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Misinformation affects various aspects of people's lives, such as politics, entertainment, and social interactions. However, effective intervention measures to combat misinformation are lacking. The inoculation theory has become a prevalent measure of misinformation. This study employed inoculation theory and developed an interactive game to help the public counter misinformation. In this game, players take on the role of the misinformation spreader, intending to add more followers to their virtual accounts using different strategies. A total of 180 Chinese participants were randomly assigned to game-based inoculation, graphic-based inoculation, and control groups. The results indicated that both types of inoculation interventions significantly decreased the perceived credibility and sharing intention of misinformation. Game-based inoculation was more effective than graphic-based inoculation in terms of misinformation perceived credibility, and the intervention effects were stable after 2 weeks. The graphic-based inoculation contained the sleeper effect, which interventions required a period of time to take effect. Neither inoculation produced countereffects on perceived credibility and nor sharing intention of accurate information.

Hodgsonia tsaii (Cucurbitaceae), a new species from Motuo, Xizang, China, is described. It is compared with H. macrocarpa and H. heteroclita, and differs from the two species by the entire or 3-lobed leaf, bigger and longer calyx lobes, 5-carpellate and 10-ovuled ovary, 5-lobed stigma, pepo with 20 deep grooves which are separated by 10 tall and 10 dwarf ribs. A comprehensive morphological description of H. tsaii, together with photographs, a conservation assessment, and a diagnostic key to 3 Hodgsonia species from Asia are provided. Distribution information of Hodgsonia is updated, and all the three species occur in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceropegia luzhiensis X.D. Ma & J.Y. Shen, a new species from Yimen, Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. This species is similar to C. hookeri C. B. Clarke, C. intermedia Wight and C. manoharii Sujanapal, Salim, Anil & Sasidh., but clearly differs in its indumentum, the shape of leaf, the length of peduncle and pedicel, the shape and size of corolla and the shape of interstaminal corona lobe. A table including the morphological characters of related species and a dichotomous key to all 20 species of Ceropegia occurring in China are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stixis yingjiangensis (Resedaceae), a new species from Yingjiang, Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. It is compared with two morphologically similar species S. philippinensis, and S. villiflora. It differs from the two species by both surfaces with sparsely strigillose on lateral nerves, midrib and pustules (each pustule is formed by a multicellular cushion from which one short hair can also be produced), inflorescences axillary, racemes, 3-9 cm, filaments lower third pubescent, upper two thirds glabrous, androgynophores 2-3 mm, glabrous except apex sparsely puberulent, gynophores with densely white hairs, ovary glabrous. A complete morphological description of Stixis yingjiangensis is provided, together with photographs, a conservation assessment, and a diagnostic key to 4 species and 1 subspecies of Stixis from China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Begonia austroyunnanensis, a new species from Yunnan (China) is described and illustrated. This new species is similar to B. subhowii in having short erect stems, obliquely ovate leaves and white flowers, but can be distinguished by its stem, petioles and peduncle having conspicuous, red, linear dots and the much longer abaxial wing of the capsule. A detailed description, data on distribution, ecology and an illustration are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passiflora menghaiensis (Passifloraceae), a new species from Menghai, Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. The species is placed in Passiflora subgenus Decaloba, supersection Disemma, section Octandranthus. It is compared with two morphologically similar species in section Octandranthus, P. kwangtungensis and P. geminiflora. Passiflora menghaiensis differs from the preceding species by the combination of two flowers per inflorescence, the outer series of coronal filaments white, the inner series of coronal filaments light green, and puberulous fruit. A complete morphological description of P. menghaiensis is provided, together with line drawings, photographs, a conservation assessment, and a diagnostic key to fourteen species of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba supersection Disemma section Octandranthus from China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like (Nrf)2 and metallothionein have been implicated in carcinogenesis. This study investigated the expression of Nrf2 and of Nrf2-targeted genes (NQO1 and GCLC) and the genes for the metallothionein (MT) isoforms (MT-1A and MT-2A) in human lung cancer and cancer-surrounding tissues. Methods: Surgically removed lung cancer samples (n = 80) and cancer-surrounding tissues (n = 38) were collected from Zunyi Medical College Hospital, China. Total RNA was extracted, purified, and used for real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of interested genes. Results: Expression of the Nrf2-targed genes NQO1 and GCLC tended to be higher (30 to 60%) in lung cancers, but was not significantly different from that in peri-cancer tissues. By contrast, expression of the genes for M)-1A, MT-2A, and the metal transcription factor MTF-1 were three-fold to four-fold lower in lung cancers. Conclusion: In surgical samples of lung cancer, MT expression was generally downregulated, whereas Nrf2 expression tended to be upregulated. These changes could play an integral role in lung carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]