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ERA5 reanalysis data, precipitation data from China, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) monthly sea surface temperature (SST) data are used to analyse the impact of the meridional position of the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ) on summer precipitation in China and its correlation with Atlantic SST. The results indicate that when the EASJ significantly shifts northward, the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) weakens with an eastward displacement. Upper‐level convergence and moisture divergence, corresponding to descending motion, lead to decreased precipitation in the Yangtze River Valley (YRV). Meanwhile, upper‐level divergence occurs over South China (SC), the Hexi Corridor (HC), and Northeast China (NEC), where moisture converges and ascends, favouring an increase in precipitation. Conversely, when the EASJ undergoes a significant southward shift, the WNPSH strengthens and expands westward. Opposing atmospheric circulation patterns in these four regions result in reversed precipitation anomalies compared with those observed when the jet shifts northward. The meridional position of the EASJ is closely related to the summer subtropical Atlantic SST. The positive (negative) SST anomaly (SSTA) over the subtropical Atlantic induces negative (positive) geopotential height anomaly in the upper troposphere over the North Atlantic by modulating the atmospheric meridional circulation. Geopotential height anomalies trigger eastward‐propagating Rossby waves, generating anomalous cyclones and anticyclones over East Asia. These anomalous cyclones and anticyclones lead to zonal wind anomalies, which alter the strength of the westerlies on both sides of the climatological jet axis, thereby changing the jet's meridional position. Additionally, the difference in the propagation direction of wave activity flux between positive and negative SSTA alters the distribution of wave energy convergence and divergence in the EASJ region, further affecting the intensity of the average westerly winds on both sides of the climatological jet axis, ultimately producing the changes in the meridional position of the EASJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With China's rapid industrialization and urbanization in the process of socio-economic development, the extensive use of energy has resulted in a large amount of CO2 emissions, which puts great pressure on China's carbon emission reduction task. Through multivariate socio-economic data, this paper proposes an extraction and screening method of multivariate variables based on land-use types, and the downscaled spatial decomposition of carbon emissions at different scales was carried out by using the spatial lag model (SLM). This paper makes up for the shortcomings of previous studies, such as an insufficient modeling scale, simple modeling variables, limited spatio-temporal span of spatial decomposition, and no consideration of geographical correlation. Based on the results of the spatial decomposition of carbon emissions, this paper explores the spatial and temporal dynamics of carbon emissions at different scales. The results showed that SLM is capable of downscaling the spatialization of carbon emissions with high precision, and the continuity of the decomposition results at the provincial scale is stronger, while the differences of the decomposition results at the municipal scale are more obvious within the municipal units. In terms of the spatial and temporal dynamics of CO2 emissions, carbon emissions at both scales showed a significant positive correlation. The dominant spatial correlation types are "Low–Low" at the provincial level, and "Low–Low" and "High–High" at the municipal level. The smaller spatial scope is more helpful to show the geographic dependence and geographic differences of China's carbon emissions. The findings of this paper will help deepen the understanding of the spatial and temporal changes of carbon emissions in China. They will provide a scientific basis for the formulation of feasible carbon emission reduction policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the role of oral microbiome in promoting oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development. Materials and Methods: We investigated the salivary microbiome of 108 controls and 70 OSCC cases by16S rRNA gene sequencing and detected the fluorescence signal of OSCC‐related pathological bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridization assay (FISH). The invasion and migration assays were used to show the differences of invasive and migrative abilities between control and experimental groups. Quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blotting were used to verify the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Results: In our study, the overall microbiome abundance and composition were richer in the 108 controls than in the 70 OSCC cases. We demonstrated that Streptococcus, Capnocytophaga, Peptostreptococcus, and Lactobacillus were highly abundant in the saliva of OSCC patients by 16S rDNA sequencing and FISH. Moreover, we found that Capnocytophaga gingivalis (C. gingivalis) was highly presented in OSCC tissues by FISH. We focused on C. gingivalis and found that its supernatant induced OSCC cells to undergo EMT, causing the cells to acquire a mesenchymal phenotype associated with highly invasive and metastatic properties. Conclusion: Taken together, these results indicated that C. gingivalis might invade OSCC tissues and played an important role in OSCC by promoting OSCC invasion and metastasis by inducing EMT. Hence, the role of C. gingivalis in cancer progression revealed a new direction for the research of OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apo pickle is a fermented food with a long edible history in the Jiangnan region of China. Traditionally, plastic bottles are used as Apo pickle's fermentation containers, and artificial bottling costs are high. The goal of this study is to compare the fermentation effects of Apo pickle fermented under low pressure in a vacuum bag (VBA) and Apo pickle fermented under normal pressure in plastic bottles (TBA) to determine the feasibility of fermenting Apo pickle in a vacuum bag rather than a plastic bottle, thereby lowering production costs. At the same time, a gas-sensitive colorimetric sensor array (CSA) was developed to distinguish different fermentation stages of Apo pickle. The results revealed that the main genera in the initial and final phases of Apo pickle fermentation were Weissella and Lactobacillus, unaffected by fermentation containers. At the same fermentation time, the abundance of Lactobacillus and the content of flavor substances in VBA were higher, and the fermentation speed of VBA was faster at 0–15 d, so a vacuum bag could be used instead of a plastic bottle. The CSA could discriminate between different fermentation procedures of Apo pickles with an accuracy rate of 93.8%. Its principle is similar to that of an electronic nose. It has the advantages of convenience, rapidity, and no need for professional equipment, so it can be used as a new method to judge the fermentation degree of apo pickle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethachlon, a dicarboximide fungicide, has gained widespread usage in Asian countries. While considered a low-toxicity fungicide, concerns regarding potential health effects, such as nephrotoxicity, have emerged. To date, neither China nor other countries have established maximum residue limit (MRL) for dimethachlon on grapes, and exposure risk assessment of dimethachlon is lacking. Here, we developed a QuEChERS method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to investigate the dissipation rates and terminal residues of dimethachlon in grapes, along with an assessment of dietary risk to consumers. Our results indicated that the average recoveries of dimethachlon in grapes ranged from 74 to 76%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.050 mg/kg. After undergoing 112 days of storage at −18 °C, the dissipation rate of dimethachlon in grapes was found to be less than 30%, suggesting a state of stable storage. In the context of good agricultural practice (GAP) guidelines, the half-lives of dimethachlon in grapes were 14.3–18.1 days, which is notably longer compared to the reported values for other crops. The terminal residues of dimethachlon in grapes at 14 and 21 days were found to be < 0.05–0.53 mg/kg and < 0.05–0.29 mg/kg, respectively. Regarding the dietary risk assessment, the calculated risk quotient (RQ) value was significantly below 100%, indicating a negligible chronic risk of dimethachlon in grapes at the recommended dosage. This study provides an important reference for the analysis of dimethachlon and offers valuable empirical data to support the establishment of MRL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination in wheat not only endangers human health, but also causes crop quality degradation, leads to economic losses and affects social stability. Therefore, this paper proposes a Pyraformer-based model to predict the safety risk level of Chinese wheat contaminated with heavy metals. First, based on the heavy metal sampling data of wheat and the dietary consumption data of residents, a wheat risk level dataset was constructed using the risk evaluation method; a data-driven approach was used to classify the dataset into risk levels using the K-Means++ clustering algorithm; and, finally, on the constructed dataset, Pyraformer was used to predict the risk assessment indicator and, thus, the risk level. In this paper, the proposed model was compared to the constructed dataset, and for the dataset with the lowest risk level, the precision and recall of this model still reached more than 90%, which was 25.38–4.15% and 18.42–5.26% higher, respectively. The model proposed in this paper provides a technical means for hierarchical management and early warning of heavy metal contamination of wheat in China, and also provides a scientific basis for dynamic monitoring and integrated prevention of heavy metal contamination of wheat in farmland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooking food in water or soup, such as hot pot, is a widely used cooking method in China. This type of cooking requires no oil and cooks at a lower temperature, but that does not mean it produces fewer pollutants or is less harmful. There are few research studies on the emission characteristics and mechanisms of particulate matter emissions when eating hot pot (the boiling process), which leads to the unreasonable design of ventilation systems for this kind of catering. In this paper, the effects of boiling different ingredients (including noodles, potatoes, fish, tofu, meatballs, and pork) on particle number concentration emissions were studied. The particle number concentration and particle size distribution of PM with diameters of 0.3 μm and less, 0.3–0.5 μm and 0.5–1.0 μm (PM0.3, PM0.3–0.5 and PM0.5–1.0, respectively) were measured in an experimental chamber. The food type and shape showed very little change in the PM emission characteristics of boiling. When the boiling state was reached, the number concentration, particle size distribution, and arithmetic mean diameter of particles all fluctuated within 60 s. The emission characteristics of particles produced by boiling water and heating oil were compared. Heating oil produced more small particles, and boiling water released more large particles. Transient and steady methods were used to calculate the emission rate of particles, and the steady-state calculation has a high estimation of the emission rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting farmland transfer through the farmland rental market is an essential instrument to achieve the scale economy of agricultural production in China. However, past literature on the land reform in China pays more attention to the renting-in household or the renting-out household, respectively, less to both types of households together. Using a large-scale survey of farm households in China, we examine the determinants of participation in the farmland rental market and quantify the impact of the rental market on farmers' income. Findings show household off-farm income, family members' part-time employment, agricultural subsidies, and participation in agricultural cooperatives significantly affect farmers' participation in the farmland rental market. Participation in the farmland rental market significantly increases the income of renting-in households, while it decreases the income of renting-out households, which might result from the temporary lag effect of the land system reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both natural conditions and anthropogenic factors affect the survivability, distribution, and population density of wildlife. To understand the extent and how these factors drive species distributions, a detailed description of animal movement patterns in natural habitats is needed. In this study, we used satellite telemetry to monitor elevational ranges favored by endangered golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), in the Qinling Mountains, central China. We investigated the abundance and distribution of food resources through sampling vegetation quadrats at different elevations and sampled anthropogenic activities using field surveys. Our results indicated that although there was no significant variation in food resources between low‐ (<1500 m) and middle‐elevations (1500–2200 m), monkeys were found most often in areas above 1500 m, where there was less anthropogenic development (e.g. houses and roads); however, monkeys rarely ranged above 2200 m and had limited food availability at this altitude. There was limited human disturbance at this elevation. We suggest that both human activity and ecological constraints (i.e. food resources) have considerable effects on elevational use of R. roxellana in the Qinling Mountains. This study highlights the critical roles these factors can play in shaping the vertical distribution of high‐altitude primates. This research provides useful insights for habitat‐based conservation plans in which human disturbance management and habitat restoration should be prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial reefs are effective measures to improve the marine ecological environment and increase fishery production. However, there are several geometries being investigated nowadays and their setup, including the spacing between groups of them, can provide dissimilar effects on hydrodynamics. To enhance the understanding of this topic, in this paper, the focus is mainly on M-Type artificial reefs that will be adopted in Juehua Island, Liaodong Bay, China. An experimental campaign was carried out in order to simulate the influence that M-Type unit reef groups may have on the local flow field and the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique has been implemented to provide velocity maps. The results showed that with the increase of velocity's current approaching the artificial reef, the height, length and area of the upwelling and the back vortex rise with the increase of spacing between the artificial reefs. Furthermore, when comparing different geometrical configurations with similar currents approaching the artificial reef, the maximum values of both upwelling and back vortex were obtained when the spacing between unit reefs was 1.25 L. Finally, the entropy method was used to evaluate the effects on the flow field under four kinds of spacing based on the hydrodynamic characteristics and the economic cost. The comprehensive score obtained for all the configurations followed the order 1.25 L > 1.50 L > 0.75 L > 1.00 L. Therefore, it is suggested that the original design spacing should be increased by 25% when the M-type unit reef is put into practice. Additionally, after having completed a comparative analysis, it is recommended to further change the reef group into four reef monocases. By executing this adjustment, the unit reef cost was reduced by 10%, and the influence range on the flow field increased by 10%, and this result can consequently achieve greater ecological benefits with less economic input. The results of this study provide a preliminary reference for the construction of artificial reefs M-Type from the perspective of theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarimetric radar and disdrometer observations obtained during the 2014 Observation, Prediction, and Analysis of Severe Convection of China (OPACC) field campaign are used in this study to investigate the microphysical characteristics of three primary types of organized intense rainfall events (meiyu rainband, typhoon outer rainband, and squall line) in eastern China. Drop size distributions (DSDs) of these three events on the ground are derived from measurements of a surface disdrometer, while the corresponding three-dimensional microphysical structures are obtained from the Nanjing University C-band polarimetric radar (NJU-CPOL). Although the environmental moisture and instability conditions are different, all three events possess relatively high freezing level favorable for warm-rain processes where the high medium to small raindrop concentration at low levels is consistent with the high surface rainfall rates. Convection is tallest in the squall line where abundant ice-phase processes generate large amounts of rimed particles (graupel and hail) above the freezing level and the largest surface raindrops are present among these three events. The storm tops of both the typhoon and meiyu rainbands are lower than that in the squall line, composed of less active ice processes above the freezing level. The typhoon rainrate is more intense than that of meiyu, enhanced by higher coalescence efficiency. A revised generalized intercept parameter versus mass-weighted mean diameter (Nw-Dm) space diagram is constructed to describe the DSD distributions over the three events and illustrate the relative DSD positions for heavy precipitation. DSDs of these intense rainfall convections observed in this midlatitude region of eastern Asia somewhat represent the typical DSD characteristics in low latitudes, suggesting that the parameterization of microphysical characteristics in eastern China in numerical models needs to be further investigated to improve rain fall forecasts in these heavy rainfall events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, heavy mineral analysis was carried out in different size fractions of the Yellow River sediment to extract its end-members. It shows that heavy mineral contents, species, and compositions vary in different grain sizes. Distribution curve of heavy mineral concentration (HMC) and particle size frequency curve are in normal distribution. In most samples, the size fraction of 4.5–5.0 Φ contains the maximum HMC (18% on average). Heavy mineral assemblages of the Yellow River are featured by amphibole + epidote + limonite + garnet. Amphibole content is high in coarse fraction of >3.0 Φ and reaches its peak value in 3.5–4.5 Φ. Epidote is rich in a size fraction of >3.5 Φ, and increase as the particle size becomes fine. Micas content is high in coarse subsamples of <3.0 Φ, but almost absent in fine grains of >4.0 Φ. Metallic minerals (magnetite, ilmenite, hematite, and limonite) increase as the sediment particle size become fine, and reach the peak in silt (>4.0 Φ). Other minerals such as zircon, rutile, tourmaline, garnet, and apatite account for about 15%, and mainly concentrate in fine sediment. Further analysis reveals that similarity value between the most abundant grain size group and wide window grain size group is high (0.978 on average). The grain size of 4.0–5.0 Φ ± 0.5 Φ is suitable to carry out detrital mineral analysis in the Yellow River sediments. Our study helps to eliminate cognitive bias due to narrow grain size strategy, and to provide heavy mineral end-members of the Yellow River sediment for provenance discrimination in the marginal seas of East China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The thermal performance of backfill coupled heat exchanger was evaluated. • The experimental and simulation studies of BCHE were carried out. • A comparative study of different backfill materials was conducted. • The influencing factors on energy utilization efficiency were evaluated. • The optimums backfill material and design parameters were obtained. Underground mines in China are rich in geothermal resources. Based on backfill mining technology, the collaborative development of deep mineral resources and geothermal resources can be realized. The key of this approach is to form artificial thermal reservoirs by heat storage backfill body and to extract geothermal energy as much as possible through the built-in pipe. It is important to investigate the backfill material and system parameter design to improve the heat storage and release performance of backfill body and enhance the extraction efficiency of geothermal energy in mine. In this paper, experimental and simulation studies of backfill coupled heat exchanger system with different backfill materials are carried out to make a comparative study. The backfill materials involved include traditional backfill material, natural flake graphite backfill material and paraffin RT28 backfill material. After comparing the heat storage and heat release behavior, liquid fraction variation and efficiency of different systems, the natural flake graphite backfill body which has better engineering value is selected to further conduct experiments to study the influence of surrounding rock temperature, initial temperature of backfill body and inlet water temperature on the thermal performance of the system. The results show that with the increase of surrounding rock temperature, initial temperature of backfill body, or the decrease of inlet water temperature, the total heat storage, heat release and energy utilization coefficient of the system all increase. When the initial temperature of backfill is 26 °C, surrounding rock temperature is 45 °C, inlet velocity and temperature are respectively 0.7 m/s and 18 °C, the energy utilization coefficient of the system is the highest, which is 81.4%. The research results are helpful to the design of heat storage backfill body and the improvement of thermal performance of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • We identified priority areas for afforestation on the Loess Plateau. • The Loess Plateau is not suitable for large-scale afforestation. • The suitable afforestation areas are mainly concentrated in the east and the south. • Forested lands in the southeastern Loess Plateau are at risk of degradation. China has led global greening processes over recent decades, however, a series of negative impacts have inevitably emerged in some areas, especially on the Loess Plateau. While the potential for afforestation of the Loess Plateau has been identified, the micro-regions where afforestation should be prioritized have yet to be identified. We constructed a framework for identification of land suitable for forest on the Loess Plateau. By simulating land-use changes on the Loess Plateau under various development scenarios for the period from 2020 to 2030, we identified land that is suitable for afforestation and explored the trends and spatial distribution of different forest stands. The results show that only ∼ 40 km2 on the Loess Plateau is suitable for forest growth by 2030, mainly in the eastern region, with the southeastern part of the Loess Plateau at greater risk of degradation. The suitable land for forest growth is fragmented. Under the current climate conditions and policy background, we believe there is limited opportunity for large-scale conversion of farmland to forest on the Loess Plateau; however, if the afforestation areas are scientifically planned, it is feasible to achieve greening in local areas. Grasslands may be a more suitable primary approach to ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau region. The results will help guide more efficient and sustainable afforestation projects in the Loess Plateau region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many fractal models have been proposed based on mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) for investigating the fractal property of porous materials. However, results calculated from different fractal models may be not always consistent according to previous works. In view of this, a combination of techniques including routine core analysis, MIP analysis and images analysis (thin sections and BSE) was used to study the pore structure and petrophysical properties of tight sandstones. The results of pore structure and petrophysical properties were used to check whether the fractal dimension values from five popular MIP fractal models can represent the heterogeneity of tight sandstones. It turned out that different MIP fractal models usually give different results. A single fractal dimension value representative of the entire range of pore sizes can be obtained by either Zhang and Li's model or Shen and Li's model. As fractal dimension increases, pore structure becomes more complex and permeability decreases. However, permeability or pore structure shows no significant correlation with fractal dimensions obtained from other models (Neimark's, Li's and Friensen and Mikula's model) by zone analysis. Nevertheless, two fractal regions can be identified by Neimark's or Li's model and clear inflection points could be identified on the fractal curves. The inflection points are found to be almost equal to the apex determined by Pittman's method, and could be regarded as good indicators for permeability prediction. The results obtained from Friensen and Mikula's model is more complex, and not very satisfactory to describe the heterogeneity for tight sandstones. • Different MIP fractal models usually give different results. • Zhang and Li's or Shen and Li's model can successfully evaluate the whole heterogeneity of tight sandstones. • The inflection point on fractal curve can be used for permeability prediction successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study to explore the use of new-media health information and its influence on their health and health management., Methods: A total of 208 elderly people in Qiqihar City were selected as the survey objects, and a questionnaire was used to investigate their access to health information through new-media platforms. We analyze the factors ( e.g., education、pre-retirement occupation, etc.) in the use of health information on new-media platforms., Results: Monthly income, educational level, pre-retirement occupation and attention of the new-media of the elderly had significant effects on health information acquisition (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: The use of new-media health information among the elderly was diversified and had an impact on their health management. We should standardize the management of new-media health information dissemination platforms and publicize the use of new-media health information in a targeted way, to improve the self-health management of the elderly and reduce their burden on the national medical system., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In the study, a sweet wine koji (YQ-5) was successfully selected to make frozen Chinese sweet rice wine dough (F-CD) for flavor enrichment. Subsequently, the effects of single improver (SI: xanthan gum, potassium carbonate, antifreeze protein, diacetyl tartaric esters of monoglycerides and composite improver (XPADG: Four improvers mixed in proportion) on the texture, rheological properties, microstructure, water status, protein secondary structure, volatile flavor substances and sensory properties of F-CD during frozen storage were investigated. The results indicated that XPADG slowed the increase in freezable water and water mobility in the dough, giving dough the most stable rheological properties and minimizing the damage of freezing to the secondary structure and microstructure of proteins. Besides, GC-QTOF/MS analysis showed that XPADG may facilitate the retention of flavoring substances in F-CD after storage for 6 days. Finally, the sensory evaluation showed that XPADG imparted good sensory properties to the product after freezing for 6 days., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Both genetics and vitamin D deficiency are associated with childhood obesity. However, the role of vitamin D status between polygenic and childhood obesity has been unknown. The current study aimed to determine the relation between genetic factors, vitamin D status, and BMI-for-age z score (zBMI) in Chinese preschool children., Methods: A total of 1046 participants aged 3.7 to 6.6 years old from the Long-term Health Effects Assessment Project of Infants and Toddlers Nutritional Pack (LHEAPITNP) were included in this study. The polygenic risk score (PRS) was established based on 55 BMI-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from a published genome-wide association study (GWAS) for BMI. Serum 25(OH)D was used as an index of vitamin D status and measured with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) assay. The Wilcoxon test or Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the differences of variables between different groups and Spearman correlation analysis was used for analyzing the correlations between the PRS, 25(OH)D levels, and zBMI., Results: The PRS showed a positive relation to zBMI ( r s = 0.0953, p = 0.0022) and 25(OH)D showed a negative relation to zBMI ( r s = -0.1082, p = 0.0005) in the full-adjustment model. In addition, the differences in zBMI at different vitamin D statuses in the low-risk PRS group and the intermediate-risk PRS group were both statistically significant ( p low = 0.0308, p intermediate = 0.0121), the median zBMI was both higher at vitamin D insufficiency status. And the difference in zBMI between different genetic risk groups was also statistically significant at vitamin D sufficiency status ( p = 0.0077). Furthermore, genetic risk showed a positive relation to zBMI at vitamin D sufficiency status, and the p for trend was 0.0028., Conclusions: Our findings suggested that vitamin D was related to zBMI negatively in Chinese preschoolers and maintaining adequate vitamin D levels may only contribute to lower the zBMI in preschoolers with low and intermediate genetic susceptibility.

The issue of climate and environment has been paid more and more attention by countries all over the world, especially regarding carbon emissions. Many national policies and scholars' research contents have focused on this issue, which has become a hot topic in today's society. As the world's largest carbon emitter, it is vital for China to achieve green development, upgrade its industrial structure and explore the relationship between industrial structure upgrading and carbon emissions. To explore the decoupling and interactive effects of industrial structure upgrading and carbon emissions, this paper divides industrial structure upgrading into two aspects: rationalization of industrial structure and upgrading of industrial structure. Indicators related to industrial structure upgrading and carbon emissions are selected and the decoupling model of carbon emissions and industrial structure upgrading is constructed using panel data from 30 regions from 1997 to 2019. The core density function is used to analyze the decoupling distribution characteristics, and then the Gini coefficient decomposition method is used to analyze the carbon emissions decoupling index, revealing the regional differences and sources of carbon emissions decoupling index. Finally, spatial factors are included in the regression model to verify the spatial synergy effect of industrial structure upgrading on carbon emissions. The overall and local Moran indexes are used to reveal the spatial internal structure and agglomeration characteristics of industrial structure upgrading and carbon emissions, and, based on the research results, policy recommendations are put forward to promote sustainable and stable development of industrial structure upgrading in China. This provides a new perspective for understanding the relationship between industrial structure upgrading and carbon emissions and also provides a decision-making reference for promoting decoupling of industrial structure upgrading and carbon emissions under high-quality economic development and forcing low-carbon transformation of the industrial structure.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and the fourth most lethal cancer in China. However, although genomic studies have identified some mutations associated with ESCC, we know little of the mutational processes responsible. To identify genome-wide mutational signatures, we performed either whole-genome sequencing (WGS) or whole-exome sequencing (WES) on 104 ESCC individuals and combined our data with those of 88 previously reported samples. An APOBEC-mediated mutational signature in 47% of 192 tumors suggests that APOBEC-catalyzed deamination provides a source of DNA damage in ESCC. Moreover, PIK3CA hotspot mutations (c.1624G>A [p.Glu542Lys] and c.1633G>A [p.Glu545Lys]) were enriched in APOBEC-signature tumors, and no smoking-associated signature was observed in ESCC. In the samples analyzed by WGS, we identified focal (<100 kb) amplifications of CBX4 and CBX8. In our combined cohort, we identified frequent inactivating mutations in AJUBA, ZNF750, and PTCH1 and the chromatin-remodeling genes CREBBP and BAP1, in addition to known mutations. Functional analyses suggest roles for several genes (CBX4, CBX8, AJUBA, and ZNF750) in ESCC. Notably, high activity of hedgehog signaling and the PI3K pathway in approximately 60% of 104 ESCC tumors indicates that therapies targeting these pathways might be particularly promising strategies for ESCC. Collectively, our data provide comprehensive insights into the mutational signatures of ESCC and identify markers for early diagnosis and potential therapeutic targets., (Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)