasmodium vivax CQ sensitivity had not significantly changed along the China-Myanmar border of Yunnan Province, China.

Four hundred and seventy-five patients with fever within 48 h were detected for Plasmodium using double blind field trials in China-Myanmar border from June to December 2011. The result showed that 202 of 475 were positive by SD(BIOLINE) kits, with 98 positive of Plasmodium falciparum and 104 positive of Plasmodium vivax. By microscope examination, 206 were positive. Taking the result of microscope examination as the reference standard, the general sensitivity and specificity were 98.1% (202/206) and 97.8% (263/269) respectively, and the general coincidence rate of SD(BIOLINE) kits with microscopy was 97.9% (465/475). The sensitivity and specificity of P. falciparum were 99.0% (98/99) and 97.8% (263/269) respectively, and the coincidence rate of SD(BIOLINE) with microscopy was 98.1% (361/368). The sensitivity and specificity of P. vivax were 97.2% (104/107) and 100% (269/269), and the coincidence rate of SD(BIOLINE) with microscopy was 99.2% (373/376). Therefore, the test results of SD(BIOLINE) are stable with a high specificity and sensitivity.

This paper studied the metabolism of soil microbes, functions of soil microbial communities, and activities of soil enzymes in a coal mining area of Tongchuan. In the coal mining area, the concentrations of soil Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were significantly higher than those in the non-mining area, of which, Cd contributed most to the heavy metals pollution. By adopting Biolog method combining with principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, it was found that the metabolic characteristics of different soil microbial communities varied significantly with increasing soil heavy metals pollution, and the variation was mainly manifested in the metabolic patterns of carbon sources such as saccharides and amino acids. In slightly and moderately polluted soils, the utilization of carbon sources by soil microbial communities was activated; while in heavily polluted soils, the carbon sources utilization was inhibited. The activities of soil urease, protease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase all tended to decline with intensifying soil heavy metals pollution. The soil urease, protease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase activities in the coal mining area were 50.5%-65.1%, 19.1%-57.1%, 87.2%-97.5%, and 77.3%-86.0% higher than those in the non-mining area, respectively. The activities of soil sucrase and cellulase were activated in slightly and moderately polluted soils, but inhibited in heavily polluted soils.

Based on the theory and methodology of dendrochronology, the tree ring width chronology of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in Mangui of Great Xing' an Mountains was developed, and the relationships between the standardized tree ring width chronology and local climate factors (temperature and precipitation) as well as the effects of climate factors on the P. sylvestris var. mongolica radial growth were analyzed. In this region, the mean monthly temperature in April-August of current year was the main factor limiting the radial growth, and the increasing mean monthly temperature from April to August had negative effects to the radial growth. The simulation of the variations of the radial growth by the mean monthly temperature change in April-August showed that the radial growth of P. sylvestris var. mongolica would present a declining trend accompanied with the warmer and drier regional climate condition.

Aimed to examine the adaptability of Qingshan poplar (Populus pseudo-cathayana x P. deltoides) to salt-alkali stress, two-year-old cutting seedlings of the poplar were treated with 28 combinations of salt-alkali stress. With increasing salt concentration, the leaf electrolyte leakage and MDA and proline contents of test seedlings all showed an increasing trend, while the leaf soluble sugar content and SOD and POD activities increased first but decreased afterwards. The increase of substrate pH made the electrolyte leakage, MDA content, and POD activity increased and the proline and soluble sugar contents decreased after an initial increase, but had lesser effects on the SOD activity. When the salinity was <100 mmol x L(-1) and the pH was increasing, all test physiological indices had a slight change while SOD activity kept at a higher level; when the salinity was >200 mmol x L(-1) and the pH was higher than 8.99, the electrolyte leakagewas higher than 50%, POD activity and MDA content increased obviously, proline and soluble sugar contents declined, and SOD activity was lower. It was concluded that a salt-alkali condition with salinity >200 mmol x L(-1) and pH > 8.99 was not appropriate to the growth of Qingshan poplar.

Based on the investigation in a 4 hm2 Betula-Abies forest plot in sub-alpine area in West Sichuan of China, and by using point pattern analysis method in terms of O-ring statistics, the spatial patterns of dominant species Betula albo-sinensis and Abies faxoniana in different age classes in study area were analyzed, and the intra- and inter-species associations between these age classes were studied. B. albo-sinensis had a unimodal distribution of its DBH frequency, indicating a declining population, while A. faxoniana had a reverse J-shaped pattern, showing an increasing population. All the big trees of B. albo-sinensis and A. faxoniana were spatially in random at all scales, while the medium age and small trees were spatially clumped at small scales and tended to be randomly or evenly distributed with increasing spatial scale. The maximum aggregation degree decreased with increasing age class. Spatial association mainly occurred at small scales. A. faxoniana generally showed positive intra-specific association, while B. albo-sinensis generally showed negative intra-specific association. For the two populations, big and small trees had no significant spatial association, but middle age trees had negative spatial association. Negative inter-specific associations of the two populations were commonly found in different age classes. The larger the difference of age class, the stronger the negative inter-specific association.

No single hypothesis or theory has been widely accepted for explaining the functional mechanism of global alpine/arctic treeline formation. The present study tested whether the alpine treeline is determined by (1) the needle nitrogen content associated with photosynthesis (carbon gain); (2) a sufficient source-sink ratio of carbon; or (3) a sufficient C-N ratio. Nitrogen does not limit the growth and development of trees studied at the Himalayan treelines. Levels of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in trees were species-specific and site-dependent; therefore, the treeline cases studied did not show consistent evidence of source/carbon limitation or sink/growth limitation in treeline trees. However, results of the combined three treelines showed that the treeline trees may suffer from a winter carbon shortage. The source capacity and the sink capacity of a tree influence its tissue NSC concentrations and the carbon balance; therefore, we suggest that the persistence and development of treeline trees in a harsh alpine environment may require a minimum level of the total NSC concentration, a sufficiently high sugar:starch ratio, and a balanced carbon source-sink relationship.

Based on the meteorological data from June to September 2007, the rainfall redistribution in subalpine Quercus aquifolioides forest in the upper reaches of Minjiang River was investigated by permanent plot method. The results showed that the total rainfall outside the forest was 486.7 mm, and the throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception accounted for 82.6%, 0.9%, and 16.5% of the total rainfall, respectively. The throughfall and stemflow had significant linear relationships with rainfall (P < 0.01, n = 49), and the relationships of throughfall ratio and stemflow ratio with rainfall could be described with nonlinear curves. When the rainfall outside the forest was more than 3.2 mm, stemflow would happen, and there existed a significant exponential (R2 = 0.623) relationship between the stemflow volume and the tree basal area. The canopy interception rate decreased hyperbolically with the increase of rainfall, being significantly negatively correlated with the rainfall amount, duration, and intensity as well as the air relative humidity during rainfall (P < 0.01, n = 49), but positively correlated with wind velocity (P < 0.01, n = 49).

Based on field measurements of throughfall and stemflow in combination with climatic data collected from the meteorological station adjacent to the studied sub-alpine dark coniferous forest in Wolong, Sichuan Province, canopy interception of sub-alpine dark coniferous forests was analyzed and modeled at both stand scale and catchment scale. The results showed that monthly interception rate of Fargesia nitida, Bashania fangiana--Abies faxoniana old-growth ranged from 33% Grass to 72%, with the average of 48%. In growing season, there was a linear or powerful or exponential relationship between rainfall and interception an. a negative exponential relationship between rainfall and interception rate. The mean maximum canopy interception by the vegetation in the catchment of in.44 km was 1.74 ment and the significant differences among the five communities occurred in the following sequence: Moss-Fargesia nitida, Bashan afanglana-A. faxoniana stand > Grass-F. nitida, B. fangiana-A. faxoniana stand > Moss-Rhododendron spp.-A. faxoniana stand > Grass-Rh. spp.-A. faxoniana stand > Rh. spp. shrub. In addition, a close linear relationship existed between leaf area index (LAI) and maximum canopy interception. The simulated value of canopy interception rate, maximum canopy interception rate and addition interception rate of the vegetation in the catchment were 39%, 25% and 14%, respectively. Simulation of the canopy interception model was better at the overall growing season scale, that the mean relative error was 9%-14%.