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Traditional methods of garlic fertilization involve large amounts of balanced fertilizer with equal proportions of N, P, and K, leading to nutrient imbalances, reduced yield and nutritional quality, and elevated risk of environmental pollution. This study for the first time measured garlic nutrient absorption and mineral elements status in garlic fields. In addition, a garlic-specific fertilizer formula and recommended rate were designed and applied in multiple garlic fields during the 2019–21 growing season. We assessed the performance of garlic-specific fertilizer in terms of yield, quality, and nutrient utilization efficiency. We showed that garlic prefers to absorb N and K, and its absorption of P was much lower. Deficiencies in Cl, Mn, S, and Fe are found in 98.7%, 56.1%, 22.8%, and 11.9% of garlic fields. Compared with farmer fertilization, the garlic-specific fertilizers increased sprout yield by 12.9% to 30.5%, bulb yield by 11.0% to 33.5%, and net income by 18.2% to 45.6%. Furthermore, it improved the nutritional quality [vitamin C (Vc), soluble sugar (SS), and soluble protein] of the garlic and reduced the accumulation of nitrate. The formula of special fertilizer was more in line with the law of garlic nutrient absorption, increasing the nutrient utilization effect, reducing the environmental risks. Application of specific fertilizer increased N, P, and K partial productivity by 26.6% to 50.1%, 82.6% to 116.5%, and 54.6% to 83.3%, respectively. These results suggest that replacing balanced fertilizers in the garlic market with garlic-specific fertilizers can improve garlic farmers' incomes and soil health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Higher intakes of dietary antioxidants have been linked to a lower type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the overall dietary antioxidant capacity, assessed by dietary antioxidant quality scores (DAQS) and dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC), related to T2DM risk, especially in populations consuming relatively monotonous diets. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of DAQS, DTAC, and T2DM among rural Chinese adults. Methods: Data from 12,467 participants from the Natural Population Cohort of Northwest China: Ningxia Project was analyzed. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. DAQS were calculated based on vitamins A, C, and E, zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) intake. DTAC was estimated using the ferric-reducing ability of plasma assay. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations of DAQS and DTAC with T2DM risk. Restricted cubic splines were used to assess potential non-linear relationships between DTAC and T2DM. Results: T2DM was observed in 1,238 (9.9%) participants. After adjusting for confounders, compared to the lowest tertiles (T1) of DAQS, the odds ratios (ORs) for T2DM were 1.03 (95% CI 0.82–1.30) in T2 and 0.85 (95% CI 0.68–1.06) in T3 (P = 0.010). Compared to T1, the ORs for T2DM in the highest T3 were 0.78 (95% CI 0.67–0.91, P-trend = 0.008) for vitamin A, 1.34 (95% CI 1.15–1.56, P-trend < 0.001) for vitamin E, 0.83 (95% CI 0.71–0.97, P-trend = 0.007) for Se, and 0.86 (95% CI 0.74–1.01, P-trend = 0.033) for Zn. Compared to the lowest quartile(Q1) of DTAC, the OR in the highest Q4 was 0.96 (95% CI 0.80–1.17, P-trend = 0.024) for T2DM. A non-linear relationship was observed between DATC and T2DM. Conclusion: Higher DAQS and DATC were associated with a lower T2DM risk, suggesting that consuming antioxidant-rich foods may reduce the T2DM risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport in water is the most common method for transporting live fish in China, however, transport is a strong stressor. Transport stress could lead to a reduced immune and antioxidant system function of tiger grouper, resulting in sickness and death. Besides, tiger grouper were continuously stressed during transport, which resulted in quality deterioration. It is necessary that find a way to relieve the stress of transportation of tiger grouper. Ascorbic acid is not only a good anti-stress agent, but it is also an effective immunostimulant. ß-1,3-glucan is a feed additive that can enhance the immune response of fish. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of ß-1,3-glucan and ascorbic acid on the nutritional-immune response and antioxidant signaling pathways of live tiger grouper during simulated transport. Results indicated that adding ß-1,3-glucan and ascorbic acid in transport-water muted the increase of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity. In addition, ß-1,3-glucan and ascorbic acid activated Nrf2 and mediated TOR expression and then upregulate related mRNA expression of antioxidant and immune enzymes. We concluded that the application of ß-1,3-glucan and ascorbic acid inhibit the increase of metabolism enzymes and inflammatory factors and activate immune and antioxidant signaling pathways to relieve oxidant stress, immune response, and apoptosis. Reducing the loss of amino acids provided nutrients to relieve oxidative stress and immune response, which demonstrated immune-nutritional response in live tiger grouper during simulated transport. These results may provide a new solution for alleviating the decline of immune and antioxidant function of tiger grouper caused by transportation stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of sodium creatine phosphate (SCP) in pediatric viral myocarditis, and cellular immune functions. Methods: Clinical data of 83 children with viral myocarditis admitted to Dezhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, China between May 2019 and June 2021 were collected and randomly assigned to control (n = 41) and study groups (n = 42). Control group (CNG) received conventional treatment for 14 days, including intravenous drip of sodium fructose diphosphate, vitamin C, and ribavirin, with the addition of prednisone if necessary. Study group (SG) received SCP in addition to conventional treatment for 14 days. Clinical efficacy, cardiac function, inflammatory and immune markers, myocardial injury, and adverse effects at the end of treatment were determined. Results: Results indicated a significantly higher total effective rate in study group (95.24 %) compared to control group (78.05 %) (p < 0.05). Study group demonstrated significantly lower heart rates and improved cardiac output, stroke volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction after 14 days of treatment compared to control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, study group exhibited significant reduction in levels of inflammatory markers (p < 0.05), enhanced cellular immune markers (p < 0.05), and reduced myocardial injury and remodeling markers (p < 0.05). Both groups showed similar incidence of adverse reactions. Conclusion: Sodium creatine phosphate (SCP) is effective in treating pediatric viral myocarditis, enhances cardiac function, restores cellular immune function, reduces inflammation, and minimizes myocardial damage and remodeling. There will be need to evaluate the long-term efficacy and prognosis of SCP in treating pediatric viral myocarditis in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In southern China, the fresh shoots of rape are used as a high-quality seasonal vegetable owing to their pleasant taste. In this study, we investigated the taste and quality of fresh shoots of Fanmingyoutai, which was derived from WH23 by 60Co mutation. WH23 was used as a control (CK). Physiological indexes, transcriptome analyses, and metabolomics analyses between Fanmingyoutai and CK were studied and the related key differential genes were identified. The results showed that the glucosinolate content of Fanmingyoutai seeds was 51.14% lower than that of CK, and the contents of soluble sugar and vitamin C in the fresh shoots of Fanmingyoutai were 2.1 times and 1.4 times higher, respectively, than CK. Using transcriptome analyses, we identified that the differential genes were involved in glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. Metabolomics analyses demonstrated that the contents of sucrose and D-fructose in the fresh shoots of Fanmingyoutai were 1.22 times and 1.15 times higher, respectively, than those in CK. Using qRT-PCR analyses, the expression of SWEET17, STP5, and GSL in the fresh shoots and leaves of Fanmingyoutai was two times higher than that in CK. SWEET17 (involved in sugar production and transport), STP5 (involved in monosaccharide transport), and GSL (involved in glucosinolate accumulation) may be the key functional genes. We concluded that the low glucosinolate content and high sucrose and D-fructose contents may be the main factors affecting the taste of fresh shoots of Fanmingyoutai and CK; SWEET17, STP5, and GSL may be the key related genes. This research provides a reference for the breeding and molecular mechanisms of new edible rape varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional and volatile profiles of pulp and flavedo samples from four distinct local pummelo landraces ("Siji," "Pingshan," "Wendan," and "Guanxi") cultivated in Fujian province of China were investigated. "Guanxi" pummelo exhibited relatively high contents of vitamin C (42.01 mg/100 mL) and phenols (360.61 mg/L) and displayed a robust antioxidant capacity (41.15 mg/100 mL). Conversely, the red pulp from "Pingshan" demonstrated relatively high values of carotenoids (55.96 µg/g) and flavonoids (79.79 mg/L). Considerable differences were observed in volatile compositions between the two fruit tissues and among the four genotypes. A total of 166 and 255 volatile compounds were detected in the pulp and flavedo samples, respectively. Notably, limonene and β‐myrcene were identified as the principal volatile compounds in flavedo, whereas hexanal was highly abundant in the pulp of "Siji," "Pingshan," and "Guanxi." "Wendan" displayed distinct separation from the other three pummelo cultivars in principal component analysis based on the pulp volatile compositions. This distinction was attributed to the higher number and content of volatile compounds in "Wendan" pulp, particularly the remarkable enrichment of β‐myrcene. The newly characterized pummelo landraces and genotype/tissue‐dependent variations in volatiles provide essential information for the genetic improvement of pummelo aroma, as well as for fruit processing and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The jujube is one of the most popular fruits in China because of its delicious taste and high nutritional value. It has a long history of usage as an important food or traditional medicine. However, the jujube is easily infected by fungi, which causes economic losses and threatens human health. When the jujube was infected by Aspergillus niger (H1), the changes in nutritional qualities were determined, such as the content of total acid, vitamin C, reducing sugar, etc. In addition, the ability of A. niger (H1) to produce ochratoxin A (OTA) in different inoculation times and culture media was evaluated, and the content of OTA in jujubes was also analyzed. After jujubes were infected by A. niger (H1), the total acid, and vitamin C contents increased, while the total phenol content decreased, and the reducing sugar content increased after an initial decrease. Although A. niger (H1) infection caused the jujubes to rot and affected its quality, OTA had not been detected. This research provides a theoretical foundation for maximizing edible safety and evaluating the losses caused by fungal disease in jujubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium victorialis L. (Family: Liliaceae) is an herb with nutritional and medicinal properties. In Jilin Province, China, A. victorialis is mainly distributed in the Changbai Mountains and grows in various habitat conditions. However, the relationship between habitat factors and the nutritional quality of A. victorialis in the Changbai Mountains has not yet been examined. We assessed the nutritional quality of five A. victorialis populations growing in five different habitats in the Changbai Mountains and analyzed the relationship between nutritional quality and habitat factors. Allium victorialis populations in this region were primarily found in the undergrowth at elevations above 500 m and within specific ranges of air temperature, air relative humidity, soil temperature, and soil water content. Among the habitat factors investigated, canopy density significantly affected several nutritional components of A. victorialis; however, elevation had a significant effect only on the total flavonoid content, and the vitamin C content was not strongly associated with the main habitat factors in this study. During germplasm selection and artificial cultivation, it is important to simulate the growth conditions of the original habitat. Our results provide useful information for site selection and environmental condition optimization for the artificial cultivation of A. victorialis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malabar spinach (Basella alba), amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) are leafy vegetables found in Southwest China. The variation of chlorophyll, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, total flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity was studied in the leaves and stems of the three vegetables. The content of main health-promoting compounds and the antioxidant capacity in the leaves were higher than that in the stems, indicating that the leaves of the three vegetables possess greater nutritional value. The trend of total flavonoids in all three vegetables was similar to the trend of antioxidant capacity, suggesting that the total flavonoids may be the major antioxidants wihin these vegetables. Eight individual phenolic compounds were detected in three different vegetables. The most abundant levels of individual phenolic compounds in the leaves and stems of malabar spinach, amaranth, and sweet potato were 6′-O-feruloyl-d-sucrose (9.04 and 2.03 mg g−1 DW), hydroxyferulic acid (10.14 and 0.73 mg g−1 DW), and isorhamnetin-7-O-glucoside (34.93 and 6.76 mg g−1 DW), respectively. Sweet potato exhibited a higher total and individual phenolic compound content compared to malabar spinach and amaranth. Overall, the results demonstrate that the three leafy vegetables possess high nutritional value, and could be used not only for consumption but also in various other fields, including medicine and chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakchoi (Brassica campestris ssp. Chinensis) is a leafy vegetable which has been widely cultivated and consumed worldwide due to its low calorific value, a large supply of macro and micronutrients, beneficial phytochemicals and fibers. Amino acids have a vital role in plant nutrition; however, the effect of glycine and nitrate (Gly/NO3-N) on health-promoting phytochemicals, biomass, and antioxidant activities has gained a little attention. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of glycine and nitrate on health-promoting phytochemicals and yield/biomass of pakchoi. Glycine and nitrate were employed in different proportions (control, Gly/NO3-N = 3:1, Gly/NO3-N = 1:1, and Gly/NO3-N = 1:3 in the Venlo greenhouse, Shanghai Jiao Tong university, China. Results showed that compared to control, the treatment with Gly/NO3-N notably increased the secondary metabolites like polyphenols, flavonoids, glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), antioxidant potential (FRAP and DPPH value), and biomass in pakchoi plants. The contents of all antioxidants were high under the treatment of Gly/NO3-N（1:1). Interestingly, the contents of flavonoids were significantly enhanced (107.10%) by Gly/NO3-N = 1:1 than control plants. Furthermore, the content of Phe increased by 33.79%-86.32%, and also the activity of catabolic enzymes (CHI, CHS, C4H, and PAL) of the polyphenols pathway was found to be significantly enhanced while the activity of 4CL and DFR was restrained by the treatment of Gly/NO3-N, compared with control plants. In addition, the correlation analysis of polyphenols and flavonoids with Phe, PAL, C4H, CHS, and CHI showed a positive correlation, while a negative correlation was found in the case of 4CL and DFR. Taken together, the current findings suggest that the application of Gly/NO3-N enhanced polyphenols metabolism as well as increased the total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity. Consequently, this combination of glycine and nitrate could be used to promote beneficial phytochemicals and yield/biomass of pakchoi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Junzao is one of the plant varieties in the Rhamnaceae family rich in nutrients with a variety of medicinal uses. However, the fresh dates are prone to water loss, softening, and rot during storage and transportation from the primary production area of jujube in Xinjiang in western China. More than 95% of dates are used for drying, due to the fresh loss. However, it is still lacking in the strict technical protocol of the traditional baking house under the uneven production standard, leading to the hardening and browning of Junzao in the drying process. In this study, the multi-stage variable temperature drying was optimized to evaluate the quality of Junzao fruits. Firstly, five models of drying kinetics were selected to fit the drying curve. The statistical parameters (such as coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE)) were selected to determine the applicability of the model. It was found that the Page model was better fitted. The moisture content of Junzao fruit gradually decreased with the extension of drying time. Secondly, the single-factor experiments were conducted with the pre-temperature, pre-term moisture conversion point, mid-temperature, mid-term moisture conversion point, and post-temperature as the single factors. Good taste and visual sensation, the sugar-acid ratio, and the internal browning were selected as indicators for the single-factor experiment. An excellent taste of jujube was achieved to reduce the browning of the flesh. The test factors were then determined as the pre-temperature (40, 45, and 50 °C), mid-term moisture conversion point (16.5%, 17.0%, and 17.5%), and post-temperature (45, 50, and 55 °C). As such, the response surface test was conducted with the sugar-acid ratio and internal browning as the response values. The results showed that the optimal process parameters were: 45 °C for the pre-temperature, 17.0% for the mid-term moisture conversion point, and 49 °C for the post-temperature. A comparison was made with the constant temperature (60 °C) drying, in order to investigate the effects on the surface color, internal browning, chewiness, hardness, total sugar, titratable acid, sugar-acid ratio, antioxidant substances, and antioxidant properties of Junzao. The drying time was reduced by 13.2% during variable temperature drying, compared with constant one. The total sugar, titratable acid, surface color, internal browning, chewiness, and hardness were reduced by 10.3%, 16.5%, 34.4%, 23%, 4.8%, and 15.1%, respectively, while the sugar-acid ratio, total phenolic, total flavonoids, ascorbic acid content, and antioxidant capacity increased by 7.4%, 1.18 g/kg, 0.08 g/kg, 0.6 g/kg, and 2.6 μmol/g, respectively. The multi-stage variable temperature drying was adopted to make the internal and external temperature uniform, and then greatly reduce the crusting on the surface of Junzao, compared with the constant temperature drying. The drying time was shortened to reduce the nutrient loss caused by high temperature. Therefore, the multi-stage variable temperature drying with low carbon and environmental protection can be expected to greatly improve the drying efficiency and quality. The finding can greatly contribute to promoting the application of variable temperature drying technology for Junzao. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycium barbarum L. is a species widely used in dietary supplements and natural healthcare products. The berries, also known as goji or wolfberries, mostly grow in China, but recent reports on their outstanding bioactive properties have increased their popularity and cultivation around the world. Goji berries are a remarkable source of phenolic compounds (such as phenolic acids and flavonoids), carotenoids, organic acids, carbohydrates (fructose and glucose), and vitamins (ascorbic acid). Several biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, and anticancer activities, have been associated with its consumption. Hence, goji berries were highlighted as an excellent source of functional ingredients with promising applications in food and nutraceutical fields. This review aims to summarize the phytochemical composition and biological activities, along with various industrial applications, of L. barbarum berries. Simultaneously, the valorization of goji berries by-products, with its associated economic advantages, will be emphasized and explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the nutritional value characteristics and development and utilization direction of different parts of the rare karst plant Malania oleifera,, the mature fruits, leaf, branch bark and bark of M. oleifera collected from Jiaole Tiankeng, Bama County, Hechi City, Guangxi were used as materials in this study. The types and contents of essential nutrients, amino acids and minerals in different parts of M. oleifera were determined by the national standard analysis method of food nutrients in China, and the nutritional values of amino acids in different parts were evaluated. The results were as follows:(1)In terms of essential nutrients, except for naphtha, there were extremely significant differences in the contents of the remaining six essential nutrients among five parts(P<0.01). The ash content of peel was higher than those in other parts, which was 5.7 g·(100 g)-1. The contents of crude fat and protein in kernel were higher than those in other parts, which were 36.0 and 14.0 g·(100 g)-1 respectively. The content of vitamin C in leaf was higher than those in other parts, which was 33.9 mg·(100 g)-1. The content of crude fiber in branch bark was higher than those in other parts, which was 40.5 g·(100 g)-1. The content of carbohydrate in bark was higher than those in other parts, which was 78.6 g·(100 g)-1. Naphtha was detected only in kernel and leaf, with the contents of 0.26 and 0.15 mL·(100 g)-1 respectively.(2)A total of 16 amino acids were detected in the five parts of M. oleifera, including seven essential amino acids. The total numbers of amino acids and essential amino acids of kernel were much higher than those of other parts. In terms of amino acid nutritional value, the nutritional value of kernel and peel were higher than other parts, followed by leaf, branch bark and bark, and the essential amino acid ratio coefficient score(SRC)was 62.98, 59.40, 57.31, 52.25, 48.17, respectively.(3)In terms of macroelements, the highest content of major elements in kernel, peel and leaf was K, the highest contents of major elements in branch bark and bark were Ca, and the contents of Na in five parts of M. oleifera were the lowest. In terms of microelements, the contents of Mn and Fe in five parts of M. oleifera were higher than others. The content of Mn in kernel was the highest, and the content of Fe in branch bark was the highest. In conclusion, the kernel has the highest nutritional value, and other parts also have unique development and utilization potential, which can be effectively and accurately developed and utilized according to the different value characteristics of different parts. The results of this study provide scientific basis and theoretical support for the development and utilization of M. oleifera products in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: With the development of the pepper industry and the increasing number of people who prefer spicy peppers, consumers' demands for high‐quality peppers have increased. Nine pepper cultivars from Guizhou province, China were collected and their colour, physicochemical and microbiological indices and bioactive components were analysed and evaluated. Six phenolic compounds and eight carotenoids were determined using HPLC and UPLC, respectively. The nine peppers showed significant colour variability and could be divided into two main categories, red and yellow. In addition, the peppers also differed in physicochemical and microbiological indicators. The capsaicin content ranged from 0.35 mg/g for X63 to 1.64 mg/g for the SH variety. In terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and vitamin C (VC) content, SH was the highest, followed by HMPC‐20 and X63 cultivars. Catechin and capsanthin were the main phenolic compounds and carotenoids with levels of 192.21–384.73 μg/g and 42.88–69.94 μg/g, respectively. Overall, SH pepper was significantly better than the other eight samples. This study provides guidance and reference for the selection of optimal pepper raw materials for in‐depth development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fraxinus mandshurica is one of the precious tree species in northeast China and has important economic and ecological value. Ascorbic acid (ASA) is a strong antioxidant that can significantly improve plant photosynthetic efficiency and stress resistance and participate widely in plant growth and development. In this study, we investigated the development process of mature zygotic embryos of F. mandshurica under different concentrations of ASA and found that 100 mg·L−1 exogenous ASA was the optimal concentration and that the induction rate of somatic embryos (SEs) was the highest at 72.89%, which was 7.13 times higher than that of the control group. The polyphenol content, peroxidase (POD) activity, nitric oxide (NO) content, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, total ascorbic acid (T-ASA) content, ASA content, ASA/Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) ratio, GSH/GSSG ratio, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity were significantly increased under the application of exogenous ASA in explants, whereas the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity were decreased. At the same time, the content of T-ASA and ASA, T-GSH and GSSG, and PAL and SOD had the same change pattern in the control group and the treatment group. These results suggested that high or low concentrations of ASA could not promote the somatic embryogenesis of F. mandshurica and that exogenous ASA had significant effects on the physiology of F. mandshurica explants. ASA was also highly related to somatic embryogenesis and the explant browning of F. mandshurica. Our results could provide a reference for further study on the browning mechanism of F. mandshurica explants and lay the foundation for optimizing the condition of somatic embryogenesis in F. mandshurica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a global health concern affecting one‐third of the world's population, particularly those dominated by plant‐based food. Fortifying staple foods with iron has been an effective strategy for preventing IDA. Pneumatophorus japonicus is an essential economic fish in China. Pneumatophorus japonicus dark meat is usually underutilized as a byproduct, though it contains bounteous nutrients, including heme iron (10.50 mg/100 g). This study aimed to investigate the iron bioavailability of P. japonicus dark meat and to evaluate its potential as an iron fortifier for whole‐wheat flour, a typical staple food, using an in vitro digestion/Caco‐2 cell culture system. Our results suggested the excellent iron bioavailability of P. japonicus dark meat in comparison with beef (a heme dietary iron reference), whole‐wheat flour (a non‐heme dietary iron reference), and FeSO4 (a conventional iron supplement). The addition of P. japonicus dark meat notably enhanced iron solubility, bioavailability, and protein digestibility of whole‐wheat flour. The flour‐dark meat mixture yielded 1.96 times the iron bioavailability compared to beef per gram. The iron bioavailability was further improved by adding vitamin C, a commonly used dietary factor, at the Vc/iron mass ratio of 2:100‐5:100. Our findings reveal the promise of P. japonicus dark meat as a significant source of bioavailable iron, providing a basis for developing fish byproducts as alternatives for iron supplementation. Practical Application: This study investigated the iron bioavailability of Pneumatophorus japonicus meat using in vitro digestion/Caco‐2 cell culture system. These results could be used to improve the utilization of Pneumatophorus japonicus byproduct (dark meat) and develop the potential of the byproduct as an iron fortifier for whole‐wheat flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinidiaceae, an economically important plant family, includes the Actinidia, Clematoclethra and Saurauia genus. Kiwifruit, with remarkably high vitamin C content, is an endemic species widely distributed in China with high economic value. Although many Actinidiaceae chloroplast genomes have been reported, few complete mitogenomes of Actinidiaceae have been studied. Here, complete circular mitogenomes of the four kiwifruit species and Saurauia tristyla were assembled. Codon usage, sequence repeats, RNA editing, gene transfers, selective pressure, and phylogenetic relationships in the four kiwifruit species and S. tristyla were comparatively analyzed. This research will contribute to the study of phylogenetic relationships within Actiniaceae and molecular barcoding in kiwifruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cherry silverberry (Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb.) is a lesser-known plant species with high nutritional and therapeutic potential. Cherry silverberry contains numerous biologically active compounds. The cherry silverberry is a shrub growing up to 3 m. Its drupe-like fruit is ellipsoidal, up to 1 cm long, and set on stems. It is red in color, juicy, and sour, and its taste resembles that of red currants. According to the literature, cherry silverberry fruit contains carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids, as well as vitamin C, in addition to biominerals, polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and tocopherols, which contribute to its high nutritional value. New biotypes of cherry silverberry cultivated in Poland can be used for the production of functional foods and direct consumption. In China, the cherry silverberry, known as goumi, has been used as a medicinal plant and a natural remedy for cough, diarrhea, itch, foul sores, and, even, cancer. This review article summarizes the scant research findings on the nutritional and therapeutic benefits of cherry silverberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural producers in China are presently confronting the challenge of "white pollution" caused by the continuous expansion of plastic film area coverage. The main objective of this research is to address the increasing interest in the effects of film residual on tomato growth, yield, and quality under drip irrigation. To reveal the effects of film residual on tomato physiology, field trials were conducted with five levels of film residual treatment applied in two consecutive cropping seasons from 2019 to 2020. Soil water content, plant height, stem diameter, photosynthetic characteristics, yield, soluble sugar content (SSC), organic acid (OA), vitamin C (VC), and nitrate content (NC) were measured; furthermore, four analysis methods were used to assess the comprehensive tomato quality. The results showed that film residuals significantly affected soil water content in 2019 and 2020 and inhibited tomato plant height and stem diameter. The variations in photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance showed practically the same trend, increasing with an increase in the film residual at the seedling stage. The maximum yields were observed at 94.02 ton/hm2 and 84.44 ton/hm2 in 2019 and 2020, respectively, and tomato yield exhibited a shape reduction with increasing amounts of film residual in all years. SSC, VC, and NC showed an increasing trend with increasing amounts of film residual. The best tomato comprehensive quality was observed when the amount of film residual was lower than 200 kg/hm2 and declined with an increasing amount of film residual. Overall, the soil water content, tomato growth, and fruit quality changed significantly under the influence of film residual. These results not only deepen our understanding of the harm caused by film residual to tomato growth and fruit quality but also provide reasonable advice to establish a management system for residual pollution on cultivated land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylily is an edible flower in China. Daylily powder is prepared from the flowered or damaged by‐products during its processing, which accounts for 10% of the total amount. In order to optimize the drying methods, the powder properties, internal structure, nutrition, and color of daylily powder prepared by natural air drying (ND), hot air drying (HD), vacuum freeze‐drying (FD), and spray drying (SD) were studied and compared. The results showed that different drying methods had no effects on the internal structure of daylily powder. The diameter, bulk density, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, and resting angle of daylily powder treated by four drying methods were significantly different. The nutrient indexes and color of daylily powder were significantly changed after different drying methods. HD prepared daylily powder can keep higher total protein, total sugar, and vitamin C; ND and FD prepared daylily powder had higher amino acid content and better flavor retention, while SD prepared daylily powder had smaller particle size, larger specific surface area, lighter color, and strong water and oil retention, which is more favorable for its use as a food additive. Compared with the other three methods, SD has obvious advantages and can be used as the optimal drying technology of daylily powder. The development and utilization of the waste daylily resources could be improved by using the pulverizing technology. This paper provided theoretical and technical support for the full utilization of daylily resources. The purpose of the study was to grow the daylily industry chain, Putting discarded daylily to comprehensive use. Novelty impact statement: Powder processing is currently the best way to make full use of the abandoned damaged and flowered daylily resources and improves the added value.SD has obvious advantages and can be used as the optimal drying technology of daylily powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the dramatically rapid rate of aging worldwide, the maintenance of cognitive function in old age is a major public health priority. The association between total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of midlife diet and cognitive function in late life is still unclear.Method: The study included 16 703 participants from a prospective cohort study in Singapore. Dietary intakes and selected supplementary use were assessed with a validated 165-item food frequency questionnaire at baseline (1993-1998). Two dietary TACs were calculated from the intake of antioxidant nutrients: the Comprehensive Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) and the Vitamin C Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (VCEAC). Cognitive function was assessed 20.2 years later using a Singapore-modified version of the Mini-Mental State Examination when subjects were 61-96 years old. Cognitive impairment was defined using education-specific cutoffs. Multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to estimate the associations between dietary TACs, component nutrients, and cognitive impairment.Results: A total of 2 392 participants (14.3%) were defined to have cognitive impairment. Both CDAI and VCEAC scores were inversely associated with odds of cognitive impairment in a dose-dependent manner. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval; p-trend) comparing the highest with the lowest quartile was 0.84 (0.73, 0.96; p-trend = .003) for the CDAI and 0.75 (0.66, 0.86; p-trend < .001) for the VCEAC. Higher intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, and flavonoids were all inversely associated with cognitive impairment.Conclusions: Higher dietary TAC was associated with lower odds of cognitive impairment in later life in a Chinese population in Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root-knot nematode is one of the most serious causes of biotic stress that negatively affect tomato production in China. The robust methodology to overcome this problem is growing resistant cultivars. This study's core purpose is to identify new root-knot nematode (RKN) resistant tomato genotypes out of all 13 available under controlled environmental conditions. After nematode inoculation; morphological, biochemical, and molecular analysis were performed. We observed obvious phenotypic changes in plant height, root length, and root dry weight among all13 genotypes. In comparison with control, nematode infection caused significant halt in plant height in all susceptible genotypes. Three genotypes M3, M7, and M11 were recorded with the lowest values of root gall index and reproduction index. These three genotypes displayed the significantly highest level of resistance compounds; total phenol, ortho-dihydroxy phenol, IAA oxidase, chlorogenic acid, and ascorbic acid contents as compared to the susceptible M82 genotype. Following six molecular markers Mint-1, C&B, TG180, REX-1, JB-1, and Mi23were employed to amplify Mi-genes. Only Mint-1marker successfully amplified a 622bp fragment in M3, M7, and M11genotypes. These findings proved that M3, M7, and M11 harbour root-knot nematode resistance gene Mi 1.1. So, we recommend only M3, M7, and M11 genotypes of tomato for future cultivation to avoid losses caused by RKN infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Improving potato productivity and quality plays an important role in enhancing global food security and human health. However, inappropriate fertilizer management negatively affects potato growth and tuber development, especially in developing countries where there are large numbers of smallholders without modern soil testing equipment. Nutrient Expert (NE), a new and convenient fertilization decision system, was evaluated in the present study by conducting four site‐years field experiments in Northeast China, aiming to determine its effectiveness and applicability for potato production relative to local farmers' practice (FP) and fertilizer recommendation based on soil testing (ST). RESULTS: The excessive fertilization at planting promoted seedling growth for potato plants in FP. Nevertheless, superior plant growth and tuber development were observed in NE at the middle and later growing stages, by optimizing fertilizer input and implementing split fertilization. Overall, compared to FP, the NE system increased total and marketable tuber yields by 12–15% and 16–26%, respectively, at the same time as obtaining 19–31% higher net returns and enhanced fertilizer use efficiencies. Moreover, NE improved tuber quality by increasing the contents of starch, soluble protein and vitamin C and decreasing reducing sugar content relative to FP, as well as increasing starch yields by 23–52%. The ST method also showed comprehensive improvements in potato performances compared to FP, although it did not show any advantages compared to NE system. CONCLUSION: The NE system improved potato productivity and tuber quality by optimizing fertilization management, which is an effective and promising alternative to the ST method for potato production in China and other developing countries. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ottelia acuminata (O. acuminata) is an edible and medicinal submerged plant endemic to southwestern China, yet there is little information available concerning its nutritional or bio-active composition. This study aimed to evaluate in detail the nutritional profile and phenolic composition of O. acuminata (inflorescence, peduncle, and leaf) and investigate a protective activity in phenolic extracts on DNA damage induced by •OH and ROO• radicals. O. acuminata was excellent sources of protein (17.7–24 g/100 g DW), TPC (11.43–19.00 mg GAE/g DW), ascorbic acid, and minerals (especially potassium, calcium, and iron). Interestingly, the protein contained a high amount of EAA with a ratio (EAA11/TAA) in the range of 47.79–50.93%, BCAA and MSG-like AA. The inflorescences and leaves of O. acuminata contained abundant UFA with a ratio of UFA/TFA more than 50%. Five phenolic compounds, with a predominance of luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside and chlorogenic acid, were identified by HPLC. Phenolic extracts of O. acuminata displayed a significant protective effect on DNA damage, which effect was comparable to that of the positive control (trolox). It was concluded that O. acuminata is an excellent vegetable with a high nutritional value and a great potential as a natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision and efficient management of organic substitution fertilization is crucial in balancing soil health, environmental risks, and economic benefits for intensive crop cultivation. However, effectively determining the optimal organic substitution ratio in vegetable production remains uncertain and still relatively unexplored. We conducted a five-year vegetable field experiment and established four nitrogen-equivalent fertilization treatments: mineral fertilizer alone, and organic fertilizer substituting a quarter, half, and entirety of the mineral nitrogen. Employing a specialized multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, our study assessed impacts of different organic substitution ratios on soil qualities, microbial diversity, vegetable yield and quality, environmental risks, and economic benefits in sustainable vegetable production of eastern China. Our results showed that the 50% organic substitution was optimal, significantly improving soil qualities and microbial characteristics, particularly in the topsoil layer. Compared to the control, this approach significantly reduced methane by 6.6–48.3%, nitrous oxide by 49.5–79.1%, and nitric oxide by 36.5–50.0%, while enhancing vegetable yield by 16.0–28.3% and its five-year average stability as well as quality as evidenced by increased protein, soluble sugar, and vitamin C contents. Economic analysis revealed that while it maximized environmental benefits, complete organic substitution did not consistently yield positive economic returns. In contrast, a 50% substitution ratio was identified as the most economically viable, representing a sustainable compromise that balances environmental health with economic feasibility. Further modeling analysis indicated an optimal comprehensive range between 42.9% and 64.5% for achieving the best balance of multiple objectives in vegetable fields. The study underscores the intricate organic substitution effects on intensive vegetable production, highlighting the necessity for tailored organic substitution strategies that integrate environmental sustainability with agricultural productivity and economic practicality. [Display omitted] ● Organic substitution assessed by field measures and multi-level fuzzy comprehensive model ● Organic substitution enhanced soil health, vegetable quality, and economic benefits ● Half organic substitution improved yield stability, soil qualities, income, and environments ● 42.9%-64.5% was recommended as organic substitution ratio for sustainable vegetable production [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A one-step fermentation system was established in P. putida KT2440. • Enhanced electron transport efficiency increased the 2-KGA production. • The provision of a stable catalytic environment can enhance 2-KGA production. • Multi-strategy leads to a 15.48-fold enhancement in one-step fermentation. 2-KGA, a precursor for the synthesis of Vitamin C, is currently produced in China utilizing the "two-step fermentation" technique. Nevertheless, this method exhibits many inherent constraints. This study presents a comprehensive metabolic engineering strategy to establish and optimize a one-step 2-KGA fermentation process from D-sorbitol in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. In general, the endogenous promoters were screened to identify promoter P1 for subsequent heterologous gene expression in KT2440. Following the screening and confirmation of suitable heterologous gene elements such as sldh , sdh , cytc 551, pqq AB, and irr E, genetic recombination was performed in KT2440. In comparison to the initial achievement of expressing only sldh and sdh in KT2440, a yield of merely 0.42 g/L was obtained. However, by implementing four metabolic engineering strategies, the recombinant strain KT20 exhibited a significant enhancement in its ability to produce 2-KGA with a remarkable yield of up to 6.5 g/L – representing an impressive 15.48-fold improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnant women was associated with increased risks of both maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of IDA and identify the associated factors of IDA among pregnancy woman in Fuyang, China. The cross-sectional study was carried out in 789 pregnant women using simple random sampling method living in Fuyang, China from August 2017 to May 2018. Overall, the prevalence of IDA was 39.8%. 1-unit increment in maternal age was associated with a 5% increased risk of IDA, and 1-unit increased in BMI was associated with a 6% decreased risk of IDA (all P <.01). When compared with exercise for <30 minutes, 30–60 minutes of daily exercise was associated with a lower risk of IDA (P =.02). Similarly, when compared with a low frequency intake of iron-rich food, intake≥once/week was associated with a lower risk of IDA (P <.0001). However, vitamin C-rich food intake ≥twice/day was associated with a higher risk of IDA (P =.01) and a normal or bad appetite increased the risk of IDA when compared with a good appetite (P <.01). Our findings suggested that high frequency of iron-rich food intake, good appetite, and moderate physical activity were important for the prevention of IDA during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kiwi berry (Actinidia arguta) is a new product on the market that expanding worldwide acceptance and consumption. This widespread interest has created an increasing demand to identify the nutritional and health benefits of kiwi berry. Many studies are being actively conducted to investigate the composition and health‐promoting effects of kiwi berry. In this study, the phytochemical content of free and bound fractions of eight kiwi berry varieties were systematically investigated in order to better understand the potential of this superfood crop. Nine phenolic monomers were identified and quantified by ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography‐PAD. Antioxidant activity was further determined via peroxyl radical scavenging capacity and cellular antioxidant activity assays. The free extracts had higher phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities than the corresponding bound extracts among the eight kiwi berry varieties. Bivariate Pearson's and multivariate correlation analyses showed that antioxidant activities were most related to the total phenolic, flavonoid, vitamin C, and phenolic acids contents. The results provide a theoretical basis for the selection of kiwi berry varieties and the utilization of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The beneficial effects of the fruit of Lycium rhutenicum (black goji) have been linked to their polyphenolic profile. OBJECTIVE: Systematic examination of the extraction efficiency of polyphenols from cultivated black goji from Macedonia was carried out using 25 different solvent mixtures containing methanol, acetone or water combined with different acids (hydrochloric, acetic, citric and ascorbic acid). METHODS: An HPLC/DAD/MSn method was used for identification and quantification of phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins and also spermines and spermidines. RESULTS: The extraction solvent composition was found to have a significant effect on the yield of total as well as specific polyphenols. Pure methanol was found to be more efficient solvent for extraction of total phenolic compounds than pure water or acetone. Ascorbic acid in methanol (2%, m/v) was found to be the most efficient extraction solvent for total phenolic compounds. Aqueous solutions of citric and ascorbic acid gave the highest yield of phenolic acids, spermidines and flavonoids. The anthocyanin content in these extracts was somewhat lower in comparison with the one obtained with methanol/water/ascorbic acid (70 : 28 : 2). The qualitative analysis of the fruits cultivated in Macedonia showed similar polyphenolic pattern and anthocyanin content to the native plant growing in China. CONCLUSIONS: Citric and ascorbic acid can be used as alternative acid components in the extraction mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paeonia lactiflora Pall. "Zhongjiang" is one of the four major medicinal P. lactiflora plants in China. In this research, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–diode array detector (DAD)–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry method was established to identify various components in the extracts of P. lactiflora " Zhongjiang" (root extract or RE, stem and leaf extract or SLE and flower extract or FE). A total of 40 compounds, including 19 monoterpenoid glycosides, five tannins, 10 phenolic acids and their esters, and six other compounds, were determined or temporarily inferred from RE (35 species), SLE (20 species) and FE (15 species). Antioxidant evaluation indicates among the monomer compounds, catechin, gallic acid and ethyl gallate showed strong antioxidant activity close to vitamin C, ascorbic acid (Vc). Paeoniflorin, albiflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin and 6′- O -benzoylalbiflorin had certain antioxidant activities, which were much lower than Vc. Furthermore, 19, 15 and 15 antioxidant-reactive components were screened from RE, SLE and FE by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)–HPLC test results. Results indicated that the ethanol extracts of P. lactiflora "Zhongjiang" had strong antioxidant activity, and the antioxidant active material basis was mainly composed of phenolic acids and gallic acid tannins. The main components of P. lactiflora "Zhongjiang", monoterpenoid glycosides, had weak antioxidant capacity. Paeonia lactiflora stems, leaves and flowers were good sources of antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common cancers in economically developed countries and developing world. While dietary factors are associated with risk of CRC in the West and urban China, little is known about risk or protective factors in rural China. Methods: The Linxian General Population Nutrition Intervention Trial (NIT) cohort was established over 30 years ago to test whether daily multivitamin/mineral supplements could reduce the incidence and mortality of esophageal/gastric cardia cancer. The cohort included a total of 29,553 healthy participants 40–69 years old who were randomly assigned to supplements or placebos via a 24 fractional factorial study design. We examined risk factors for the development of CRC as well as the effects of four different nutritional factors (Factor A: retinol, zinc; B: riboflavin, niacin; C: ascorbic acid, molybdenum; D: selenium, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene,) on CRC incidence following 5.25 years of supplementation in this randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial. Results: CRC risk increased with age and height as well as piped water usage, family history of CRC, and consumption of foods cooked in oil, eggs, and fresh fruits. No effect on CRC was seen for any of these four intervention factors tested in both genders, but CRC was reduced 37% in females who received Factor D (selenium/alpha-tocopherol/beta-carotene) (RR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.43–0.92, P = 0.016) compared to females who did not receive Factor D. Conclusions: In this undernourished rural Chinese population, CRC risk factors in this Chinese cohort showed both similarities and differences compared to Western and urban Asian Chinese populations. Intervention results suggested a potential benefit for women supplemented with selenium/alpha-tocopherol/beta-carotene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ventilation and soil moisture influence greenhouse cultivation. Experiments were conducted at Xinxiang Irrigation Research Base of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Province, China, to identify how ventilation and irrigation affected the greenhouse microenvironment. To develop ventilation and irrigation protocols that increase crop yield and improve the quality of drip-irrigated tomatoes grown in the greenhouse, three ventilation modes (T1, T2, and T3) were developed by opening vents in different locations in a completely randomized pattern. T1 had open vents on the north wall and roof of the greenhouse. T2 had open vents on the north and south walls and the roof. T3 had open vents on the north and south walls. Three irrigation treatments (W1, W2, and W3) were designed based on the accumulated water surface evaporation (Ep) of a standard 20-cm evaporation pan. The irrigation quantities were 0.93Ep (W1), 0.73Ep (W2), and 0.53Ep (W3). The spatial and temporal distributions of temperature and humidity were analyzed for different combinations of ventilation and irrigation to identify their effects on tomato yield and fruit quality. Major results were as follows: 1) In addition to solar radiation, ventilation had an important influence on Ep and, on a daily scale, ventilation had a significant effect on Ep (P < 0.05). 2) Ventilation had a significant effect on indoor wind speed, but the effect varied during different growth stages. During the flowering and fruit setting stage, wind speed for T2 significantly differed from those of T1 and T3 (P < 0.01). During the harvest stage, the three ventilation treatments had significantly different effects (P < 0.01). A correlation analysis showed high correlation between T2 wind speed and T3 wind speed (R = 0.831), but low correlation between T2 wind speed and T1 wind speed (R = 0.467). 3) The effect of ventilation on greenhouse humidity and temperature was greater than the effect of irrigation. The differences in air temperature among various combined treatments of ventilation and irrigation were significant for the flowering and fruiting stages (P < 0.05), but they were not significant for the late harvest stage (P > 0.05). There were significant differences in humidity on sunny days (P < 0.01), but no significant differences on cloudy or rainy days (P > 0.05). Air temperature at 2 m was greater than canopy temperature, but humidity at 2 m was less than that at canopy level. 4) Irrigation water quantity was positively correlated with tomato yield and negatively correlated with the fruit quality indicators total soluble solids, vitamin C content, organic acid content, and soluble sugars content. Ventilation had an effect primarily during the harvest period; it had no significant effect on yield (P > 0.05). However, it had a significant effect on vitamin C content and the sugar:acid ratio (P < 0.01). The combination treatment of T2W2 is recommended as the optimal treatment for greenhouse tomatoes using drip irrigation to produce an optimal combination of crop yield and fruit quality. This study provides theoretical and technical support for the improvement of greenhouse climate control by optimizing greenhouse ventilation and irrigation techniques to promote tomato yield and improve fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Goji berry has been used for thousand years inTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in China and other Asian countries as foods to promote health and as drugs to treat diseases. It has been claimed this important medicinal crop is the good source of compounds with valuable nutritional and bioactive properties which can also provide industrial sustainability in organic life. Materials and Methods: All relevant papers in English language were collected. The keywords of wolfberry, goji berry, Chinese herbalism and western Medicine were searched in Google Scholar, Scopus, Research Gate and PubMed. Results: Besides its uses in food and culinary, wolfberry has long played important roles in TCM where they are believed to enhance immune system function, improve eyesight, protect liver, boost sperm production and improve circulation, among other effects. TCM calls for wolfberry to be prepared as a decoction or ground into a powder and mixed with other herbs. Additionally, Gojiberry is rich in ascorbic acid, thiamine and riboflavin. Moreover, Gojiberrycontains carbohydrates, organic acids, and so many minerals like potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, calcium, zinc and selenium. Conclusion: This review article allowed verifying that wolfberry as asource of compounds with valuable nutritional and bioactive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Magnesium (Mg) fertilization is a promising practice to improve vegetable yield. However, its impacts on vegetable quality and human health have not been examined. Thus, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of varying Mg fertilization rates on yield and quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit. Furthermore, result of the field experiment was linked to pepper consumption data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in the disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) framework to evaluate the potential health impact of Mg fertilization for the first time. RESULTS: Compared to control, Mg fertilization increased the 2‐year average pepper yield by 25.6%, whereas there was no significant yield improvement when Mg rates exceeded 112.5 kg MgO ha−1. Magnesium application increased concentrations of Mg and capsaicinoids, decreased those of calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn) and vitamin C (Vc), and had no effect on potassium (K) and iron (Fe) in pepper fruit. As a result, Mg fertilization decreased the comprehensive nutrition level of pepper by 16.6%. Furthermore, the current health burden of the Chinese adult population associated with pepper consumption is estimated at 21.3 million DALYs per year, with the risk being increased by 5.40 DALYs for per megagram of Mg fertilizer application. Increasing health risk was mainly attributed to decreasing concentrations of Ca and Vc in pepper fruit, though the increased Mg intakes offset the impact of 1.74% to 14.4%. CONCLUSION: Magnesium fertilization significantly improved the yield but reduced nutritional quality of pepper fruit, and increased human health risks associated with consumption of pepper fruit. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to obtain an optimal nutrient solution formula of cucumber for substrate cultivation based on the comprehensive evaluation of cucumber yield, quality and fertilizer use efficiency. The concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were designed by a five-level (1/2) quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design method to obtain a total 23 treatments. The experiment was carried out in Yangling, Shaanxi of China (34°28′N, 108°07′E) from March 22 to July 10, 2018. The cucumber ‘Bonai 526’ was planted in substrate bags. The substrate had the organic matter content of 185.42 g/kg, the pH value of 7.28, and the electrical conductivity of 2.05 mS/cm. During the experiments, the cucumber yield was determined. The quality indexes including soluble protein, vitamin C and total soluble sugar content, organic acid and nitrate content were measured. The comprehensive evaluation score of cucumber yield and quality was calculated by a linear weighted model and then its relationship with concentrations of four elements was fitted by a quadratic regression model. The effect of two and three factors on the comprehensive score of cucumber yield and quality were analyzed. Subsequently, a multi-objective optimization model and a genetic algorithm were used to obtain the optimal nutrient solution formula. The results showed that the optimal treatments were different based on different yield and quality indexes, indicating that the comprehensive evaluation is necessary. Comprehensive evaluation scores of the 23 treatments were obtained and used for ranking. Different treatments of solution formula had significant effects on the comprehensive evaluation scores of cucumber yield and quality. A model was established to describe the relationship between of comprehensive evaluation scores of cucumber yield and quality and the coding levels of N, K, Ca and Mg (R2 =0.99, P<0.001). From the model, the coupling effects of four elements on comprehensive evaluation scores were explored and the results showed that the coupling effects of N and K, and N and Ca on the comprehensive evaluation scores of cucumber yield and quality was significant (P<0.05)．The interaction between N and Ca coupling had a positive effect, whilst the interaction between N and K coupling had a negative effect. Similarly, the element use efficiency models of the four elements were also established with the R2 values between 0.710 and 0.944. The multi-objective optimization model and genetic algorithm evaluation method suggested that the optimal combination of N, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in nutrient solution was 14.83, 6.89, 3.55 and 4.17 mmol/L, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the comprehensive scores of optimal cucumber yield and quality were 38.52×10-3 while the comprehensive scores of element use efficiency of N, K and Ca were 55.09%, 63.77% and 30.55%, respectively. The optimal nutrient solution formula was better than the commonly used Japanese Yamazaki cucumber special formula. The cucumber yield per plant, soluble protein, vitamin C and total soluble sugar content of the former were 21.07%, 40.91%, 53.33% and 11.48% higher than those obtained by the latter, while the organic acid and nitrate content of the former were significantly lower than those of the latter by 4.67% and 16.78%, respectively. The findings provide an insightful guidance for high yield and quality of substrate-cultivated cucumber production, and further for the scientific management of nutrient solution in cucumber farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • An unrecorded wild edible mushroom Lactarius hatsudake was identified. • Comparative analysis was performed on the fruiting bodies and mycelial cultures. • Mycelial cultures have high contents of total carbohydrates, fat and protein. • Mycelial cultures could accumulate significantly higher contents of calcium. • Fruiting bodies may pose an aluminum risk but mycelial cultures are risk-free. • Aqueous extracts of mycelial cultures demonstrate a strong antioxidant capacity. • Mycelial cultures of L. hatsudake are good materials to be applied in food industry. An unrecorded wild mushroom Lactarius hatsudake from Nanyue mountainous region in China was identified. Subsequently, comparative investigation on the nutritional value, elemental bioaccumulation, and antioxidant activity was performed in the fruiting body (FB) and mycelium (MY) samples of this species. It revealed that the contents of moisture (87.66 ± 0.16 g/100 g fw) and ash (6.97 ± 0.16 g/100 g dw) were significantly higher in FB, and the total carbohydrate, fat, and protein concentrations of FB were similar to those in MY. Among nutritionally important elements, FB possessed higher concentrations of potassium (37808.61 ± 1237.38 mg/kg dw), iron (470.69 ± 85.54 mg/kg dw), and zinc (136.13 ± 5.16 mg/kg dw), whereas MY was a better source of magnesium (1481.76 ± 18.03 mg/kg dw), calcium (2203.87 ± 69.61 mg/kg dw), and sodium (277.44 ± 22.93 mg/kg dw). According to the health risk estimation, FB might pose an aluminum-related health problem when a prolonged period of exposure, while MY was risk-free for consumers. The results of antioxidant capacity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assays) in FB and MY were within the range of 104.19 ± 5.70 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g to 169.50 ± 4.94 mg AAE/g, and half maximal effective concentration EC50 values ranged from 0.23 ± 0.01 mg/mL to 0.62 ± 0.05 mg/mL. The aqueous extracts of MY demonstrated a strong ABTS radical scavenging capacity with the highest AAE value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehending crop responses to water deficit at different growth stages is crucial for developing effective irrigation strategies. Different water deficit treatments (WDTs) were applied to the kiwifruit vines to investigate the effect of water deficit during different growth stages on the fruit quality, yield, and water productivity (WP); subsequently, the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution method (TOPSIS) was employed to determine optimal treatments for kiwifruit cultivation. A total of 17 irrigation treatments were applied, including one control treatment (CTL, full irrigation) and four WDTs (denoted as D15%, D25%, D35%, and D45% respectively) during the bud burst to leafing (I), flowering to fruit set (II), fruit expansion (III), and fruit maturation (IV) stages. Results showed that WDTs during I, II, III, and IV decreased evapotranspiration (ET) over the whole growth period of kiwifruit vines by 1.2–3.8, 1.5–4.4, 4.7–14.3, and 6.9–21.3% compared with CTL, respectively. WDTs during stages I and II increased fruit volume (V f) and fruit weight (FW), while exhibiting no significant impact on yield, WP, and chemical quality of kiwifruit. WDTs during stage III improved fruit firmness (Fn), total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA); however, it also caused severe reduction in V f , FW, yield, and WP. Appropriate WDTs during stage IV significantly improved Fn, TSS, TA, vitamin C (Vc), and WP without compromising V f , FW, and yield of kiwifruit. The IV-D25% treatment was determined to be the optimal treatment for improving fruit quality and WP of kiwifruit while maintaining yield, which increased TSS, TA, Vc, and WP by 9.1, 6.1, 19.2, 4.6%, respectively; the combination of D25%, D25%, full irrigation, and D25% treatments during stages I, II, III, and IV should be a viable irrigation strategy to simultaneously achieve high yield, quality, and WP of kiwifruit. • Deficit drip irrigation significantly decreased ET of kiwifruit under rain-shelter cultivation. • Water deficit treatments (WDTs) during the early growth stage increased kiwifruit volume and weight. • WDTs at fruit expansion stage impaired yield and water productivity simultaneously. • WDTs at fruit maturation stage improved chemical quality and water productivity of kiwifruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Inappropriate disposal of herb residues in China has caused major problems for the immediate environment and to human safety. Here, three herb residues, compound Kushen injection (CKI), Qizhi Tongluo capsule (QTC), and Shenbai Shuxin capsule (SSC), were applied as substrates to corncob at various ratios (30:60, 45:45, and 60:30) for the propagation of the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. The effects of supplementation using herb residues on yield, biodegradation ability, bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties, and safety of P. ostreatus were assessed. RESULTS: Different spawn running times were observed using growth medium, whereas 45CKI, 60QTC, and 30SSC media were determined as optimal‐performing substrate combinations, resulting in yields of 843 g kg−1, 828 g kg−1, and 715 g kg−1 respectively. Biodegradation analysis of consumed substrates revealed a significant decrease in cellulose and hemicellulose levels compared with lignin. Furthermore, chemical analysis of fruiting bodies revealed that the 45CKI and 60QTC substrates resulted in higher total phenol, flavonoid, terpenoid, and vitamin C levels, but significantly reduced water‐soluble polysaccharides compared with the corncob medium. The methanol extract of fruiting bodies grown on substrates containing herb residues exhibited higher antioxidant properties than the control, as it was more effective in scavenging 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radicals, had greater reducing power, and more strongly inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, high‐performance liquid chromatography studies indicated that fruiting bodies did not generate matrine (a specific toxin produced in Kushen) when cultivated using the CKI substrate. CONCLUSIONS: P. ostreatus cultivation on substrates mixed with herb residues facilitates herb residue management as well as bioactivity‐rich and non‐toxic fruit body formation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the domestication and cultivation value of wild Actinidia eriantha germplasm resources in the mountainous areas of southern China, 145 genotypes collected in the Magu Mountain Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, were assessed for fruit quality. The results showed there was significant variation between genotypes in the sugar, dry matter, titratable acidity, soluble solids, carotenoid, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid contents of their fruit. Ascorbic acid content was positively correlated with titratable acidity, and there were pairwise positive correlations among the total sugar, dry matter and soluble solids contents. Cluster analysis showed that the resources of wild A. eriantha could be divided into six groups at a genetic distance of 1.486. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Hawthorn berry (Crataegus pinnatifida), approved as 'medicine food homology' fruit by China's National Health Commission, has been associated with positive effects on human health. In‐depth study of nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity can provide basic information on food value of Chinese organic frozen (OFHB)/freeze‐dried (OFDHB) hawthorn berries. Higher levels of dietary fibre, pectin, ascorbic acid, mineral and antioxidant capacity were found compared with some common fruits and other species hawthorn. Both OFHB and OFDHB samples have much higher content of potassium (1.02 × 104 and 9.73 × 103 mg kg−1) than sodium (54.23 and 42.31 mg kg−1). OFDHB had a more desirable ratio (2.68:1) of insoluble/soluble dietary fibre which is suitable for use as a food ingredient. Antioxidant capacity varied considerably depending on the part (peel > pulp) and reaching up to 577.5 µmol Trolox equivalent g−1. OFHB and OFDHB are excellent natural nutrient‐dense and antioxidant sources for dietary supplements and functional foods development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Huangguogan' (Citrus reticulata × C. sinensis) is a new cultivar of mandarin citrus in China, and the research on fertilization of 'Huangguogan' is very limited. In this study, the effect of N fertilization on 'Huangguogan' fruit quality was determined at ripening. Sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose), organic acids (pyruvic, oxalic, citric acid, etc.), and vitamin components were measured at six stages of fruit development, and eight enzymes related to the glycolytic and Krebs cycle were assessed. The 1.81 kg N y-1 treatment group showed the highest total soluble solids concentration and total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio but the lowest titratable acidity (acid content) at ripening, while the N1 treatment (0 kg N y-1) showed the opposite trend. Sucrose and citric acid accumulated to the largest extent during fruit development. Sucrose and ascorbic acid content increased (8.46 to 50.97 mg g-1 and 8.16 to 27.39 mg g-1, respectively), while citric acid content decreased (90.81 to 0.02 mg g-1). Aconitase was the key enzyme responsible for the observed changes in citric acid. The N concentrations in ripening fruit ranged from 2.25% to 4.15%. Curve estimation and principal component analysis revealed that fruit N was positively correlated with the sugars and vitamin components and negatively correlated with the organic acids. The accumulation of these metabolites seemed closely related to the dynamic changes in fruit N concentration at the five N levels tested. In conclusion, we suggest that the 1.81 kg N y-1 treatment represents the most suitable N fertilizer treatment for 'Huangguogan' citrus fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-oxidant refers to such a kind of endogenous or exogenous compound that is able to retard or even prohibit in vivo or in vitro oxidation with only small amount being used. The study of anti-oxidants starts nearly 30 years ago, and the research on this topic in China almost begins simultaneously with that in the world. Gratifyingly, contributions on anti-oxidants from China researchers have rapidly increased in the recent decade as anti-oxidants have become a hot topic in biochemistry, pharmacology, food science, chemistry as well as other related disciplines. Anti-oxidants provide a specific viewpoint for clarifying pharmacological effects of Chinese medicinal herbs. For example, as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is found to be a natural anti-oxidant resource. Meanwhile, some signaling pathways such as nuclear factor- κ B (NF- κ B), nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), and Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1) are regarded to play an important role in anti-oxidant responses. These findings provide a substantial basis for understanding the pharmacological behaviors of Chinese medicinal herbs in view of regulating the aforementioned signaling pathways. Moreover, inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by supplementation of anti-oxidant becomes a popularly accepted idea in keeping health and treating diseases. Isolations of antio-xidative ingredients from medicinal herbs and foods lead to set up a large range of anti-oxidative compound libraries, and intake of anti-oxidants from foods may be the most efficient way for supplementing exogenous anti-oxidants. On the other hand, designing anti-oxidants with novel structures motivates organic and medicinal chemists to explore the structure–activity relationship, and then, to find novel structural features with anti-oxidative properties. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that China researchers will donate more endeavors to obtain more achievements on anti-oxidants in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 1. Providing information on the potential application of Rosa roxburghii Tratt. • 2. A simple and rapid analysis technology to distinguish geographical origins of Rosa roxburghii Tratt. • 3. The SLDA discriminant model can achieve 100%. The study aimed to provide new information of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) for the production of functional foods and distinguish the geographical origins of RRT. The nutritional components of RRT from three regions in China, such as vitamin C, polysaccharides, total flavonoids, and total phenolics, and their antioxidant activities were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) combined with principal component analysis (PCA), stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA), k -nearest neighbor (k -NN), and support vector machine (SVM) were used to establish discriminant models to identify the geographical origin of RRT. The results of one-way ANOVA showed that the contents of some nutrients and antioxidant activity were significantly different among RRT from different regions and their FT-IR spectra also showed significant differences. The characteristic fingerprint bands of FT-IR (1679–1618 cm-1and 1520–900 cm−1) closely related to the geographical origins of RRT were screened out. Based on SLDA, a discriminant model was established to realize the classification and identification of RRT from different regions and the correct discrimination rate of the testing sample set obtained with the established model reached 100 %. Geographical factors caused the obvious differences in nutritional components and antioxidant activity in RRT. The characteristic fingerprint bands of RRT obtained with FT-IR could be used to identify the geographical origins of RRT more quickly and accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been used as a spice and a medicine for over 200 years in traditional Chinese medicine. Ginger is an important plant with several medicinal and nutritional values used in Asian and Chinese tradition medicine. Ginger and its general compounds such as Fe, Mg, Ca, vitamin C, flavonoids, phenolic compounds (gingerdiol, gingerol, gingerdione and shogaols), sesquiterpenes, paradols has long been used as an herbal medicine to treat various symptoms including vomiting, pain, cold symptoms and it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-tumor activities, anti-pyretic, anti-platelet, anti-tumourigenic, anti-hyperglycaemic, antioxidant anti-diabetic, anti-clotting and analgesic properties, cardiotonic, cytotoxic. It has been widely used for arthritis, cramps, sprains, sore throats, rheumatism, muscular aches, pains, vomiting, constipation, indigestion, hypertension, dementia, fever and infectious diseases. Ginger leaves have also been used for food flavouring and Asian traditional medicine especially in China. Ginger oil also used as food flavouring agent in soft drink, as spices in bakery products, in confectionary items, pickles, sauces and as a preservatives. Ginger is available in three forms, namely fresh root ginger, preserved ginger and dried ginger. The pharmacological activities of ginger were mainly attributed to its active phytocompounds 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, zingerone beside other phenolics and flavonoids. Gingerol and shogaol in particular, is known to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In both traditional Chinese medicine, and modern China, Ginger is used in about half of all herbal prescriptions. Traditional medicinal plants are often cheaper, locally available and easily consumable raw and as simple medicinal preparations. The obtained findings suggest potential of ginger extract as an additive in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulva prolifera, a type of marine macroalgae, is the causative species behind green tides mainly in the Yellow Sea and adjacent regions. Nevertheless, it can be used as food or animal feed in South China. The vegetative fragments of U. prolifera are an important seed source for successive green tide blooms. Fragmentation shortens the transition time from the vegetative state to the reproductive state. However, the translation of the algal metabolites during gametogenesis is far from well understood. In this study, the dynamic metabolic profiles of U. prolifera thallus during fragmentation-induced proliferation were investigated using non-targeted metabolomics approach via a series of time course experiments in June 2017. After a 30 min low temperature shock, fragmentation induced a reproductive response of 91.57% of U. prolifera in 48 h, whereas the value was only 21.43% in the control group. A total of 156 chromatographic peaks were detected, and 63 metabolites were significantly changed in U. prolifera during reproduction. Aanlysis of the kinetic metabolic pattern showed that the fragments not only induced the formation of sporangia, but also led to complex metabolite accumulation. During fragmentation-induced proliferation, U. prolifera consumed different sugars at different time points. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid, gallic acid, and malic acid may play important roles in germ cell formation and in the release of U. prolifera, whereas n-hexanol, 2-methyl-3-phenylindole, and 3-indoleacetonitrile may be beneficial for biotic stress resistance. Compared with the control group, in the treatment group, metabolites such as alcohols and organic acids also showed significant difference with the photoperiod at the initial stage of proliferation (before 60 h). In conclusion, changes in the levels of metabolites, including sugars, organic acids, and alcohol with photoperiod may be the strategy adopted by U. prolifera to cope with fragmentation in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three pomegranate clutivars (Tunisia soft seed, Taishanhong, and Qingpiruanzi) were used to evaluate their seed germination percentage, potential, germination time, and shoot growth indices along with antioxidant capacity, bioactive components (i.e., oil, crude fat, soluble sugar, protein, total phenolic and flavonoid, and Vitamin C (VC) content, and mineral element contents of their seeds and sprouts). 'Tunisia soft seed' exhibited the highest germination percentage (86.33%) and potential (39.33%) while 'Qingpiruanzi' had the shortest germination time (15d) and lowest rate (23.33%). Soluble sugar content of sprouts (16.93–25.81 mg/g) was 1–2-folds that of seeds (8.29–14.06 mg/g). The soluble protein content of seeds (102.05–161.37 mg/g) was 10-fold higher than that of sprouts (14.71–21.46 mg/g), while the VC content of sprout (29.11–32.83 mg/100g) was more than 10 times higher than that of seed (1.89–3.25 mg/100g). Oil content of three varieties's seeds ranged from 164.44 to 183.52 mg/g. Pomegranate seed oil contains 14 fatty acids, the most abundant of which is punicic acid (71.85–77.78%). Pomegranate seeds and sprouts are also rich in mineral elements (calcium 99.49–238.25 mg/100g) and magnesium (97.41–187.59 mg/100g). Total phenols (14.68–16.29 mg/g) and flavonoids (1.97–2.48 mg/g) content in sprouts were significantly higher than that of seeds (3.88–4.96 and 0.51–0.68 mg/g). Antioxidant capacity detected by ABTS and DPPH, FRAP assay was positively associated with total phenolic (ABTS: r = 0.946, DPPH: r = 0.977, FRAP: r = 0.985). These preliminary results were essential to investigate the possibilities of commercial natural health food utilization of pomegranate products in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe the nutritional and health attributes of kiwifruit and the benefits relating to improved nutritional status, digestive, immune and metabolic health. The review includes a brief history of green and gold varieties of kiwifruit from an ornamental curiosity from China in the 19th century to a crop of international economic importance in the 21st century; comparative data on their nutritional composition, particularly the high and distinctive amount of vitamin C; and an update on the latest available scientific evidence from well-designed and executed human studies on the multiple beneficial physiological effects.Of particular interest are the digestive benefits for healthy individuals as well as for those with constipation and other gastrointestinal disorders, including symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. The mechanisms of action behind the gastrointestinal effects, such as changes in faecal (stool) consistency, decrease in transit time and reduction of abdominal discomfort, relate to the water retention capacity of kiwifruit fibre, favourable changes in the human colonic microbial community and primary metabolites, as well as the naturally present proteolytic enzyme actinidin, which aids protein digestion both in the stomach and the small intestine. The effects of kiwifruit on metabolic markers of cardiovascular disease and diabetes are also investigated, including studies on glucose and insulin balance, bodyweight maintenance and energy homeostasis.Conclusions: The increased research data and growing consumer awareness of the health benefits of kiwifruit provide logical motivation for their regular consumption as part of a balanced diet. Kiwifruit should be considered as part of a natural and effective dietary strategy to tackle some of the major health and wellness concerns around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effects of soil water content threshold (SWCT) on kiwifruit quality depended on SWCT timing and degree. • SWCT of 55% field capacity (FC) increased fruit volume and fruit weight at bud burst to leafing stage. • SWCT of 65% FC elevated total soluble solids, soluble sugar and solid-acid ratio at fruit growth stage. • SWCT of 60% FC improved firmness, total soluble solids, soluble sugar, vitamin C and solid-acid ratio at fruit maturation stage. Fruit quality as affected by soil water content threshold levels (SWCT) at different growth stages remains largely elusive. Therefore, a drip irrigation experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of SWCT on kiwifruit quality at bud burst to leafing stage (stage I), flowering to fruit set stage (stage II), fruit growth stage (stage III) and fruit maturation stage (stage IV) during 2018 and 2019 in the humid area of southern China, respectively. The results showed that SWCT at stage I mainly affected fruit weight (Fw). I-55% treatment significantly elevated Fw by 11.6%-8.0% (P < 0.05). SWCT at stage II had little effect on fruit quality. SWCT at stage III influenced fruit volume (Fv) and chemical quality. Specifically, Fv was increased by 8.0%-2.2% under III-75% treatment, total soluble solids (TSS), soluble sugar (SS) and solids-acid ratio (SOAR) were increased by 9.4%-10.0% (P < 0.05), 2.4%-5.8% and 7.9%-10.6% (P < 0.05) under III-65% treatment, respectively. SWCT at stage IV impacted fruit firmness (Fn) and chemical quality. IV-60% treatment increased Fn, TSS, SS, VC and SOAR by 5.6%-10.5%, 12.0%-12.6% (P < 0.05), 6.6%-9.1% (P < 0.05), 2.1%-14.0% (P < 0.05), and 8.1%-8.3% (P < 0.05), respectively, which was beneficial to the improvement of nutritional value and taste, and also the storage and transportation of kiwifruit. Collectively, SWCT of 55% FC (field capacity) at stage I or 65% FC at stage III or 60% FC at stage IV was an effective measure to improve the kiwifruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]