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In this article, I develop and implement the multiscale geographically weighted negative binomial (MGWNB) model, extending the spatially weighted interaction models by integrating a multiscale framework. This model effectively tackles the multiscale nonstationarity and overdispersion issues found in spatial interaction models. By comparing it with multiscale geographically weighted Poisson regression using simulated data, I demonstrate its superior performance in several aspects, including its capability to estimate the scale of processes, its effectiveness in capturing the spatial heterogeneity, and its ability to produce a better goodness of fit. The application of MGWNB in interprovincial population migration in China, using 2020 Chinese census data, also demonstrates its effectiveness and efficiency, revealing strong multiscale spatial heterogeneity in the migration patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continous advancement of industrialization, the environmental problems among resource-based cities in China are becoming increasingly serious. Therefore, exploring the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of industrial agglomeration and environmental pollution to understand the interaction mechanism between them is of great significance for the coordinated development of resource-based cities. In this paper, 114 resource-based cities in China are selected as research objects, and data from the period of 2011 to 2020 are used for analysis and research. Location entropy and entropy weight models are used to measure the relevant indicators, and a spatial simultaneous equation model is constructed. The generalized spatial three-stage least squares (GS3SLS) method is used to assess the spatial interactive spillover effects of industrial agglomeration on environmental pollution. The research results show that ① the industrial agglomeration center of China has begun to shift to the junction of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia, and the level of environmental pollution has dropped significantly; ② industrial agglomeration promotes environmental pollution, while environmental pollution inhibits industrial agglomeration, and between them, the inhibition effect is more obvious; ③ the level of industrial agglomeration in surrounding cities promotes industrial agglomeration in the region and inhibits environmental pollution, while the level of environmental pollution in surrounding cities inhibits industrial agglomeration in the region and promotes the diffusion of pollution. Thus, the building of a coordinated development system across regions can achieve a win–win situation between industrial development and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can promoting urbanization and controlling haze pollution result in a win–win situation? Based on panel data from 287 prefecture-level cities in China, this paper uses the three-stage least-squares estimator method(3SLS) and generalized space three-stage least-squares estimator method (GS3SLS) to study the spatial interaction between haze pollution and urbanization. The results show the following: (1) There is a spatial interaction between haze pollution and urbanization. On the whole, haze pollution and urbanization have a typical inverted U-shaped relationship. (2) Haze and urbanization show different relationships in different regions. The haze pollution in the area left of the Hu Line has a linear relationship with urbanization. (3) In addition to haze, urbanization also has a spatial spillover effect. When the haze pollution in the surrounding areas increases, the haze pollution in the area will also increase, but the level of urbanization will increase. When the level of urbanization in the surrounding areas increases, it will promote the level of urbanization in the local area and alleviate the haze pollution in the local area. (4) Tertiary industry, greening, FDI and precipitation can help alleviate haze pollution. FDI and the level of urbanization have a U-shaped relationship. In addition, industry, transportation, population density, economic level and market scale can promote regional urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of Internet technology has formed a huge virtual information space. In the information space, information flow has become a link of communication between objects. Information flow is an alternative or supplement to the traditional physical flow for the study of the spatial interaction of geographical entities. The research uses toponym co-occurrence and search index as information flow data, verifies the geographical laws hidden in the information space by spatial autocorrelation analysis and gravity model fitting, and analyzes the spatial interaction patterns of provinces in China in the information space by complex network analysis methods. The results show that: (1) information flow in the information space obeys Tobler's first law of geography and Goodchild's second law of geography. The spatial interaction represented by information flow has a distance decay effect. The best distance decay coefficients for toponym co-occurrence and the search index are 0.189 and 0.186, respectively. (2) The inter-provincial spatial interaction network of China shows a hierarchical pattern of the triangular primary network and diamond secondary network, and the ranking of provinces in the centrality analysis is basically stable, but the network hierarchy is deepening. The gravity center of spatial interaction is located in the east-central region of China. (3) The information flow-based interaction network is of higher asymmetry than the population mobility network, and its spatial structure is also obvious. This research provides a new idea for studying the spatial interaction of geographical entities in the physical world from the perspective of information flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate Chinese residents' consumption capacity and consumption upgrading, this study uses the Moran index, the Dagum Gini coefficient method, and the SPVAR model to analyze the spatial-temporal differentiation and interactions between the two; the entropy method is employed to measure the development level of both factors. As per the results, from 2008 to 2020, the levels of consumption capacity and consumption upgrading have increased rapidly and are distinctly unbalanced, but there is a clear trend of convergence between the developments in each province, and both show spatial agglomeration, mainly in the "high–high" and "low–low" clusters. The "high–high" clusters are primarily concentrated in the more economically developed eastern coastal and central fast-rising regions, with inter-regional differences being the main reason for the regional differences between the two. In terms of spatial interaction, the two are Granger causalities, with positive feedback effects that promote each other, and have a "center–periphery" spatial spillover effect, where the center generates spatial spillover and also suffers reverse shocks from the periphery, while the shock effect is limited by inter-provincial economic ties and geographical distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In both developed and developing countries, port-city relationships have always attracted much attention. However, in the port–city interface, views differ as to whether the port drives the city or vice versa. The combination of remote sensing data and geospatial big data (point of interest) has provided a favorable solution. Taking the typical estuarine and coastal port cities in China's coastal zone as an example, this study examines the following contents based on the port–city interface: the formation age of urban built-up areas and port areas on both sides of the port–city boundary; interaction between port and urban built-up areas; and the distribution of urban functional areas outside the port. Results show that the degree of spatial integration in estuarine port cities is higher than that of coastal port cities and that in the past 30 years, the expansion of ports has led to the expansion of cities. This expansion is port- and sea-oriented, and the expansion direction of the port city is consistent. On the port–city interface, the estuarine and coastal port cities form different urban regional structure modes. Aside from enriching literature on the port–city relationship, this study provides a reference for the spatial planning and transformation of ports and cities in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, China has adopted a hybrid strategy of urbanization and rural village renewal. Due to the large development differences between villages, choosing appropriate strategies is significant for rural development. By introducing a new idea to promote urban–rural integration development through a "rural cluster", this paper explores the comparative advantages of villages in urbanization and renewal, identifies the spatial interaction between villages, and proposes a rural cluster strategy based on the same characteristics and close relationships. Taking Laizhou city, a coastal county in eastern China, as the study area, it provides a new way to deal with village problems at a small scale but of a large number due to difficult development in China. The results indicated that some villages have both high or low rural urbanization suitability (RUS) and village renewal potential (VRP), which makes it difficult to choose development strategies. Compared with the VRP, the spatial interaction of villages in the RUS is closer, but fewer villages participated. The results of village clustering show that the scale of different village clusters and the degree of interaction between villages in Laizhou differ greatly, and village clusters across townships are very common. Since the driving forces of the different scale of rural groups vary, this paper suggests that the development direction and investment focus should be determined according to the scale and characteristics of individual rural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a far‐reaching initiative of China's active engagement in global affairs and is seen to determine the future fate of Eurasia. Previous studies about states' interactions with China in the BRI either give suggestions on further actions or selectively depict how participants interact with China in a non‐comparative way. With the BRI event data collected that covers multiple modes of BRI interactions, this paper takes the initiative to explore the determinants of states' interactions with China in the BRI. With the spatial gravity model, this paper finds that economic size, market quality, geographic proximity, and political and economic amity are closely associated with states' interactions with China in the BRI, which further contributes to the broad literature of the application of the gravity model as well as the interaction of states with China under the new era of China's more active, confidential, and assertive foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper investigates the spatial interaction of environmental regulation in the Yangtze River Delta. • Examine spatial relationship between environmental regulation and innovation taking into account logistics matrix. • Discover inverted U relationship between formal environmental regulation and innovation. • Discover that the spatial self-selection of environmental regulation is not conducive to innovation development. • Found that environmental regulation affects innovation through spillover effect and industrial structure effect. Currently, China's environmental regulations are unprecedentedly strict. At the same time, China is emphasizing innovation development in the process of industrial upgrading. However, previous literature has not reached a consensus on the relationship between the environmental regulation and innovation. This paper takes the Yangtze River Delta, the most developed region in China, as an example, and uses the spatial econometric model based on the geographic matrix, economic matrix, and comprehensive relevance matrix of logistics enterprises to fully examine the relationship between urban environmental regulation and innovation development under different spatial interaction perspectives. The results show that: the relation between formal environmental regulation and innovation is inverse U-shaped. Spatial self-selection of environmental regulation in the Yangtze River Delta region weakens the enthusiasm of innovation to a certain extent. This paper argues that the main mechanisms through which environmental regulation affects innovation development are spillover effects and industrial structure effects. Finally, the paper proposes corresponding policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to develop a framework for re-examining and re-defining the classical concepts of spatial interaction and reorganization in the urban system. We introduce a modified radiation model for spatial interactions, coupled with migration big data, transport accessibility algorithm, and city competitiveness assessment for efficient distribution of the inter-city flow through the network. The Yangtze River Middle Reaches (YRMR) urban agglomeration (UA) is chosen as the case study region to systematically identify and measure its spatial configuration and to gain insights for other UAs' sustainable development in China. The results are also compared with those computed by the classical gravity model to systematically discuss the applicability of spatial interaction laws and models, and related practical policies for regional sustainable development are discussed based on the findings as well. The conclusions are highlighted below: 1) Combining with the 'city network paradigm' and 'central place theory' can better express the spatial configurations of city systems in the context of 'space of flows'; 2) The results validate the potentialities of a multi-analysis framework to assess the spatial configurations of city network based on the improved radiation model and network analysis tools; 3) The applications of spatial interaction models should be considered according to the specific geographical entity and its spatial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protection and utilization of traditional villages have evolved from the individual to the regional level and have gradually formed a network. China has introduced a policy of centralized contiguous protection and utilization areas for traditional villages. Intervention in modern relationships has led to the reconstruction of connections between villages. It is necessary to explore the modern bonds between villages with historical connections. Using the existing 85 centralized contiguous protection and utilization areas and 8155 traditional villages as the research objects, this study depicts the geographical, cultural, and industrial ties of the centralized contiguous protection and utilization areas in 2010 and 2020 based on the information entropy model. In addition, it studies the traditional village network using the gravity model of spatial interaction to explore the evolution and boundary rationality of the centralized contiguous protection and utilization areas. Research has shown that (1) the cultural relationship between centralized contiguous protection and utilization areas has fluctuated over the past decade, and the industrial relationship has generally strengthened. (2) Historical and cultural relics such as architectural relics, intangible heritage sites, and cultural corridors are the main forces that maintain the cultural and industrial ties of villages. Socioeconomic factors generally have a negative impact, and a mechanism exists for the modern bond between centralized contiguous protection and utilization areas to change from cultural connections to industrial connections. (3) Existing centralized contiguous protection and utilization areas have good efficiency. However, there are problems with delineating boundaries in terms of limited county boundaries and large municipal boundaries. Therefore, building a governance framework of a supercluster city and county coordination-centralized contiguous protection and utilization areas is proposed. • Measuring multiple ties of centralized contiguous areas by information entropy. • Historical and cultural relics maintain the kinship and industrial ties of village. • Industrial bonds can easily form separately, but kinship bonds can generate both. • About 40 % of traditional villages include about 70 % of village connections. • A better boundary for contiguous areas should be between city and county levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distance decay is a primary characteristic of spatial interaction in human movements, and it has been incorporated into many spatial interaction models. Existing approaches mainly rely on travel survey datasets to fit the frictional coefficient of distance decay. However, limited sample size and spatiotemporal resolution make the determination of the spatial interaction characteristic from a comprehensive view difficult. Recently, this situation has been reversed due to emerging large human trajectory datasets, which have stimulated a body of literatures to re-examine the traditional issue of distance decay. However, these studies only focused on distance decay from a global perspective and neglected the spatial non-stationarity of spatial interaction. This study aims to reveal the spatial heterogeneity of distance decay of human movements extracted from massive mobile phone location data from Shenzhen, China. The power law function is utilized to fit the distance decay coefficients for inflow and outflow of each spatial analysis unit. Then, geographically weighted regression is employed to quantify the relationship between distance decay coefficients and land use distribution and between distance decay coefficients and traffic facilities. Results show that considerable spatial non-stationarity appears in the distance decay of spatial interaction, and the regression coefficients indicate the spatial variations of the influence of land use and traffic facilities on distance decay across urban space. These findings provide an in-depth insight into the distance decay characteristics of human movements in a more microcosmic space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract With the global accelerated pace of industrialization and urbanization, the state of disorder in land development has become the primary problem affecting sustainable and coordinated development in China. This study proposes a new technical framework to support the assessment of the spatial pattern of land development from a “production-life-ecology” perspective. The objective of our study was to develop a comprehensive assessment methodology by clarifying the functions of land and establishing a comprehensive index system that includes a total of 29 indicators. This framework can produce realistic and reliable patterns of land development because it synthetically takes formative environmental, social, and economic indicators into account while also considering the impact of human behaviors such as travel flow and economic flow on spatial land patterns. This research conducts a case study on the spatial pattern of land development in Yunnan Province of China in 2015, finding that the land development occurs in a scattered production-function pattern of one core, five groups, and coupled pairs of urban collaboration, a polycentric life-function pattern represented by radial concentric-ringed zones, and an aggregated ecology-function pattern with high values in the west and low values in the east. The proposed technical framework of pattern assessment can provide an effective reference for governments to improve the planning and development of land resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-lasting expansion of haze pollution in China has already presented a stern challenge to regional joint prevention and control. There is an urgent need to enlarge and reconstruct the coverage of joint prevention and control of air pollution in key area. Air quality models can identify and quantify the regional contribution of haze pollution and its key components with the help of numerical simulation, but it is difficult to be applied to larger spatial scale due to the complexity of model parameters. The time series analysis can recognize the existence of spatial interaction of haze pollution between cities, but it has not yet been used to further identify the spatial sources of haze pollution in large scale. Using econometric framework of time series analysis, this paper developed a new approach to perform spatial source apportionment. We applied this approach to calculate the contribution from spatial sources of haze pollution in China, using the monitoring data of particulate matter (PM2.5) across 161 Chinese cities. This approach overcame the limitation of numerical simulation that the model complexity increases at excess with the expansion of sample range, and could effectively deal with severe large-scale haze episodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased environmental pollution and energy consumption caused by the country’s rapid development has raised considerable public concern, and has become the focus of the government and public. This study employs the super-efficiency slack-based model-data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) to measure the total factor energy efficiency of 30 provinces in China. The estimation model for the spatial interaction intensity of regional total factor energy efficiency is based on Wilson’s maximum entropy model. The model is used to analyze the factors that affect the potential value of total factor energy efficiency using spatial dynamic panel data for 30 provinces during 2000-2014. The study found that there are differences and spatial correlations of energy efficiency among provinces and regions in China. The energy efficiency in the eastern, central, and western regions fluctuated significantly, and was mainly because of significant energy efficiency impacts on influences of industrial structure, energy intensity, and technological progress. This research is of great significance to China’s energy efficiency and regional coordinated development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Services provided by public facilities are essential to people's lives and are closely associated with human mobility. Traditionally, public facility access characteristics, such as accessibility, equity issues and service areas, are investigated mainly based on static data (census data, travel surveys and particular records, such as medical records). Currently, the advent of big data offers an unprecedented opportunity to obtain large-scale human mobility data, which can be used to study the characteristics of public facilities from the spatial interaction perspective. Intuitively, spatial interaction characteristics and service areas of different types and sizes of public facilities are different, but how different remains an open question, so we, in turn, examine this question. Based on spatial interaction, we classify public facilities and explore the differences in facilities. In the research, based on spatial interaction extracted from taxi data, we introduce an unsupervised classification method to classify 78 hospitals in 6 districts of Beijing, and the results better reflect the type of hospital. The findings are of great significance for optimizing the spatial configuration of medical facilities or other types of public facilities, allocating public resources reasonably and relieving traffic pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much methodological advancement has been made in the modeling and analysis of regional migration. Previous migration modeling, however, has been done in a black box. The overall performance of a migration model is evaluated with the contribution of all explanatory variables, including regional attributes and spatial interaction effects. This research uses a new method to estimate migration modeling errors by their sources. Following the notion of migration spatial structure, the observed or estimated regional migration matrices of a migration system can be described by four factors: the overall effect, the relative emissiveness and the relative attractiveness of specific regions, and the effect of spatial interaction between pairs of regions. By calculating the contributions of migration factors to the modeling error, this article reveals which factors of the migration process can be modeled more or less accurately using the case of regional migration in China for the period between 2005 and 2010. A network spatially filtered Poisson migration model is estimated for China. Error analysis shows that the modeling errors of the constantK, the relative emissiveness, and attractiveness caused weighted absolute mean errors of 1.20 percent, 14.60 percent, and 15.57 percent in migration flows, respectively. The spatial interaction caused the greatest weighted absolute mean error of 31.55 percent in migration flows. Thus, the spatial interaction effect remains the most difficult to model. The findings of this research point to directions to improve migration modeling. More efforts should be made to improve the approach to model the effect of spatial interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, we examine whether significant strategic interaction exists among Chinese provincial governments in determining the levels of their expenditures on education. The presence of such spatial interaction may be either due to spatial spillovers or due to spatial resource flows between provinces. We derive our basic regression specification based on the theoretical models in the literature. By applying a panel data generalized method of moments (GMM) method, we show that under a ‘smooth-distance-decay’ assumption in constructing the weighting scheme for the relevance of interaction between two provinces, our regression results provide evidence that supports the claim that there exists significant inter-provincial strategic interaction in public expenditure for education among the Chinese provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper measures the impact of urban green space construction rate on urban economic growth from the perspective of spatial interaction. To this end, we collect panel data of 31 provincial capital cities in China from 2001 to 2020 and use spatial economics models for empirical testing. The research results are summarized as follows: the level of green space construction can attract talents and investment by improving the environmental level of the city, and these financial expenditures, foreign investment, and talents are conducive to urbanization, thus having a significant positive impact on urban economic development. In addition, it also has a significant positive spatial spillover effect. In addition, the construction of urban green space will also stimulate the environmental protection of neighboring cities, which has a significant positive spatial dependence. At this time, talents and investment are affected by the environmental construction of neighboring cities, and the economic development of the city has also been significantly improved. The spatial spillover effect of green space construction on the economic level of surrounding cities is also positive. The empirical conclusions provide references for implementing green development strategies and promoting high-quality economic development.

China's transportation industry has made great achievements in the past 40 years of reform and opening up. At the same time, it has gradually accumulated a series of problems. These problems have led to closer and more complex social and economic connection within and between regions of different scales. The existing research only carries out the characteristic analysis of urban network spatial connection and pattern from a single perspective such as "flow space" theory, spatial interaction model and accessibility method, and fails to accurately describe the complex socio-economic relations between regions. Based on the big data of railway passenger flow, this study selected weighted average travel time, railway network density, and the economic connection model to express the urban network spatial connection and structure of China in 2016 from the perspectives of time, space, and interaction. In 2016, the accessibility, connectivity, and total urban external economic connection of the railway network showed a trend of declining from the east to the west. The top 50 cities ranked by interurban economic connection were all located in the central and eastern regions and showed "diamond shape" distribution characteristics. The four diamond-shaped pairs were Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Chengyu urban agglomerations. This shape was basically in line with the T-shaped space that has existed for a long time in China's regional development. The accessibility, connectivity, and total external economic connection of national-level urban agglomerations were greater than those of regional-level urban agglomerations, and far greater than those of local-level urban agglomerations. The results showed that there was a mismatch between the layout of the railway network and the population. It will still be necessary to focus on strengthening the construction of transportation infrastructure in urban agglomerations and densely populated areas in the future. This study enriches the "flow space" theory, more fully describes urban network spatial connection and structure in China by considering the three perspectives of time, space, and interaction, and can provides reasonable suggestions for the development of national comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network planning, regional spatial structure optimization, and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The factors affecting tourist behavior are complex and diverse, but research on its effect from a purely spatial perspective is still limited. The aim of this paper is to explore the dichotomous interaction between tourists and islands: the behavioral patterns of tourists in island destinations and the mechanisms by which island spaces constrain tourist behavior. This study uses fine-grained global positioning system (GPS) tracking data actively authorized and released by tourists. We empirically studied tourist behavior from a spatial constraint perspective and discovered the following: island space has a strong influence and constraining effect on tourist behavior; different spatial attributes have different constraining effects on tourist behavior; and people with different identities interact with different attributes of space to produce different spatial properties, resulting in a 'harmony-contradiction' model of spatial interaction. These findings are of great value in expanding the perspective of spatial constraints and exploring the interactions between people and land. They are also of great practical significance in promoting spatial planning synergy, facilitating the construction of high-quality island-based tourism destinations, and building a harmonious relationship between people and land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial interaction and connectivity are important factors in the spread of infectious diseases. We developed a spatial-temporal model of schistosomiasis japonica transmission, a disease caused by parasites that are transported via surface water and that live in both snail and human hosts. The model employed a spatial interaction matrix based on neighborhood relationships and hydrologic connectivity to assess the effect of intervillage parasitic transport on disease transmission and control. Satellite remote-sensing data served as input to the model for predicting snail density within each village, and for deriving a digital elevation model that was used to quantify hydrologic connectivity. Simulations of the model with varying levels of connectivity and in the presence and absence of chemotherapy control were run for 227 villages near Xichang City, in southwest Sichuan province, China. Increasing connectivity resulted in a geographic clustering of parasites within particular villages that produced higher levels of worm burden than in low and no connectivity simulations. Worm burden within a village could either increase or decrease with connectivity, depending on the degree to which parasites were imported and exported. Simulations of mass chemotherapy in select villages can result in a beneficial reduction in worm burden that extends to downstream neighbors. These findings suggest that better understanding of intervillage connectedness can be exploited in the design of cost-effective control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the facility location problem of transnational personal computer (PC) manufacturing for the domestic market of China. An integrated supply chain-based spatial interaction model is formulated to determine facility locations of the transnational PC manufacturing centers and regional product distribution centers in China, with the goal of maximizing the potential rate of return on facility investment. The numerical results show that the Shanghai municipality is ranked highest for siting both the manufacturing and distribution centers for a transnational PC manufacturing enterprise. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Sustainable tourism needs to protect the ecological land. • Tourism growth increases the probability of urban encroachment. • A cycle of urban encroachment on ecological land takes at least four years. • The spatial difference in tourism growth affects the place and area of encroachment. Rapid urban expansion in emerging tourism-oriented cities often leads to substantial encroachment on ecological lands and tremendous environmental pressure. Tourism growth and urban encroachment control are indispensable for sustainable development, but their interaction has rarely been reported. Here, 23-years' built-up areas time series with corresponding indicators of Proportion of Land used for Tourism (PLT) are integrated, to explore this interaction and construct Urban Encroachment Probability Curve (UEPC), and to reveals their causation and cycle by Granger analysis. The results show that the probability of encroachment in the next year increases rapidly with the increase of PLT at the urban boundary. When the PLT is between 30 and 35, the probability of encroachment reaches 80%. However, the right shift of UEPC from 1995 to 2018 shows that urban encroachment has become increasingly difficult. An urban encroachment cycle (spatial planning – urban encroachment - tourism growth - population increase - land demand increase - spatial planning) takes at least four years. The monitoring of PLT on the boundary and PLT outside the built-up area has a great role in predicting the place and size of future encroachment. This objective prediction is the reliable basis for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization leads to significant changes in land-use types and affects various ecosystem services. While previous studies have analyzed the interaction between urbanization and ecosystem services at the national, provincial, and city scales, there is insufficient information on the spatial interaction between urbanization and ecosystem services in urban agglomerations for different development levels. To address these research gaps, this study used hot spot analysis and spatial autocorrelation models to measure the spatial interaction between urbanization and ecosystem services in China's ten major urban agglomeration areas for the period 1995–2018. The results found that: (1) China's urban agglomerations have experienced rapid urbanization, exhibiting a rising growth trend at all development levels of urbanization. Those grouped in the growing category exhibited the fastest growth, while those in the mature category posted the slowest growth. The spatial distributions of the urbanization indicators differ significantly. The population density showed a more pronounced clustering feature, while the proportion of urban land use was distributed mainly around the core cities. (2) Different ecosystem services exhibited varying change trends. Food supply increased significantly. Carbon storage decreased in all but two urban agglomerations (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Sichuan-Chongqing). Habitat quality services also decreased in all agglomerations, except for the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains. In terms of ecosystem service hot spots, there is distinct spatial heterogeneity. Food supply hot spots are concentrated in the plain areas, while habitat quality and carbon storage hot spots are mainly clustered in mountain and water regions. (3) Carbon storage and habitat quality are negatively correlated with the three indicators of urbanization, while food supply is positively correlated with population density and GDP density and negatively correlated with the proportion of urban land use. Urban land expansion is directly linked to the decline in ecosystem services, while population and economic growth have indirect effects. This study can contribute to understanding the correlation between urbanization and ecosystem services, and providing references for high-quality spatial development. • Effect of urban agglomerations urbanization on ecosystem services is prominent. • Urbanization of all urban agglomerations show rising growth trend. • Different ecosystem services exhibited varying change trends. • Different parameters of urbanization effects on ecosystem services varies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both high carbon emission intensity (CEI) and large scale of shadow economy in China are the undesirable products of economic development with too fast growth rate. For the rapid and healthy development of the economy in China, the research on the relationship between the two should attract more attention, while the relevant literatures are very few at present. According to the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2016, this paper firstly examines the spatial correlation between CEI and the scale of shadow economic. Then verifies the interaction relationship between them with SPDM (spatial panel Dubin Model). Moreover, the robustness test is conducted with three different spatial weight matrices. As the interaction between CEI and shadow economy has been proved, providing new ideas for carbon emission reduction, environmental protection, and healthy economic development with rapid rate in the future. The specific conclusions are as follows: first, CEI and shadow economy both have significant positive spatial autocorrelation. Second, there is a spatial interaction between CEI and shadow economy, indicating provincial cooperation plays a very important role in both economic growth and environment protection. Third, the impacts from economic development on both CEI and shadow economy satisfy the EKC hypothesis. Also, the development of the tertiary industry plays a positive role in promoting the growth of CEI, while promotes and inhibits the expansion of shadow economic scale at the same time., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. We declare that we do not have any commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the work submitted., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Organic and inorganic pollutants are often co-sedimentary in soils and have the same sources in the urban environment. The identification of the sources and distribution of combined pollutants is a basic step in risk management. In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs) were measured in urban park soils in Beijing. Bivariate local Moran's I and positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment were used to identify the spatial clustering patterns and potential sources of PAHs and HMs, as well as to ultimately define a pollution risk control area. The results revealed an obvious clustered distribution of PAHs and HMs in the park soils. High-high areas were defined as sites containing a complex mixture of pollutants, which were mainly located in the center and north of Beijing. High-low and low-high areas were located outside the city center but had the potential for combined pollution, and therefore require continuous attention. Bivariate local indicators of spatial association (LISA) enabled a more accurate analyses of the mechanism controlling the spatial distribution of PAH and HM combinations in urban parks. The source apportionment indicated that industrial and traffic emissions were the most important sources of the pollutant combinations in urban parks, with traffic emissions accounting for most of the pollution., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This paper applies a spatial econometric model to measure the impact of environmental regulation on urban innovation capacity from a spatial interaction perspective by using panel data from 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2009 to 2018. The study findings are as follows: first, environmental regulation has a significant positive impact on urban innovation capacity and a significant positive spatial spillover effect; second, innovation capacity has significant positive spatial dependence; third, city informatization level, government expenditures on science and technology, city economic scale, and industrial development level all positively affect the innovation capacity of neighboring cities and all have positive spatial spillover effects on the innovation capacity of neighboring cities; and finally, city expansion reduces the innovation capacity of a city and has negative spatial spillover effects on the innovation capacity of neighboring cities.

This study examines the impact of HSR services on the tourism spatial interactions between Beijing and Tianjin in China. Data were collected from official statistical reports. A method of derivation was developed and several indexes, such as tourism mean center, and tourism standard distance are further applied to measure temporal-spatial changes between the two adjoining cities. The results reveal the dynamic tourism spatial interaction between Beijing and Tianjin has been influenced by a range of factors including population, destination attractiveness, disposable income and income elasticity, changes in the domestic and international spatial structure of tourist flows and how destination management organizations react to the changes. The study has implications for both the research and practice of city transportation and tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the field investigation data and the integration GIS spatial methods and geographical detector model, we analyzed the main and interactive effects of geographical and social environmental factors on the distribution of invasive plants in Fujian Province, China. The results showed that a total of 82 invasive plant species were recorded, with Compositae as the dominant family. Conyza canadensis, Ageratum conyzoides, and Alternanthera philoxeroides had the highest frequencies. There were more invasive species in coastal areas than in inland areas. Fuzhou and Xiamen were the hot areas for plant invaision. The invasive plants widely distributed at different altitudes, and the invasion reduced with the increasing altitude. The geographical detector analysis showed that rainfall as a natural environment factor and road density and people density as socio-economy factors were the major driving factors for the distribution of invasive plant species. The multi-factor interaction had a positive effect on the spatial distribution of invasive plants, implying the complexity of impact factors on the distribution of invasive plant species. In conclusion, the geographical detector could be used in the studies of invasive plants, and environmental factors could be also applied for monitoring the suitable establishment areas of invasive plants in Fujian Province. Our results provide a scientific basis for effective management of invasive plants.

Urban agglomeration has become the predominant form of urbanization in China. In this process, spatial interaction evidently played a significant role in promoting the collaborative development of these correlated cities. The traditional urban model’s focus on individual cities should be transformed to an urban system model. In this study, a multi-scale simulation model has been proposed to simulate the agglomeration development process of the Wuhan urban agglomeration area by embedding the multi-scale spatial interaction into the transition rule system of cellular automata (CA). A system dynamic model was used to predict the demand for new urban land at an aggregated urban agglomeration area scale. A data field approach was adopted to measuring the interaction of intercity at city scale. Neighborhood interaction was interpreted with a logistic regression method at the land parcel scale. Land use data from 1995, 2005, and 2015 were used to calibrate and evaluate the model. The simulation results show that there has been continuing urban growth in the Wuhan urban agglomeration area from 1995 to 2020. Although extension-sprawl was the predominant pattern of urban spatial expansion, the trend of extensive growth to intensive growth is clear during the entire period. The spatial interaction among these cities has been reinforced, which guided the collaborative development and formed the regional urban system network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]