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Experimental learning is one kind of contextual learning, which places learners in a variety of virtual or real contexts to acquire knowledge, gain ability and experience, and generates emotion through experiencing and perceiving, communicating and exploring, and self-reflecting. Applying VR technology to experiential learning involves both technology and teaching. Based on the Learning Pyramid, Constructivist Learning Theory, and the characteristics of virtual technology, this study proposes a theoretical model of virtual reality experiential learning, which takes the international business negotiation scene as an example and employs such software as 3Ds Max and VR-platform to implement an experiential learning context. It is found that, compared with traditional teaching, this learning context has effectively increased the learners' memorization and understanding ability, their interest and motivation in learning, enhanced their learning experience and improved the learning effects. This study not only provides a theoretical framework for and verifies the promotion effect of virtual technology on learners but also enriches the research examples of virtual reality experiential learning, which has certain theoretical value and practical significance.

Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of nebulized budesonide and intravenous methylprednisolone in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) in a real-world setting. Materials and methods: Data from 291 patients with AECOPD were collected from the information system of a tertiary hospital in China. Patients were categorized into two groups: those treated with nebulized budesonide (n = 148) and those treated with intravenous methylprednisolone (n = 143). Clinical efficacy and the rate of no readmission within 1 year after discharge were used as effect indicators, and a cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system. Logistic regression, generalized linear regression, and bootstrap methods were used for sensitivity analyses. Results: There was no statistical difference between the budesonide and methylprednisolone groups in clinical efficacy rates (94.6% vs. 93.7%). The cost-minimization analysis shows that budesonide is not cost-effective owing to higher total cost. In terms of readmission rates, budesonide was again not cost-effective, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 22276.62 CNY, which is higher than the willingness to pay (WTP) of 20206.20 CNY, the mean per admission expenditure in China. The sensitivity analyses confirm that these results are robust. Conclusion: Compared with intravenous methylprednisolone, nebulized budesonide is not a cost-effective strategy for AECOPD patients in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of a public energy field is central to public administration discourse theory. Its main idea is the facilitation of dialog between government and the public, on the basis of equality, to construct a public policy consensus. In contemporary society, social media provides new and distinctive channels for such interactions. Social media can, therefore, be conceived as a novel type of public energy field. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, interactions between the Chinese government and the Chinese public (whether located in China or abroad) have been acutely reflected through WeChat official accounts. This article focuses on the COVID-19 pandemic and, through social media text mining and processing, analyzes the text topics and emotions covered. Basic principles of discourse validity, regarding this public energy field and two guarantee conditions, are applied to analyze the information exchange and dialog between the government and the public on COVID-19 through WeChat official accounts. It was found that the government’s WeChat official accounts have not yet formed a harmonious dialog space to balance the public energy field, and that the interaction between the government and the public has to be improved. The government’s social discourse had a significant influence on the public’s social discourse. Using text analysis, the study found that the government has published information on 11 topics related to the prevention and control of the pandemic. It can be argued that the public energy field presented by both the government and the public effectively portrayed and reflected the actual situation of the pandemic in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the cost-effectiveness of fruquintinib compared to regorafenib as third-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in China. Methods: A three-state Markov model with monthly cycle was constructed to estimate lifetime incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of fruquintinib versus regorafenib as third-line treatment for patients with mCRC from Chinese health care perspective. Survival analysis was applied to calculate transition probabilities using the data from the clinical trials FRESCO and CONCUR, which were also the data sources accessing probabilities of adverse events. Background mortality rate and drug costs were derived from government published data. Costs for medical services were obtained from realworld data and published literatures. Utilities applied to calculate the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were obtained from literature review. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were adopted to verify the robustness of the results. Results: Fruquintinib provided 0.74 QALYs at a cost of CNY 151,058 (USD 22,888), whereas regorafenib provided 0.79 QALYs at a cost of CNY 226,657 (USD 32,224). Compared to fruquintinib, the ICER of regorafenib was CNY 1,529,197/QALY (USD 231,697/QALY) from Chinese health care perspective, which was above the triple GDP per capita of China in 2019 (CNY 212,676) (USD 32,224) as the threshold to define the cost-effectiveness. One-way sensitivity analysis showed the results were generally robust. Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves derived from probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated the probability that fruquintinib was more cost-effective was 100% when the threshold was the triple GDP per capita of China. Conclusions: Compared to regorafenib, fruquintinib, which leads to forego about 0.05 QALYs and save about CNY 75,599 (USD 11,454), is a cost-effective choice as the third-line treatment for patients with mCRC in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood-inhabiting fungi play crucial roles as decomposers in forest ecosystems and, in this study, two new wood-inhabiting corticioid fungi, Hyphoderma puerense and H. tenuissimum spp. nov., are proposed, based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Hyphoderma puerense is characterised by effused basidiomata with smooth to floccose hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores. Hyphoderma tenuissimum is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with tuberculate to minutely-grandinioid hymenial surface, septate cystidia and cylindrical to allantoid basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with Maximum Likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian Inference methods. These analyses showed that the two new species clustered into Hyphoderma, in which H. puerense grouped with H. moniliforme and H. tenuissimum formed a singleton lineage. In addition, an identification key to Chinese Hyphoderma is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Castanopsis fargesii is among the most prevalent hardwood species in South China. To improve the poor dimensional stability of C. fargesii wood, heat treatments were performed using vacuum or sand as the medium at four temperatures from 170 °C to 215 °C for 4 h. As a medium, vacuum or sand can create a low oxygen environment. The results showed that, as the temperature increased, the oven-dry density decreased, whereas the dimensional stability and the total color change (ΔE*) increased with both media, two different changing patterns of a* and b* were observed, the lignin content increased, and the holocellulose content decreased. The oven-dry density decreased 9.4% and 25.5%, volume shrinkage ratio decreased 27.8% and 37.7%, and the ΔE* was 19.63 and 45.52, the lignin contents increased from 17.62% to 28.62% and 42.87%, and the holocellulose contents decreased from 80.49% to 69.43% and 51.04% when C. fargesii wood was heated under vacuum and with sand at 215 °C, respectively. Overall, sand heat treatment affected wood physical and chemical properties more than vacuum heat treatment. The analysis of functional groups and crystallinity also showed that there were severe changes in C. fargesii wood under sand heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paris liiana sp. nov is a species of flowering herb of the genus Paris and widely distributed in the southwest of China. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of P. liiana sp. nov to investigate its phylogenetic relationship in genus Paris. The cp genome of P. liiana sp. nov was 163,860 bp in length, containing a large single-copy (LSC) region of 84,415 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 12,947 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) region of 33,249 bp. The overall GC content was 37.0%. The genome comprises of 135 genes, including 91 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic relationship analysis based on complete cp genome sequences exhibited that P. liiana sp. nov was most related to P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Burnout is a psychosomatic syndrome characterized by three dimensions (emotional exhaustion [EE], feelings of depersonalization [DP], and reduced personal accomplishment [PA]). We determined the prevalence of burnout and mental health status between HIV/AIDS healthcare workers and other healthcare workers, and determined the factors associated with burnout of HIV/AIDS healthcare workers.Methods: All participants were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. The participants were recruited from the departments of infectious diseases in four hospitals which treated HIV/AIDS. The questionnaire included demographics, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and the Trait Coping Style Questionnaire (TCSQ).Results: A total of 512 questionnaires were distributed; 501 questionnaires were completed and collected (the response rate was 97.9 %). After eliminating nine invalid questionnaires (1.80 %), 264 physicians and nurses caring for HIV/AIDS and 228 physicians and nurses caring for other infectious diseases provided valid responses (98.2 %). The HIV/AIDS healthcare workers' scores on the emotional exhaustion (F = 6.350, p = 0.012) and depersonalization dimensions (F = 8.533, p = 0.004) were significantly higher than other healthcare workers. The HIV/AIDS healthcare workers had higher total scores and positive items on the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) compared with other healthcare workers. Low job satisfaction, serious somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, poor quality of sleep, high psychoticism scores, and use of negative coping styles were frequently associated with burnout.Conclusions: Burnout was shown to be highly prevalent in HIV/AIDS healthcare workers, 76.9 % of whom met the accepted criteria for burnout. In addition, compared with other healthcare workers, HIV/AIDS healthcare workers experienced lower levels of psychological health. Interventions should be targeted at reducing the occurrence of burnout and alleviating psychological pressure amongst HIV/AIDS healthcare workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A suitable sun safety educational program could help the public avoid sun exposure-induced skin damage. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of a sun safety program on volunteers in outdoor venues and explore the most effective sun safety education method in China. An intervention program was implemented to raise knowledge and behavior regarding sun exposure among volunteers in the outdoor competition venues in Beijing, China. Five intervention methods were used, including class education, free sunscreen samples, pamphlets, posters, and newsletters. The self-administered multiple-choice questionnaires were administered before and after the intervention. Two hundred and eighty-five subjects were enrolled, including 107 males (37.5%) and 178 females (62.5%). The intervention group showed improvement in sun safety knowledge and behavior. Other improvements were achieved in the field of sun safety awareness and intended behavior, with most of the items achieving no statistically significant differences. Subgroup A (multi-component interventions, including class education, free sunscreen samples, and written materials) achieved better results than subgroup B (written materials only) to improve sun safety knowledge and awareness. Sun safety education could improve volunteer 's sun safety knowledge and behavior in the outdoor venues in China. Multi-component interventions proved to be the most effective sun safety education method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]