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Aims: To explore the association between nurse managers' paternalistic leadership and nurses' perceived workplace bullying (WPB), as well as to examine the mediating role of organizational climate in this association. Background: There is a lack of empirical evidence regarding the relationship between nurse managers' paternalistic leadership, organizational climate and nurses' perceived WPB. Clarifying this relationship is crucial to understand how paternalistic leadership influences WPB and for nursing managers to seek organizational‐level solutions to prevent it. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was performed from 4 January to 10 February 2022, in six tertiary hospitals in mainland China. Demographic information, Paternalistic Leadership Scale, Organizational Climate Scale and Negative Acts Questionnaire‐Revised were used in the survey. Descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation analyses and a structural equation model were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 5093 valid questionnaires were collected. Moral leadership and authoritarian leadership have both direct and indirect effects on WPB through the mediating effect of organizational climate. The former is negatively related to WPB and the latter is positively related to WPB. Benevolent leadership was only negatively associated with WPB via the mediating effect of organizational climate. Conclusion: The three components of paternalistic leadership have different effects on WPB through the mediating effect of organizational climate. Nurse managers are recommended to strengthen moral leadership, balance benevolent leadership, reduce authoritarian leadership and strive to create a positive organizational climate in their efforts to mitigate WPB among nurses. Impact: This study enhanced our comprehension of the relationship between different leadership styles and WPB. Greater emphasis should be placed on moral leadership in the promotion of nursing managers and nursing leadership training programs. Additionally, nursing managers should focus on establishing a positive organizational climate that helps to reduce WPB. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. This study did not involve patients, service users, caregivers or members of the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accompanied by the monetisation of housing allocation, the Housing Provident Fund (HPF) has become an important part of China's housing security system. As of 2020, HPF has been implemented for almost 30 years, but limited effort has been made to examine its performance, especially from a spatial (regional) perspective. Taking 287 Chinese cities as a sample and using the "access–process–outcome" framework, this study explores the inter-city differences in the performance of HPF and their relevant influencing factors. The results show that (1) there is significant spatial heterogeneity in the performance of HPF in China; (2) from 2015 to 2020, regional variation in the process and outcome performance showed a convergence trend, but the access performance between cities tended to widen and diverge; (3) regression results show that process-relevant variables (i.e., the contribution rate and the capital utilization level) are positively associated with the loan beneficiary rate (the HPF outcome performance), whereas access-relevant attributes (i.e., the HPF participation rate) exert negative influences. The study contributes to revealing the spatial heterogeneity of China's HPF development. It highlights that more regionally oriented policy interventions are needed for policy makers and practitioners to optimize the development of HPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization has led to the increasing scarcity of land resources in China. Exploring the spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of urban land use efficiency (LUE) is of great significance for optimizing the allocation efficiency of land resources and promoting regional sustainable development. In this study, the Super-SBM model was used to calculate the urban LUE of the Yellow River Basin from 2009 to 2018. The regional differences and agglomeration characteristics of LUE in the Yellow River Basin were analyzed. Moreover, a panel regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of LUE. The results showed that the LUE in the Yellow River Basin experienced a process of fluctuation decline during the study period. The regional difference of LUE in the Yellow River Basin was as follows: upper reaches > middle reaches > lower reaches. The hot and cold spots of LUE were relatively stable in spatial distribution during the study period. The hot spots were mainly distributed in Ordos in the upper reaches and Yulin in the middle reaches, while the cold spots were mainly distributed in Henan Province in the lower reaches. Globalization had a positive impact on LUE in the lower reaches. Marketization had a positive impact on LUE in the whole basin and lower reaches, and a negative impact on LUE in the middle reaches. Decentralization had a positive impact on the LUE of the whole basin and the upper reaches, and a negative impact on the LUE of the lower reaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved land-use eco-efficiency promotes intensified low-carbon practices, directly reducing emissions and enhancing ecological protection, carbon sequestration, and carbon neutrality. The digital economy can potentially promote environmentally friendly, low-carbon growth while ensuring the ecological integrity of land use. However, insufficient consideration has been poured into the effect of digital-economy development on land-use eco-efficiency. Using city-level data from China's Yellow River Basin, this study reveals the digital economy's direct effect on land-use eco-efficiency while also examining its indirect and nonlinear effects. The baseline model suggests that the digital economy improves land-use eco-efficiency. However, considering the presence of a rebound effect, technological innovations driven by the digital economy have a mitigating influence on land-use eco-efficiency. Furthermore, industrial-structure consolidation creates a situation in which industrial improvements initiated by the digital economy do not significantly contribute to improving land-use eco-efficiency. What's more, there is a dynamic, nonlinear relationship between the digital economy and land-use eco-efficiency. Our research highlights the importance of the digital economy in shaping land-use eco-efficiency. Policymakers should consider such dynamics when promoting digital-economy growth and sustainable land-use practices. • Study the relationship between digital economy and land use efficiency in the Yellow River Basin, China. • Digital economy impacts land use efficiency directly and indirectly, with non-linear effects. • Initial gains from digital economy can be offset by rebound effect; and industrial structure affects eco-efficiency relationship. • Digital economy's impact on land efficiency changes dynamically, requiring nuanced policy adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The GC haplotype of the vitamin D binding protein (encoded by the GC gene) might be a risk factor to the vitamin D (VD) nutritional status for many populations, while evidences from the Chinese Han population are sparse. We test the association between vitamin D binding protein genotypes and VD status as well as the metabolic parameters of glucose and lipids in a Han Chinese population. Methods: In a cross-sectional study conducted at a health examination centre (registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as QLS2013), 2641 adults were included and grouped according to their plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations as VD deficient (VDD), insufficient (VDI), or sufficient (VDS). The rs7041 and rs4588 genotypes were analysed with a molecular beacon-based qPCR method using blood samples. Results: Plasma 25OHD concentrations were lower in the GC2/2, rs7041T/T, and rs4588A/A genotypes than the GC1f/1s, rs7041G/T, and rs4588C/C genotypes (P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, the GC2 haplotype increased the risk of low VD status (P < 0.05) in both genders. More genotypic models revealed the negative contributions of rs4588A than rs7041T to low VD status (P < 0.05). The combined rates of VDD and VDI were 80.2% in males and 86.1% in females. Compared with VDI, VDS, or both, VDD showed higher plasma concentrations of fasting blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides in males (P < 0.05); however, no significant differences were found with regard to these parameters between the subgroups defined by the GC genotypes (P > 0.05). Conclusions: In a Han Chinese population, the GC2 haplotype or more exactly rs4588A is a risk factor for low VD status but is not associated with glucose and lipid metabolic disorders, which are inversely correlated with the circulating 25OHD concentration in males. Trial registration: The study was retrospectively registered in January 2018 as NCT03406234 in the ClinicalTrials.gov online system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses China's provincial border counties as samples to explore the role played by administrative boundaries in uneven regional economic development. The results indicate that the gap between provincial border counties and other regions is increasing and that economic diffusion to provincial border counties from developed regions is extremely weak. Moreover, provincial border counties have become economically backward. A regression analysis model that includes certain novel factors that are likely to influence economic growth confirms the significant effects of government intervention and administrative boundaries on economic growth in provincial border counties. This paper concludes that administrative boundaries' effects should be nullified by limiting preferential development policies and implementing policies that instead help provincial border counties engage in sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy consumption of China's metropolitan areas has expanded from production areas to other areas such as the service area, and characteristics differ across small and medium-sized cities. Using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition method, we conducted a factor decomposition analysis on changes in energy consumption for 32 Chinese metropolises from 1995-2012 that had a resident population of at least 1 million people in 1995. On the basis of a comprehensive consideration of urban economic growth, population expansion and spatial expansion, energy consumption factors can be decomposed into five indicators: economic scale, energy consumption per unit of output value, energy consumption per capita, population density and energy space support coefficient. We valued the contribution of each factor to metropolises' energy consumption to determine generality and regional differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the emissions of SO and COD in China using fine-scale, countylevel data. Using a widely used spatial autocorrelation index, Moran's I statistics, we first estimate the spatial autocorrelations of SO and COD emissions. Distinct patterns of spatial concentration are identified. To investigate the driving forces of emissions, we then use spatial econometric models, including a spatial error model (SEM) and a spatial lag model (SLM), to evaluate the effects of variables that reflect level of economic development, population density, and industrial structure. Our results show that these explanatory variables are highly correlated with the level of SO and COD emissions, though their impacts on SO and COD vary. Compared to ordinary least square regression, the advantages of SLM and SEM are demonstrated as they effectively reveal the existence and significance of spatial dependence. The SEM, in particular, is chosen over the SLM as the role of spatial correlation is stronger in the error model than in the lag model. Based on the research results, we present some preliminary policy recommendations, especially for those high-high cluster regions that face significant environmental degradation and challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For decades through the 1980s, housing units in major Chinese cities were “bonded” to jobs as they were located together with or very close to places of employment within large, walled danwei compounds. From the 1990s, accelerated suburbanization of population in major Chinese cities fueled by urban redevelopment, urban land reform and urban housing reform has fundamentally altered the jobs–housing spatial relation. The “spatial bond” that existed between urban jobs and urban housing for decades has dissolved and is being replaced by a prominent “spatial mismatch” when the jobs–housing relationship becomes increasingly imbalanced in space. This paper examines the new jobs–housing imbalance by assessing the extent of employment–residence spatial mismatch in Beijing. This analysis based on statistical data shows that the spatial imbalance between employment and population has become increasingly pronounced over time across urban districts. It is especially evident in the inner city where the loss of residents continues and the concentration of employment persists. The analysis of survey data, which focuses on people’s commuting patterns and travel behaviors, also provides strong evidence of spatial imbalance. Meanwhile, it reveals some of the impacts on job accessibility and other aspects of urban life. This study contributes to the understanding of how suburbanization has been unfolding in major Chinese cities and how it has been transforming urban development and urban life. It also adds to the understanding of the spatial dynamics of employment–housing relationship based on Beijing’s experience and sheds lights on the multifarious nature of the spatial mismatch problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The human ecosystem is conceptualized into four dimensions: openness, vulnerability, harmony and independence. • Quantitative and qualitative analysis reveals complex factors influencing human ecosystems. • The quality of the human ecosystem in the park fluctuated and declined. • The openness of the human ecosystem in the park was far ahead between four dimensions. As one of the most critical ecological functional areas in China and even the world, Sanjiangyuan National Park's sustainable development has attracted attention. The integrated evaluation method, the coupling coordination model, and the grey correlation model were employed to uncover the coupling coordination relationship among sub-systems in the human ecosystem of Sangjiangyuan National Park. The results are as follows. First, the sustainable development capacity of the human ecosystem in Sanjiangyuan National Park fluctuated and declined during the study period, with insufficient momentum for sustainable development. Second, from 2005 to 2020, Sanjiangyuan National Park experienced a process of optimization and adjustment from moderately uncoordinated to nearly uncoordinated. At the county scale, the coupling coordination state of the sub-system was consistent with the overall national park. Third, among the four dimensions, the correlation degree of openness to the human ecosystem of Sanjiangyuan National Park was far ahead, followed by harmony, independence, and vulnerability. Our research can provide a reference for the coordinated development of the human ecosystem in other national parks with similar ecological functions around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital economy (DIE), a new economic form with digitalization at its core, has become an important driving force for promoting regional economy development. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, exploring the impact path of the DIE on carbon emission efficiency (CEE) is conducive to giving full play to the "carbon-reduction-and-efficiency-enhancement" role of the DIE, and to promoting the realization the "dual carbon" goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. In this paper, the Yellow River Basin (YRB) and the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) are taken as study areas, the panel Tobit model is used to explore the impact of the DIE on CEE, and the intermediary-effect model and threshold-effect model are constructed to test the intermediary and threshold effects of technological innovation, respectively. The results show that the DIE has a U-shaped nonlinear impact on CEE in both the YRB and the YREB and that the impact has regional heterogeneity. Technological innovation can play a mediating effect between the DIE and CEE, whereas the mediating effect in the YRB is stronger than that in the YREB. Technological innovation has a threshold effect on the DIE to improve CEE, while the threshold value in the YREB is higher than that in the YRB. Furthermore, this paper proposes some suggestions to guide regional low-carbon and sustainable development., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

It is of great significance to study the interactive relationship between urban transportation and land use for promoting the healthy and sustainable development of cities. Taking Jinan, China, as an example, this study explored the interactive relationship between street centrality (SC) and land use intensity (LUI) in the main urban area of Jinan by using the spatial three-stage least squares method. The results showed that the closeness centrality showed an obvious "core-edge" pattern, which gradually decreased from the central urban area to the edge area. Both the betweenness centrality and the straightness centrality showed a multi-center structure. The commercial land intensity (CLUI) showed the characteristics of multi-core spatial distribution, while the residential land intensity (RLUI) and public service land intensity (PLUI) showed the characteristics of spatial distribution with the coexistence of large and small cores. There was an interactive relationship between SC and LUI. The closeness centrality and straightness centrality had positive effects on LUI, and LUI had a positive effect on closeness centrality and straightness centrality. The betweenness centrality had a negative impact on LUI, and LUI also had a negative impact on betweenness centrality. Moreover, good location factors and good traffic conditions were conducive to improving the closeness and straightness centrality of the regional traffic network. Good location factors, good traffic conditions and high population density were conducive to improving regional LUI.

Objectives: Few studies reported the clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) biological risk factors among older adults. The objective of this study was to characterise the clustering of CVD biological risk factors among adults aged 65 or older in Shenzhen city, China., Design: Cross-sectional study., Setting: General communities in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China., Participants: A representative sample of 5635 participants aged 65 or older participated in the survey with a response rate of 93.6%., Main Outcome Measures: Individual CVD biological risk factors (overweight/obesity, central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes) and their clustering., Results: The prevalence of overweight, obesity, central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes in this study was 37.4%, 10.8%, 37.0%, 51.9%, 40.2% and 18.0%, respectively. The mean count of CVD biological risk factors per participant was 1.95. The 86.0% of the participants presented at least one CVD biological risk factor and 33.8% of the participants presented clustering of CVD biological risk factors, that is, presenting three or more CVD biological risk factors, as defined in this study. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that gender, age, and drinking and smoking status were significantly associated with clustering of CVD biological risk factors ( P <0.05). Women, the older and alcohol drinkers were more likely to have clustering of CVD biological risk factors., Conclusions: The prevalence of CVD biological risk factors is fairly high in the older adults with a tendency of clustering in Shenzhen. The findings highlight the need for integrated management of CVD biological risk factors among older adults., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)