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The technological innovation and strict environmental protocols in the highly developed regions have become the primary sources for foreign direct investment to move in the pollution haven economies. In this regard, this study attempted to identify the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the developing economies of the Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) region. For this reason, a dataset was obtained between 1995 and 2019. Chudik and Pesaran's (2015) latest dynamic common correlated effects (DCCE) technique is used because of its new features when integrating the problems of heterogeneity and structural breaks into panel data that are general and do not encompass much recent research in this context. According to the empirical outcomes, foreign direct investment is a source of pollution haven in this region. However, the moderating effect of institutional quality on foreign direct investment has been found negative for ecological footprint. It also found the threshold point where the foreign direct investment effect becomes negative on ecological footprint. Based on these empirical results, this research suggests that foreign direct investment strategy should be maintained in the presence of good institutional efficiency as it enhances the environment and promotes economic development., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Both mcr-1 phosphoethanolamine transferase enzymes and extended-spectrum β -lactamases (ESBLs) are the main plasmid-mediated mechanisms of resistance to colistin and third-generation cephalosporins, respectively, and currently considered a major concern to humans and food animals. Prevalence of mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli from dairy cattle has rarely been reported. Our objective was to determine prevalence and characteristics of mcr-1 carrying E. coli isolated from clinical mastitis cases in large dairy farms (>500 cows) in 16 provinces of China. A total of 249 E. coli was isolated from 2,038 mastitic milk samples. Among these isolates, 2.0% ( n  = 5) and 19.7% ( n  = 49) were colistin resistant mcr-1 -positive and ESBL-producing isolates, respectively. All mcr-1 -positive isolates that produced ESBLs also carried the bla CTX-M-15 gene and belonged to phylogroup-A. Most mcr-1 and bla CTX-M-15 genes were located on conjugative plasmids (IncP and IncF, respectively) that were successfully transferred to transconjugants in conjugation experiments. All mcr-1 -positive E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant, exhibiting resistance to common antimicrobials. Multilocus sequence typing of these mcr-1- carrying E. coli isolates revealed four sequence types, reflecting substantial diversity. Multilocus sequence analysis detected evolutionary connection of mcr- from mastitic milk samples collected on large dairy farms in China, carrying E. coli isolates, raising concerns regarding fast dissemination between bacteria. To our knowledge, this was the first nation-wide report describing isolates of E. coli from mastitic milk samples collected on large dairy farms in China, carrying mcr-1 and bla CTX-M-15 genes on conjugative plasmids. We concluded that dairy cattle are a potential source of mcr-1 -carrying and ESBL-producing E. coli .