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Regarding the construction of the surrender agreements between Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau, there has been ongoing consideration and debate on the basic principles and rules. Human rights protection in the surrender of fugitive offenders between Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau is as important as that in traditional extraditions. But the rights need to be protected in a sophisticated, interactive, and constructive way under the 'one country, two systems' regime. This article compares the extradition and surrender systems, concluding that Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau should take human rights protection into serious consideration, while complying with the obligation to protect the common interest of the whole country and to promote human rights development in China. The combined obligations require that the requested region play a more responsible, involved and proactive role in surrender-related human rights issues. The European Arrest Warrant experience can offer some inspiration for this. But more tailored measures should be developed in the legal context of Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau. The article identifies several specific human rights that should be protected in the surrender procedure. Some traditional extradition principles as well as human rights provisions have already been used to protect these rights. Human rights protections are contained in Chinese legislation, but more attention should be paid to law enforcement procedures in relation to the surrender of fugitive offenders. This article suggests that evaluation, assurance, monitoring, and reporting mechanisms should be applied, and the main role should be delegated to judicial authorities under the principle of mutual trust. This article also suggests that the procedural rights of the requested individuals in the requested region should be protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the 'one country, two systems' policy, the surrender of fugitive offenders between Mainland China and Hong Kong has been debated. This article will frame the debate on the application of traditional extradition rules in Mainland China and Hong Kong by exploring the more recent 'European Arrest Warrant' system and the long-standing US interstate rendition system. It thus aims to find a suitable model for Mainland China and Hong Kong. The US interstate rendition system is one domestic system, which seems most appropriate for application to Mainland China and Hong Kong as two regions of the same country. However, this article finds that the US interstate rendition system is too direct and inflexible to be enacted by Mainland China and Hong Kong where the legal situation is more complicated and human rights protection differs. This article argues that the European Arrest Warrant can better address the 'one country, two systems' situation of Mainland China and Hong Kong. Mainland China and Hong Kong can learn from the European Arrest Warrant to apply the 'mutual recognition principle' and other concrete extradition principles to their own surrender system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What can be learned from the now largely forgotten first Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) about concepts like the heroism of surrender? I show that Japanese depictions, far from being universally contemptuous, treated their main opponent, the commander of the Chinese Beiyang fleet, Admiral Ding Ruchang, with great respect before, during, and even after the war despite his surrender. Why? I use accounts by observers and Ding's own letters to scrutinize the enduring popularity of his posthumous image in Japan versus China. I argue that Ding showed neither strategic brilliance nor formidability as an opponent. This means he does not fit the "nobility of failure" concept, remaining an anomalous outlier for provoking such hero-worship in Japan despite his mediocre wartime performance. Overall, how Ding and the Beiyang Fleet were treated in popular Japanese accounts suggests that Japanese attitudes towards concepts such as "bravery," "surrender," and "suicide" were in flux in the 1890s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to valuate these policies using the risk-neutral pricing method of financial mathematics. The framework in which the fair value of these policies is priced in a stochastic interest rate environment is presented. We analyze the guaranteed interest rate option and the surrender option separately. The values of embedded options are derived using the least square Monte Carlo approach. Using the calibrated parameters, we find out that the stochastic interest rate assumption affects the valuation considerably in comparison to the constant interest rate. Additionally, the volatility of assets and the smoothing mechanism are important for valuing the policy holders' claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]