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In soft-soil areas, excessive transverse deformations have occurred in numerous shield tunnel linings accompanied by serious structural defects. However, to date, a method to effectively diagnose the health status of these poor-performing structures is unknown. This study focuses on health diagnosis for the typical stagger-joint-assembled shield tunnel linings in soft-soil areas of China. First, based on theoretical analyses, it is assumed that diametral deformation can be a significant indicator for the structural performance of a lining; subsequently, this is verified by abundant field data. In particular, a strong positive correlation between the diametral deformation and development of defects is observed. Subsequently, a full-scale test is performed to reveal further quantitative correlations. Besides the service limit values determined in the range of 0.24%–0.79% by specifications and prior studies, the test reveals detailed structural performance deterioration when the deformation is getting larger, where 1.5% is considered a threshold for the failure the entire structure. Additionally, the values of 0.5%, 0.8%, and 1.1% are observed to be key points indicating the gradual degradation of waterproofing, cracks, and overall mechanical performance of the lining. Based on these key points, a five-level health-degree model is constructed to determine the health status of a ring that can be regarded as a supplement of the previous limit values, which is more detailed and practical for the common large-deformed in-service linings in soft-soil areas. These findings can also serve as benchmarks for related studies on linings with different structural parameters in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A theoretical TBM torque model was developed in rock–soil interface mixed ground. • A new prediction index, MTPI, was proposed to evaluate the cutability of mixed face. • TBM performance prediction method based on MTPI and torque capacity was proposed. • The predictive capability of the proposed method was validated by field data. Tunnelling in rock–soil interface (RSI) mixed ground often results in high cutterhead torque and torque fluctuation. Therefore, choosing a reasonable penetration rate to reduce the torque and improve tunnelling efficiency is paramount. In this study, considering the interaction between the cutterhead and RSI, an excavation torque model was first established based on the CSM model for a disc cutter and a new three-dimensional limit analysis model for a scraper. Further, considering the friction at the cutterhead in RSI, a total torque model was developed. Based on the study of excavation torque change characteristics when the cutterhead located in RSI, a simplified relationship among torque, face composition, penetration and rock strength was established. Subsequently, a new prediction index, Mixed-face Torque Penetration Index (MTPI), which includes the torque exerted by the TBM in the calculated penetration rate, was proposed to evaluate rock-soil mixed face cutability. This index allows for the inclusion of a TBM–rock mass and TBM–soil interaction factor. The methodology based on MTPI and TBM torque capacity to predict the penetration rate of the machine in different geological conditions and TBM specifications was proposed. Finally, the predictive capability of the proposed torque model and penetration prediction model were validated by the good agreement between the predictions and field measurement data from the Guangzhou Metro Line 21 tunnel in China. This study can match the tunneling parameters with the geological conditions within the limitation of TBM and provide guidance for TBM operation or evaluate whether the TBM satisfies the project schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]