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Macrobrachium rosenbergii holds significant importance in aquaculture within tropical and subtropical regions globally. An infection called infectious precocity virus disease (IPVD), caused by infectious precocity virus (IPV), has emerged in M. rosenbergii in China and causes significant economic losses. The diseased M. rosenbergii presents with the characteristics of sexual precocity and slow growth. Elaborating the route of transmission and host range of IPV is necessary to prevent the disease. Transmission of IPV to healthy M. rosenbergii can occur through the ingestion of IPV-infected tissue, immersion of viral filtrate, cohabitation with infected M. rosenbergii, or water-borne transmission in contaminated environment. Results showed that fertilized eggs and different growth and development stages (larvae Ⅰ–Ⅵ, postlarvae, juveniles, and adult prawns) from infected M. rosenbergii were negative for IPV, indicating that vertical transmissions did not occur. The results of artificial infection experiments showed that M. nipponense tested positive for the presence of IPV, but not in fishes Carassius auratus, Pangasius bocourti, Micropterus salmoides, and Oreochromis mossambicus, and crabs Scylla paramamosain and Eriocheir sinensis. IPV could cause slow growth in M. nipponense and mainly infected the second pereiopod, brain, eyes, and gills of M. nipponense. M. nipponense was found to be a new freshwater crustacean host for IPV. From December 2019 to March 2022, 260 M. nipponense samples in four regions were collected, including 230 M. nipponense IPV-positive samples according to nested PCR and 40 M. nipponense IPV-negative samples according to nested PCR. These findings could aid in preventing and managing IPV infections in crustaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is one of the most economically important aquaculture species in China. Genetic diversity is crucial for maintaining the gene pool of farmed shrimp. In this study, the effects of artificial selection on the genetic structure of four whiteleg shrimp strains were evaluated using microsatellite sequences. The results showed that the observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and the polymorphism information content (PIC) of the four selected strains ranged from 0.446 to 0.574, 0.450 to 0.566, and 0.435 to 0.509, respectively. All the selected strains maintained a moderate level of genetic diversity. Most inbreeding coefficients (Fis) in the four strains were positive but not significantly different from zero, indicating a relatively low degree of inbreeding within each strain. However, He and PIC in line 5 showed a decreasing trend from the 2017 to the 2019 generations, and Fis in line 10 showed a significant increasing trend across generations, indicating that measures must be taken to maintain the level of genetic diversity for lines 5 and 10. UPGMA cluster trees showed that the four breeding lines had apparent genetic differences, which could provide a genetic basis for studying crossbreeding between selective lines and the utilization of heterosis. This study will be useful for population genetic research and the breeding strategies of whiteleg shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Salinity has great influences on ion homeostasis and the physiological activities of crustaceans in aquatic environment. Transcriptome analysis of Macrobrachium nipponense showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly related to ion homeostasis, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. In addition, the morphological structure of M. nipponense gill tissue under high salinity stress showed significant changes in gill filaments, gill cavities and mucosal structures. Our study showed that salinity stress activates the ion transport channel of M. nipponense and promotes the up-regulation of glucose metabolism, and that high salinity causes damage to the gill tissue structure of M. nipponense. Salinity is an important factor in the aquatic environment and affects the ion homeostasis and physiological activities of crustaceans. Macrobrachium nipponense is a shrimp that mainly lives in fresh and low-salt waters and plays a huge economic role in China's shrimp market. Currently, there are only a few studies on the effects of salinity on M. nipponense. Therefore, it is of particular importance to study the molecular responses of M. nipponense to salinity fluctuations. In this study, M. nipponense was set at salinities of 0, 8, 14 and 22‰ for 6 weeks. The gills from the control (0‰) and isotonic groups (14‰) were used for RNA extraction and transcriptome analysis. In total, 593 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 282 were up-regulated and 311 were down-regulated. The most abundant gill transcripts responding to different salinity levels based on GO classification were organelle membrane (cellular component), creatine transmembrane transporter activity (molecular function) and creatine transmembrane transport (biological function). KEGG analysis showed that the most enriched and significantly affected pathways included AMPK signaling, lysosome and cytochrome P450. In addition, 15 DEGs were selected for qRT-PCR verification, which were mainly related to ion homeostasis, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. The results showed that the expression patterns of these genes were similar to the high-throughput data. Compared with the control group, high salinity caused obvious injury to gill tissue, mainly manifested as contraction and relaxation of gill filament, cavity vacuolation and severe epithelial disintegration. Glucose-metabolism-related enzyme activities (e.g., pyruvate kinase, hexokinase, 6-phosphate fructose kinase) and related-gene expression (e.g., hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphate fructose kinase) in the gills were significantly higher at a salinity of 14‰. This study showed that salinity stress activated ion transport channels and promoted an up-regulated level of glucose metabolism. High salinity levels caused damage to the gill tissue of M. nipponense. Overall, these results improved our understanding of the salt tolerance mechanism of M. nipponense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), a high-yielding economic shrimp, is facing germplasm degradation in the freshwater aquaculture environment in China, resulting in a drastic decline in production. We used hybridization to obtain shrimp with low-salinity-tolerant characteristics. A 90-day growth comparison experiment was conducted using a low-salinity-tolerant hybrid population and a normal variety population, and it was found that the low-salinity-tolerant hybrid population was superior to the normal variety population in terms of survival, growth performance and nutrient content. Our study provides a valuable reference for subsequent genetic breeding and shrimp culture. Penaeus vannamei, a high-yield economical shrimp, is confronting germplasm degradation in the culture environments found in China, which results in a sharp drop in production. Genetic improvement by hybridization is an effective way to solve this problem. In this study, we selected the hybrid species adapted to low-salinity culture obtained by intraspecific crossing as the experimental group. The control group consisted of normal variety from the Hainan Lutai Company. The two groups of shrimps were cultured for three months under salinities of 1 PSU, 5 PSU, and 15 PSU. Growth-performance-related indicators, biochemical composition, and molting-related gene expression were examined. The results showed that at salinities of 1 PSU and 5 PSU, the survival rate and growth performance of the low-salt breeding group were better than those of the normal variety population. The digestive enzyme activity in the low-salt breeding group was higher, which was consistent with its better growth performance, and was also associated with higher triglyceride, total cholesterol, and glycogen content. Lower levels of lactic acid indicated less anaerobic metabolism and better adaptability to the environment. The amino acid and fatty acids analysis showed that levels of essential amino acids and high unsaturated fatty acids were both higher in the low-salt breeding group than in the normal variety shrimp cultured in a low-salinity environment. The expression levels of genes associated with molting (CHS, CaMKI, RXR, EcR, HSP60, and HSP70) were also higher in the low-salt breeding group than in the control group. The results indicated that the hybrid shrimp showed better growth performance and nutritional advantages compared with the normal shrimp under salinities of 1 PSU and 5 PSU. This research provides a valuable reference for subsequent genetic breeding and shrimp culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 145 shrimp samples from 39 cities in China. The results show that 41 samples (28%) from 24 cities were positive, and most of the positive samples (39/41, 95.1%) were less than 110 MPN/g. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that only seven isolates were susceptible to all 24 antibiotics, whereas 65.1% were multidrug-resistant. Antibiotic resistance genes that confer resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLSB), trimethoprim, fosfomycin and streptothricin antibiotics were detected. All S. aureus isolates had the ability to produce biofilm and harbored most of the biofilm-related genes. Genes encoding one or more of the important virulence factors staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb and sec), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tsst-1) and Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) were detected in 47.6% (30/63) of the S. aureus isolates. Molecular typing showed that ST15-t085 (27.0%, 17/63), ST1-t127 (14.3%, 9/63) and ST188-t189 (11.1%, 7/63) were the dominant genetic types. The finding of this study provides the first comprehensive surveillance on the incidence of S. aureus in raw shrimp in China. Some retained genotypes found in this food have been linked to human infections around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to prompt the appearance of the shrimp color, sodium metabisulfite is frequently added in shrimp processing, which is, however, prohibited in China and many other countries. This study aimed to establish a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for screening sodium metabisulfite residues on shrimp surfaces, in a non-destructive manner. The analysis was carried out using a portable Raman spectrometer jointly with copy paper loaded with silver nanoparticles as the substrate material. The SERS response of sodium metabisulfite gives two fingerprint peaks at 620 (strong) and 927 (medium) cm−1, respectively. This enabled unambiguous confirmation of the targeted chemical. The sensitivity of the SERS detection method was determined to be 0.1 mg/mL, which was equal to residual sodium metabisulfite on the shrimp surface at 0.31 mg/kg. The quantitative relationship between the 620 cm−1 peak intensities and the concentrations of sodium metabisulfite was established. The linear fitting equation was y = 2375x + 8714 with R2 = 0.985. Reaching an ideal balance in simplicity, sensitivity, and selectivity, this study demonstrates that the proposed method is ideally suitable for in-site and non-destructive screening of sodium metabisulfite residues in seafood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metschnikowia bicuspidata is a pathogenic yesst that can cause disease in many different economic aquatic animal species. In recent years, there was a new disease outbreak in ridgetail white prawn (Exopalaemon carinicauda) in coastal areas of Jiangsu Province China that was referred to as zombie disease by local farmers. The pathogen was first isolated and identified as M. bicuspidata. Although the pathogenicity and pathogenesis of this pathogen in other animals have been reported in some previous studies, research on its molecular mechanisms is still very limited. Therefore, a genome-wide study is necessary to better understand the physiological and pathogenic mechanisms of M. bicuspidata. Result: In this study, we obtained a pathogenic strain, MQ2101, of M. bicuspidata from diseased E. carinicauda and sequenced its whole genome. The size of the whole genome was 15.98 Mb, and it was assembled into 5 scaffolds. The genome contained 3934 coding genes, among which 3899 genes with biological functions were annotated in multiple underlying databases. In KOG database, 2627 genes were annotated, which were categorized into 25 classes including general function prediction only, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones, and signal transduction mechanisms. In KEGG database, 2493 genes were annotated, which were categorized into five classes, including cellular processes, environmental information processing, genetic information processing, metabolism and organismal systems. In GO database, 2893 genes were annotated, which were mainly classified in cell, cell part, cellular processes and metabolic processes. There were 1055 genes annotated in the PHI database, accounting for 26.81% of the total genome, among which 5 genes were directly related to pathogenicity (identity ≥ 50%), including hsp90, PacC, and PHO84. There were also some genes related to the activity of the yeast itself that could be targeted by antiyeast drugs. Analysis based on the DFVF database showed that strain MQ2101 contained 235 potential virulence genes. BLAST searches in the CAZy database showed that strain MQ2101 may have a more complex carbohydrate metabolism system than other yeasts of the same family. In addition, two gene clusters and 168 putative secretory proteins were predicted in strain MQ2101, and functional analysis showed that some of the secretory proteins may be directly involved in the pathogenesis of the strain. Gene family analysis with five other yeasts revealed that strain MQ2101 has 245 unique gene families, including 274 genes involved in pathogenicity that could serve as potential targets. Conclusion: Genome-wide analysis elucidated the pathogenicity-associated genes of M. bicuspidate while also revealing a complex metabolic mechanism and providing putative targets of action for the development of antiyeast drugs for this pathogen. The obtained whole-genome sequencing data provide an important theoretical basis for transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolic studies of M. bicuspidata and lay a foundation for defining its specific mechanism of host infestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared and evaluated the effects of nine native macroalgae species on the tropic coast of China on the growth and physiological health performance of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Nine hundred juvenile shrimps weighing 1.6 ± 0.02 g were fed with nine different types of macroalgae for 28 days. The experimental groups were as follows: Con (the diet without macroalgae), CRA (Caulerpa racemosa), CLA (Caulerpa lentillifera), CSS (Caulerpa sertularioides), CLM (Chaetomorpha linum), ULA (Ulva lactuca), GBE (Gracilaria bailiniae), ASA (Acanthophora spicifera), SVC (Sargassum ilicifolium var. conduplicatum), and BGE (Betaphycus gelatinae). Results showed that the growth performance of shrimps fed on the macroalgae meals was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The immune defense capacity (total hemocyte count, phagocytosis respiratory bursts, prophenoloxidase system, hemagglutination activity, and antibacterial and bacteriolytic activities) and antioxidant capacity (total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde) of L. vannamei fed on macroalgae meals were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Specifically, the shrimps in the ASA group had the significantly higher physiological health level than shrimps in the other macroalgae groups (P < 0.05), and the expression of immune and antioxidation-related genes was also significantly higher in the ASA group (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that optimal growth and physiological health efficacy were observed in the ASA group. In summary, this study suggested dietary manipulation using macroalgae to improve the growth performance, immune performance, and antioxidant capacity of L. vannamei, with the optimal macroalgae for the diet being Acanthophora spicifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether producer cooperatives could serve as a stepping stone leading to socialism is a much debated issue in Marxian scholarship. It has now been recognized that producer cooperatives might possess paradoxical potentials of promoting egalitarian economy and democratic management whilst at the same time constructing class hierarchies. So far, agrarian scholars have already identified how pre‐existing social differentiation facilitated privileged members to exploit the marginal non‐members. However, they have not explored how members exercise their agency in challenging the class division. In summer 2013, at the height of China's cooperatization movement, I embarked on a project of "engaged anthropology" to mobilize shrimp farmers in South China to establish a cooperative so as to challenge agribusinesses that squeeze farmers' returns, but members ended up hiring outside labour. However, members tried hard to bridge the hierarchy between investors and workers as well as between managers and labourers in order to expand its membership and build the village's reputation. This paper traces how cooperative members deal with the dilemmas between profit maximization and egalitarian distribution, highlighting the importance of class analysis for a pro‐poor cooperative movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) and shrimp are common air allergens and allergenic food sources, respectively, in southern China. This study aimed to analyze the specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) characteristics and relationships of Dp components among co-sensitized patients with Dp and shrimp. Materials and Methods: Serum samples were collected from 112 patients with Dp sensitization (61 with shrimp sensitization and 51 without) from southern China. The sIgE concentrations of Dp and shrimp crude extracts were determined by ImmunoCAP, and the sIgE of Dp allergen components (Der p 1, Der p 2, Der p 5, Der p 7, Der p 10, Der p 21, and Der p 23) was detected by protein chip. Results: Overall, in the Dp-allergic patients, Der p 1 had the highest positive rate (72.3%), followed by Der p 2 (65.2%), Der p 23 (46.4%), Der p 7 (32.14%), Der p 21 (29.46%), Der p 5 (22.32%), and Der p 10 (17.86%). Compared with that in the shrimp nonsensitized group, the positive rate of sIgE for Der p 10 (27.87% vs. 5.88%, p = 0.002) in the shrimp sensitization group was significantly higher; however, the positive rate of sIgE for Der p 7 (22.95% vs. 43.14%, p = 0.023) was significantly lower. Moreover, the concentration of sIgE for Der p 10 increased statistically in the shrimp-sensitized group. The correlation analysis also showed that shrimp sensitization was significantly correlated with Der p 10. Conclusion: Among patients with Dp sensitization, Der p 1 had the highest positive rate, followed by Der p 2 and Der p 23. Meanwhile, Der p 10 may play an important role in patients with shrimp sensitization, while Der p 7 may be the meaningful allergen component in patients with Dp sensitization alone. In general, component-resolved diagnosis technology in clinical practice can effectively guide patients with polysensitization to avoid allergic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel Decapod Iridescent virus (DIV1) infections emerged in mainland China around 2014 and have devastated shrimp aquaculture operations in Chinese coastal provinces. In 2020, DIV1 has spread to Taiwan with devastating results to shrimp and crayfish farms, in addition to being found in wild caught Penaeus monodon from the Indian Ocean. This trend is a major cause for concern and an urgent reminder to expand the tools needed to monitor the spread of DIV1 globally. Here, we describe a set of four different real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays positioned across the genome of DIV1 to detect the virus in shrimp tissues. All four assays show a wide dynamic range and high analytical sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the newly developed assays show excellent diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in clinical Litopenaeus vannamei samples of North Asian origin. The new molecular toolset will enhance global capabilities to monitor the spread of DIV1 and ultimately be used as an early warning system for farmers and authorities to engage in appropriate risk mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Astaxanthin (Axn), a common aquatic feed additive, can enhance immunity, improve the antioxidant capacity of the crustacean and then improve the anti-stress ability of crustaceans. Exopalaemon carinicauda (E. carinicauda) is an economically important fishery species in China that has been found that dietary Axn can significantly increase ACP and AKP compared to a control diet for shrimp hepatopancreas in this study. RNA-sequencing and comparative transcriptomic analyses were utilized to explore changes in E. carinicauda gene expression following Axn feeding. Differential gene expression analyses comparing the control and Axn groups identified 631 transcripts that were differentially expressed following Axn feeding, of which 314 and 317 were respectively upregulated and downregulated. Functional enrichment analyses of these genes revealed their enrichment in 22 Gene Ontology categories and 11 KEGG pathways. In the GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, it was found that dietary astaxanthin can regulate the gene expression level of adult E. carinicauda. Many of the signal pathways enriched by these genes are related to immunity, apoptosis and anti-stress. In addition, through KEGG enrichment analysis, it was found that dietary Axn could also regulate the amino acid metabolism of hepatopancreas of adult E. carinicauda. The comprehensive comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that Axn could improve the hepatopancreatic immunity and anti-apoptosis ability of adult E. carinicauda. • Dietary astaxanthin can regulate the metabolism of amino acids in the hepatopancreas of adult E. carinicauda. • Dietary astaxanthin can improve the immunity and anti-apoptosis ability of adult E. carinicauda. • The mechanism that dietary astaxanthin can improve the anti-stress ability of adult E. carinicauda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is abundantly farmed in East China and Southeast Asia. To date, limited information exists on the relationship between protein and astaxanthin, and the antioxidation and non‐specific immunity functions. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein and astaxanthin levels on growth, hepatopancreas antioxidant capacity and non‐specific immune response of prawns. Further, the interaction between protein and astaxanthin was determined. In total, 1800 juveniles were randomly allocated into nine treatments with four replicates in 36 net‐cages. Nine iso‐lipidic diets were formulated with three levels of astaxanthin (0, 100 and 200 mg kg−1) and protein (350, 380 and 410 g kg−1) respectively. Feeding trials lasted for 72 days. The results demonstrated that survival rate, feed coefficient, protein efficiency and body composition did not differ significantly among treatments (p > 0.05), and the weight gain and specific growth rates disposed in their protein levels in diets by 410 g kg−1 were markedly higher than the other two levels (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in antioxidant capacity of hepatopancreas among different levels of protein (p > 0.05). The activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and glutathione peroxidase in hepatopancreas decreased with upgraded content of astaxanthin in diets (P < 0.05). Overall, this study implies that dietary protein levels are the key factor impacting growth performance and feed utilization, when combined with astaxanthin in diets, an interaction effect may partially occur on antioxidant enzymatic activities. However, excessive supplementation of astaxanthin may cause negative impacts on some immune‐related enzymatic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand how riverine fish respond to longitudinally different habitats created by impoundment, we selected three congeneric yellow catfish species (Pelteobagrus spp.) as a model system to assess changes in diet, prey selectivity, and body condition among the lotic, transitional, and lentic habitats along the Three Gorges Reservoir. Our results add to previous findings highlighting a shift in fish diets from diverse zoobenthos to shrimp‐dominated as the river becomes lentic by showing spatial segregation in the size of shrimp prey consumed. Relative to the available shrimp populations, catfish populations selected smaller shrimp in the upper (lotic) section and larger shrimp in the middle (transitional) and lower (lentic) sections. Complementary body condition indices exhibited a consistent spatial pattern, where populations in the lotic zone were healthier than those in the transitional and lentic zones. This pattern seems to result from a greater nutrient value of zoobenthos, the dominant food in the lotic zone, relative to shrimps. Our results suggest that these generalist fish species have adapted to the spatial habitat gradient and maintained their populations, but the impoundment has deeply influenced their energy acquisition and allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why would a Chinese restaurant that claims to be the true heir of local culinary and cultural traditions put Western-style baked goose liver on the menu, next to traditional dishes like stir-fried shrimp? How do Chinese women address power asymmetry in the workplace ? This article uses the cases of five female managers of food establishments, who break into two generations and occupy a spectrum of positions on gender and ideology, to illustrate how women can wrest power from patriarchy by participating in the collective project of food nostalgia in contemporary China. Both beneficiaries and victims of the patriarchal system, they demonstrate in their autobiographical storytelling cultural beliefs and narrative patterns from pre-socialist and socialist China while registering generational differences in gender position. Intersectioning with culture, gender, and politics, food functions as a prism to refract the complex processes of Chinese modernization and Chinese women's inevitably fraught experiences therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracement of the origin of seafoods and aquatic products is an important issue for avoiding the falsification of production regions of aquatic products. Herein, by analyzing black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) as a model of aquatic products, we demonstrated a method to trace the origin of aquatic products by analyzing the gut microbiome of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) collected from three commercial farms in China, via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. Multivariate analysis was executed on the obtained mass spectrometric datasets of bacteria extracted and collected from shrimp samples with different production regions. The gut microorganisms of black tiger shrimps can be identified by scoring the gut microbiota of black tiger shrimps collected from three producing areas. The black tiger shrimp from three production regions were found with distinguished characteristics of bacterial prevalence in their digestive gland microbiota. The dominant bacteria genus in digestive gland microbiota from black tiger shrimp samples from the three production regions are completely different. Single-blind shrimp samples with unknown production region was successfully screened by comparing the detected MS data in different ways. This strategy can trace the production region of the analyzed shrimp samples in a quick and efficient mode. The application of the present protocol was further demonstrated by analyzing the biometric species from gill tissue of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) samples collected from crab-producing areas in Jiangsu Province (China), that is, Taihu Lake, Gaoyou Lake, and Hongze Lake for tracing their production area. It is expected to extend the presently developed method to provide clues for the origin traceability of other aquatic products. • Tracement of the origin of seafoods is an important issue to avoid the falsification. • A method to trace the origin of aquatic products via MALDI-TOF MS was proposed. • The dominant bacteria in digestive gland microbiota from shrimps are different. • The origin of single-blind shrimp samples can be successfully traced. • The present method holds promise for the origin traceability of aquatic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sinensis) was found with a white turbidity appearance in the Panjin area. After dissection, typical symptoms of milky disease with hemolymph emulsification and noncoagulation were observed; however, the pathogen was unknown. In this study, we aimed to isolate the pathogen of the diseased P. sinensis. We found that the pathogen could grow on the fungal medium Bengal red, and microscopic examination showed that it reproduced by budding. Molecular identification of the isolated and purified yeast strain LNMB2021 based on 26S rDNA sequence showed that the pathogenic pathogen was Metschnikowia bicuspidata (GenBank OK094821), with 98.74% homology with M. bicuspidata strain LNES0119 (GenBank OK073903) and 98.56% with M. bicuspidata strain Liao (GenBank MT856369). The results of an artificial infection test showed that M. bicuspidata caused the same clinical symptoms in P. sinensis, and the isolated pathogen was still the same, which proved that P. sinensis was a new host of M. bicuspidata. Histopathological analysis showed that there were obvious pathological changes in the hepatopancreas and muscle tissue of the diseased P. sinensis. Identification of the pathogen is essential for the prevention and control of the disease and the healthy culture of P. sinensis. Furthermore, considering the transmissibility and cross‐host transmission of M. bicuspidata, its risk of infecting other aquatic animals deserves high attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phylogenetic studies of clam shrimps (Branchiopoda, Crustacea) demonstrated that the significance of several morphological characters for classification of branchiopod shells should be critically re-evaluated. Such a venture is particularly important for integrating the taxonomy of fossil and extant branchiopods. One of the shell characters widely used in the branchiopod classification is the carapace ornamentation pattern. This character might, however, be significantly influenced by intraspecific variability and in particular the sexual dimorphism. In this study we investigate the pattern of ornamentation in extant branchiopods-including differences resulting from sexual dimorphism-in order to assess its value for branchiopod taxonomy. We examined 184 individuals representing 10 living species belonging to 7 genera, 5 families, and 2 suborders from China, and compared with the results of previous studies. Although some differences in ornamentation were related to reproductive modes, the basic ornamentation patterns or combinations were stable within each extant species. We found out that some taxa indeed display sexually dimorphic ornamentations, but their basic ornamentation patterns or combinations are stable within each species so they do not significantly influence the taxonomic identification. Integration of data on fossil and extant taxa indicates that similar ornamentation patterns can be observed on familial level of fossil spinicaudatan branchiopods and indicates therefore that characteristic ornamentation patterns can help to identify these taxa in the fossil record. In light of the new molecular phylogeny, we re-evaluated the phylogenetic relationship between fossil and extant spinicaudatan taxa. The resulting tree suggests: (i) paraphyly of the traditional Eosestherioidea, (ii) an affinity between Ozestheria and Triglypta, and (iii) an affinity between Cyzicus and Diestheria or Aquilonoglypta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In coastal China, the clam–shrimp polyculture system is a new model of seawater aquaculture. A 60‐day rearing experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of commercial effective microorganisms (EM) bacteria liquid, containing bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria and mechanical aeration on water quality and their growth performance and antioxidant status. A 2 × 2 layout was designed, including four treatment groups were abbreviated as O (non‐supplementation of EM bacteria liquid and no mechanical aeration), A (supplementation of EM bacteria liquid), B (mechanical aeration) and AB (supplementation of EM bacteria liquid and mechanical aeration). AB group had significantly lower concentration of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), total inorganic phosphorus (TIP) and chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) than O group (p < 0.05) on the 60th day. Clams and shrimps farmed in the interaction group (AB group) had significantly higher body weight than O group on the 60th day (p < 0.05). Furthermore, body weight of clams had no significant differences between single factor groups (A and B groups) and O group (p > 0.05), while shrimps had significantly higher body weight in single factor groups (A and B groups) than O group on the 60th day (p < 0.05). Weight gain and specific growth rate of clams had no significant differences among different groups at the same time (p > 0.05). Shrimps reared in B and AB groups showed significantly higher T‐SOD activities, T‐AOC and CAT activities than those reared in O and A groups (p < 0.05). There were significantly lower MDA activities in B and AB groups than O group (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in hepatic MDA activities in A group than other groups (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in T‐SOD activities of clams between the four groups (p > 0.05). Clams farmed in AB group had lower MDA activities than other groups (p < 0.05). Clams farmed in AB group had significantly higher T‐AOC activities than O and B groups (p < 0.05). Although B group in T‐AOC activities was significantly lower than A group (p < 0.05), it had no significant difference than O group (p > 0.05). Finally, clams farmed in A and AB groups had significantly higher CAT activities than O group (p < 0.05), while they had no significant difference than B group (p > 0.05). In conclusion, single EM bacteria addition or mechanical aeration had limited function in improving water quality, growth performance and antioxidant capacity of clams and shrimps. In contrast, the interactive impact of adding EM bacteria and mechanical aeration could be competent for this task. Therefore, combined adding EM bacteria and mechanical aeration should be an effective way to improve water quality and their growth performance and immune function in the clam–shrimp polyculture system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few years, outbreaks of infections with infectious precocious virus (IPV) and Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) have significantly hindered the development of the aquaculture industry of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and caused severe economic losses in China. To understand the epidemiological information of farmed M. rosenbergii , we collected 79 samples from 23 farming ponds in Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2023 and detected 8 common pathogens. The results showed that IPV and DIV1 could be detected in collected samples. Infections with IPV or DIV1 and the resulting diseases were confirmed by clinical signs, histopathologic examination, and qPCR. At the same time, we found coinfection with IPV and DIV1 in the same individuals by clinical diagnosis, histopathologic examination, and molecular testing. However, iron prawn syndrome (IPS) or IPS equivale and clinical infection with DIV1 (iDIV1) cases showed mutual exclusion in individuals and ponds. The results revealed significant differences in loads of the two viruses in the same individuals and ponds, with an overall negative correlation. This is the first report of coinfection with IPV and DIV1 in farmed M. rosenbergii. • We found the coinfection of DIV1 and IPV in cultured Macrobrachium rosenbergii individuals and ponds. • There was an extremely significant negative correlation between the loads of the two pathogens in individual samples. • IPS or IPS equivocal and clinical iDIV1 cases showed mutual exclusion in individuals and ponds. • There was no significant difference in IPV load between IPS symptomatic and IPS equivocal samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii is native to North America and Mexico, and it was introduced to China in 1929. The production and consumption of P. clarkii in China are the highest worldwide, reaching 208.96 million tons in 2020. The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major pathogen that affects shrimp, crayfish, crabs and lobsters, and it has caused widespread loss to the P. clarkii industry. Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a small‐molecule compound, has a multitude of biological functions and the ability to bind to the 37 kDa/67 kDa laminin receptor (LamR). EGCG has potential antiviral effects against WSSV. In this study, we evaluated the potential anti‐WSSV applications of EGCG in P. clarkii. We demonstrated that various concentrations (10 μg/g·bw, 20 μg/g·bw and 40 μg/g·bw) of EGCG can suppress WSSV infection in P. clarkii. Histopathological examination revealed no characteristic pathological changes due to EGCG administration in P. clarkii tissues. Furthermore, pharmacokinetics studies of EGCG in P. clarkii revealed its rapid absorption (Tmax = 2 h), and the peak concentrations of EGCG were 73.78 µg/g in the liver and 24.87 µg/g in the muscle. Our results indicate the high potential applications of EGCG against WSSV in P. clarkii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture in salt‐alkaline regions is encouraged in China, and culture of many aquatic species has been introduced into these areas. In this study, we cultured two species, white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and channel catfish (Letalurus punetaus) separately in aquaculture ponds in a salt‐alkaline region in northwest China and assessed the impacts of the aquaculture operations on the planktonic bacterial community in the culture ponds. Culture of both species decreased the planktonic bacterial diversity and altered the bacterial community structure in the aquaculture ponds compared with the source water. Among the 10 dominant bacterial phyla, 8 were significantly correlated with environmental parameters; the exception was Actinobacteriota, the most dominant phylum, and Firmicutes. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota abundances showed significant positive correlations with alkalinity, whereas Patescibacteria, Cyanobacteria, Planctomycetota, and Verrucomicrobiota abundance were positively correlated with salinity. Linear regression analysis showed that alkalinity was positively correlated with bacterial beta diversity and salinity was negatively correlated with that. In addition, white shrimp aquaculture significantly lowered the alkalinity, which suggests that culture of this species in inland salt‐alkaline regions is a potential dealkalization solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Devonian saw the emergence and subsequent diversification of the clam shrimp. To date, there are no credible records of any clam shrimp prior to the Devonian. Therefore, discoveries and taxonomic studies of early forms, especially the Early Devonian species, are essential to broaden our knowledge of the origin and early evolution of clam shrimp. An Early Devonian clam shrimp community that consists of four species, Cornia cheni n. sp., Pseudestheria cf. P. diensti, Palaeolimnadiopsis zhangi n. sp., and ?Palaeolimnadia sp. is described and discussed in detail in this study. These species are the oldest clam shrimp in China and among the oldest worldwide. This discovery indicates that clam shrimp communities with high diversity existed since the late Early Devonian and that their early forms may have had a profound effect on the origin and evolutionary trends of the following forms. UUID: http://zoobank.org/ae9d0ab8-0b0e-4103-ad71-601d11a024fc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Chinese shrimp is one of the most important aquatic resource in China due to its unique flavour and high nutritional value. In this study, the taste‐active components including free amino acids (FAAs), 5'‐nucleotides, organic acids, inorganic ions, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and betaine were analysed. The synergistic effect between amino acids and 5'‐nucleotides was determined by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The taste activity value (TAV) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) were calculated to analyse the major taste‐active components and umami attributes. Then, the aroma compounds were extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), head‐space solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods, respectively, and identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Arginine (Arg), glycine (Gly), guanosine 5'‐monophosphate (5'‐GMP), inosine‐5´‐monophosphate (5'‐IMP), de‐nosine‐5´‐monophosphate (5'‐AMP), succinic acid, lactic acid and inorganic ions with TAV higher than 1 contributed greatly to the taste. The umami intensity for 100 g of Chinese shrimp was equivalent to 4.58 g monosodium glutamate (MSG), indicating that Chinese shrimp had relatively high umami taste value. Ninety‐seven volatile compounds including esters, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, ketones, heterocycles, aromatics and alkanes were identified. This research might help consumers to understand the flavour compositions and promote the development of flavour products of Chinese shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is one of the major cultivated crustacean species in China. In recent years, a slow growth syndrome (SGS) has severely influenced the production, and the exact cause has not been clearly determined. In the present study, normal and SGS prawns were collected in 2016, 2017, and 2020. One-way ANOVA analysis showed significant difference in all growth traits examined between normal and SGS groups (P < 0.05). Cathepsin L (CatL) DNA fragment was cloned and re-sequenced, leading to identification of 41 SNPs. Among these SNPs and another four SNPs located in crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) that showed association with M. rosenbergii growth in Vietnam populations, 24 SNPs including two from the CHH gene were selected for association analysis. Eight out of the 24 SNPs were polymorphic in our population, in which SNP CatL-322 showed significant association with SGS (FDR adjusted P < 0.05). Fisher's exact test was further conducted, and two intronic SNPs, CatL-322 and CHH-2409, showed significant association with carapace length of M. rosenbergii, explaining about 15 % of phenotypic variation in total. The two SNPs were further screened in a second population, and solid evidence was obtained. We compared the growth of different genotypes at each locus and confirmed that T allele at CatL-322 locus and G allele at CHH-2409 locus were beneficial to growth performance (P < 0.05). These two SNPs potentially can be applied in marker assisted selection in future M. rosenbergii breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The palaemonid shrimp Palaemon sinensis, a species native to China, was first discovered as an established non-native species in Japan in 2005, and it has since been reported in 25 of 47 prefectures. To genetically elucidate that P. sinensis was introduced to Japan from China via importation as a live fishing bait species, this study analyzed partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene of 165 specimens collected in 7 geographical regions in Japan (Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku and Kyushu), and from 18 imported specimens from China purchased at a fishing store. All sequences were classified into 11 haplotypes, which included one widespread haplotype shared by more than half of the P. sinensis samples. Almost all of the samples of imported specimens possessed the dominant haplotype. Analysis of molecular variance showed no genetic differentiation between the Japanese local and imported samples or among regions in Japan. The overall results suggest that P. sinensis was introduced through human-mediated dispersal; furthermore, the haplotype distributions of P. sinensis established in Japan reflected the intensity of the species' importation from central and northern China. This is the first study to document the genetic structure of non-native P. sinensis in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study dealt with three species of ornamental palaemonid freshwater prawns of the genus Macrobrachium , based on morphological and molecular analysis. Macrobrachium pentazona He, Gao & Guo, 2009; M. laevis Zheng, Chen & Guo, 2019; and M. bilineare sp. nov. are distinguishable from closely related species by segmental ratios, spination of the second pereiopods and the slender scaphocerite. Macrobrachium bilineare sp. nov. can easily be recognized in the field by its bright colour pattern. Molecular evidence of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), also supports the characterization of this new species, raising the total number of Macrobrachium spp. known from China to 41. Detailed description, illustrations, colour photographs, habitat information, distribution maps and features of conservation significance are also briefly discussed. Résumé: Cette étude examine trois espèces de crevettes d'eau douce palémonidées ornementales, sur la base d'analyses morphologiques et moléculaires. Macrobrachium pentazona He, Gao & Guo, 2009 ; M. laevis Zheng, Chen & Guo, 2019 ; et M. bilineare sp. nov. sont différentiables des espèces proches par des ratios segmentaires, les épines des deuxièmes péréiopodes et le mince scaphocérite. Macrobrachium bilineare sp. nov. peut facilement être reconnue sur le terrain par sa couleur vive. Des évidences moléculaires de la sous unité I (COI) de la cytochrome oxydase mitochondriale, appuient aussi la caractérisation de cette nouvelle espèce, portant le nombre total d'espèces de Macrobrachium connues en Chine à 41. Une description détaillée, des illustrations, des photographies en couleur, des informations sur son habitat, des cartes de distribution et des caractéristiques importantes pour la conservation sont discutées. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study was conducted to assess the compatibility of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in the polyculture system. Twelve 0.6 ha intertidal mudflat ponds of shrimp in the region around Hangzhou Bay, China, were divided into four culture systems based on the stocking densities of prawns. The groups were divided into the following: control (CON, no prawn), low stocking density (LSD, 75,000 ha−1), middle stocking density (MSD, 150,000 ha−1) and high stocking density (HSD, 225,000 ha−1) groups. Results showed that the survival (%), final weight, final length and condition factor of reared shrimp exhibited no significant difference among different culture systems. The profits of the polyculture systems significantly increased with prawn stocking density. The mean values of water quality parameters showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between treatments. Phytoplankton abundance and biomass were significantly reduced in the polyculture groups. Desulforegula (9.39%), Citreicella (4.23%), Gemmobacter (3.66%) and Phycisphaera (2.93%) were the prevailing genera in the CON group. Aeromonas was the most abundant genus in the HSD group. However, most pathogenic bacteria in the pond water were undetected or observed at extremely low levels. The levels of Aeromonas and Pseudomonas sharply increased in the HSD group. These findings suggest that polyculture systems can increase profit without influencing water quality. However, high polyculture at 225,000 ind ha−1 may potentially cause pathogenic bacterial infection. Thus, the recommended model for this polyculture system is shrimp (900,000 ha−1) + prawn (150,000 ha−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food safety is a top priority of concern for consumers. To promote growth, as well as to treat diseases which occur in aquaculture, antibiotics, even banned veterinary antibiotics, are widely used. This survey investigated the levels of chloramphenicol (CAP) by LC-MS/MS in 291 aquatic samples (all the products in this survey were local sales, exported products were not included), including shellfish, shrimp and fish, from Shenzhen, South China. The CAP concentrations in these samples (based on wet weight) were: shellfish (

To investigate mangroves of different land use types in Nansha county, China, we analyzed the corresponding N2O and CH4 emissions, water temperature, salinity, acidity and alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, redox potential, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia nitrogen, and organic matter at five sites. The removal rates of NO2−, NO3−, and NH4+ in mangrove wetlands were 43.6%, 41.2%, and 65.0%; however, CH4 and N2O emissions of mangrove affected by shrimp ponds are 2–3 times and 3–9 times more high than other wetlands. These results showed that, although mangrove wetlands can significantly reduce N, P, and other nutrient elements in shrimp pond wastewater, they can also significantly increase N2O and CH4 emissions. This indicates that mangrove wetlands should be used with caution for the treatment of shrimp pond wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense , is an economically important shrimp in China. Male prawns have higher commercial value than females because the former grow faster and reach larger sizes. It is therefore important to reveal sex-differentiation and development mechanisms of the oriental river prawn to enable genetic improvement. Results We sequenced 293.3 Gb of raw Illumina short reads and 405.7 Gb of Pacific Biosciences long reads. The final whole-genome assembly of the Oriental river prawn was ∼4.5 Gb in size, with predictions of 44,086 protein-coding genes. A total of 49 chromosomes were determined, with an anchor ratio of 94.7% and a scaffold N50 of 86.8 Mb. A whole-genome duplication event was deduced to have happened 109.8 million years ago. By integration of genome and transcriptome data, 21 genes were predicted as sex-related candidate genes. Conclusion The first high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of the oriental river prawn was obtained. These genomic data, along with transcriptome sequences, are essential for understanding sex-differentiation and development mechanisms in the oriental river prawn, as well as providing genetic resources for in-depth studies on developmental and evolutionary biology in arthropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a biodiversity survey of a subterranean habitat near Sinan County, Guizhou Province, southwestern China, a new atyid shrimp of the genus Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837, C. sinanensis sp. nov. was discovered. The new species can be separated from other congeners based on a combination of characters including depigmentation in body and reduction of eyes, small pigment spot at the centre of the cornea, the shape of rostrum and the endopod of the 1st male pleopod, and the relatively longer appendix interna on the appendix masculina of the 2nd pleopod. Mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences also support the establishment of the new species. Information on the habitat, and the levels of threat are discussed to guide the conservation of C. sinanensis sp. nov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atyid shrimps of Caridina nilotica species group from China are reviewed. Taxonomic diagnosis and discussions are given to three species so far known from China, viz. Caridina gracilipes De Man, 1892, Caridina macrophora Kemp, 1918 and Caridina elongapoda Liang & Yan, 1977. Detailed morphological description and illustrations are provided for a new species. Caridina sheni sp. nov. is morphologically similar to C. gracilipes but could be distinguished by its much longer dactylus of third and fifth pereiopods, and lower number of ventral rostral teeth. Résumé: Les crevettes Atyidae du groupe d'espèces Caridina nilotica de Chine sont révisées. La diagnose taxonomique et des discussions sont données pour trois espèces connues jusqu'à présent de Chine, soit Caridina gracilipes De Man, 1892, Caridina macrophora Kemp, 1918 et Caridina elongapoda Liang & Yan, 1977. La description morphologique détaillée et des illustrations sont fournies pour une nouvelle espèce. Caridina sheni sp. nov. est morphologiquement similaire à C. gracilipes mais s'en distingue par son dactyle beaucoup plus long des troisièmes et cinquièmes péréiopodes et un plus petit nombre de dents rostrales ventrales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zhangwu-Heishan area is located in the east of the Fuxin-Yixian basin. Besides the Quaternary soil, the study area is mostly covered with volcanic rock. The horizon and age of volcanic rock play an essential role in understanding fossil beds, structures, and sedimentary evolution of West Liaoning Province and coal seeking. During this work, 11 volcanic rock samples were measured by SHRIMP U-Pb isotope analysis. Based on the reported data on the age of the Mesozoic volcanic rock in West Liaoning Province, in combination with new measurement data, Cretaceous volcanic activities in West Liaoning Province can be divided into five stages, namely 132±1 Ma, 126±1 Ma, 122±2 Ma, 115±2 Ma, and 100±5 Ma. Based on statistical results, this paper concluded that the thinning time of the crust in Northeast China is from 132±1 Ma to 115±2 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing studies have revealed strong links among gut microbiota, health status, and shrimp development, but they mainly focus on the microbiota of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, during life stages from juveniles to adults. Little is known about shrimp microbiota dynamics at early developmental stages. In this study, with an aim to profile shrimp microbiota and its dynamics at stages nauplius, zoea, mysis, and early postlarva, we conducted a survey for the successful breeding processes in a commercial hatchery in China, sampled 33 samples including larval/postlarval shrimp, suspended substance in rearing water (SSRW), and nutrition supplements (i.e., algae and brine shrimp larvae) at stages N5, Z2, M2, and P2. The associated bacterial communities were sequenced and comparatively analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Our case study results showed that bacterial community structures and compositions were strikingly different at stages N5, Z2, and P2, indicating the shift of microbiota at the three stages. Many taxa within Gamma-, Alphaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteriia classes were observed to be stage-specifically abundant and identified as taxonomic biomarkers potentially used to differentiate among shrimp at different early developmental stages. Summing up, these results shed light on larval/postlarval microbiota and its dynamics at different early developmental stages, highlighting the potential roles of shrimp development in microbiota formation and shifting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gram-positive, aerobic, motile and short rod-shaped bacterium, designated as strain G56T, was isolated from shrimp paste produced in Panjin, China. Grows in the presence of 1.0–25.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 10%), pH 5.0–9.5 (optimally at 7.0) and 10–50 °C (optimally at 37 °C). Positive for catalase and oxidase activities, but lack the ability to reduce nitrate. Acids produce from d-ribose, d-xylose, d-galactose, glycerol and d-trehalose, but no acid is produced when salicin, d-mannose, d-cellobiose and l-sorbose are provided as substrates. The polar lipid extract is found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unknown glycolipid, and unidentified phospholipids. Fatty acids are mainly defined as anteiso-C15:0 (69.7%) and anteiso-C17:0 (23.3%). The G+C content of its DNA is 44.7 mol%. The draft genome of strain G56T is 3,209,087 bp in length and the average nucleotide identity value (ANI) and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values between strain G56T and L. juripiscarius JCM 12147T is 78.41% and 22.0%, respectively. Polyphasic taxonomic analysis classified strain G56T as a novel species in the genus Lentibacillus, and therefore, we named it as Lentibacillus panjinensis sp. nov.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella Weltevreden is increasingly reported from aquatic environments, seafood, and patients in several Southeast Asian countries. Using genome-wide analysis, we characterized S. Weltevreden isolated from cultured shrimp and tilapia from Vietnam and China to study their genetic characteristics and relatedness to clinical isolates of S. Weltevreden ST-365. The phylogenetic analysis revealed up to 312 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) difference between tilapia isolates, whereas isolates from shrimp were genetically more closely related. Epidemiologically unrelated isolates from Vietnam were closely related to isolates from China, e.g., 20 SNPs differences between strains 28V and 75C. In comparison with strains from other parts of the world, our environmental isolates predominantly clustered within the continental South Asia lineage, constituted mostly of strains from human stool with as low as seven SNPs difference, e.g., 30V versus Cont_ERR495254. All sequenced isolates were MLST type ST-365 and contained the major virulence-related genes encoded by the Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands 1–5. Ten of the isolates harbored the Inc FII(S) plasmid similar to the virulence genes-mediated plasmid pSPCV of S. Paratyphi C, and one isolate had the Inc Q1 plasmid on the same contig with str A/B, sul 2, and tet A resistance genes similar to the Inc Q1 type, pNUC of S. Typhimurium. A pangenomic analysis yielded 7891 genes including a core genome of 4892 genes, with a closely related accessory genome content between clinical and environmental isolates (Benjamini p > 0.05). In a search for differences that could explain the higher prevalence of S. Weltevreden in aquatic samples, genomes were compared with those of other Salmonella enterica serovars. S. Weltevreden revealed specific regions harboring glp X (Fructose-1;6-bisphosphatase; class II), rfb C (dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose 3;5-epimerase), and cmt B (PTS Mannitol-specific cryptic phosphotransferase enzyme IIA component) involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways. Our study builds grounds for future experiments to determine genes or pathways that are essential when S. Weltevreden are in aquatic environments and microbial interactions providing survival advantages to S. Weltevreden in such environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New geochemical and geochronological data of two types of granites, which are located in Yandangshan area, southeastern Zhejiang Province, were presented to constrain their magma condition, origin and the genetic relationship between them. The SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of Dongshan and He-sheng granite in Yandangshan area shows that they were formed at 114±1 and 103±2 Ma, respectively. Samples from the Dongshan granite have high SiO2 (76.4 wt.%–76.9 wt.%) and total alkaline (K2O+Na2O=8.35 wt.%–8.47 wt.%) contents, but low FeOT (0.89 wt.%–1.15 wt.%), MgO (0.21 wt.%–0.22 wt.%), and CaO (0.24 wt.%–0.34 wt.%) contents and high A/CNK (∼1.1) values, belonging to the peraluminous and magnesian granite. The Hesheng granite has high SiO2 (72.2 wt.%–77.5 wt.%), total alkaline (K2O+Na2O=8.05 wt.%–9.41 wt.%) and FeOT contents (1.20–2.06), and high A/CNK values (1.0–1.1), but low in MgO (0.12 wt.%–0.29 wt.%) and CaO (0.24 wt.%–0.34 wt.%) contents. Samples from the Hesheng granite also have high FeOT/MgO (6.9–10.0) and 10 000×Ga/Al (2.6–3.4) ratios similar to the ferroan/A-type granite. All the samples are enriched in LREE but have produced negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*Dongshan=0.45–0.47; Eu/Eu*Hesheng=0.17–0.55), Ba, Nb, and Ta, while the REE contents of the ferroan/A-type granite (Hesheng) are higher than that of the magnesian granite (Dongshan). The (87Sr/86Sr)i value of the magnesian granite is slightly higher than that of the ferroan/A-type granite and its εNd(t) value (−6.8) is lower than the latter (−6.0–−5.9). In addition, the εHf(t) value (−11.8–−4.2) of magnesian granite is also lower than that of the ferroan/A-type granite (−8.3–−2.0), indicating that there may be more mantle-derived components in the source area of the ferroan/A-type granite. Zircon saturation thermometer (TZr) and Ti-in-zircon thermometer (TZircon) are used to estimate the temperature of the magma source, and the results show that the magma temperature of the magnesian granite (average TZr=798 °C; average TZircon=792 °C) is lower than that of the ferroan/A-type granite (average TZr=862 °C; average TZircon=859 °C). And the oxygen fugacity of magnesian granite (ΔFMQ=1.16–3.47) are also higher than those of the ferroan/A-type granite (ΔFMQ= −0.41–1.14). Our new data indicate that both granites in this study are derived from a mixed source that consists of mantle-derived and crust-derived material. Based on the previous studies, both of the granitic plutons were formed under extension setting, and the granites transformed from magnesian to ferroan in the study area may indicate the extension was enhanced, which may be caused by the roll-back or delamination of the Paleo-Pacific oceanic slab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitization to allergens and their peptides varies among patients due to geographical or ethnic differences. The present study aimed to investigate immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG4 responses to tropomyosin and its peptides in shrimp allergic patients from northern China. A total of 92 subjects were studied, including 35 shrimp allergic patients, 29 patients with house dust mite (HDM) and/or cockroach allergic patients and 28 healthy volunteers. Serum IgE and IgG4 antibodies to recombinant shrimp tropomyosin (rPen a 1) and its peptides were measured by means of a light-initiated chemiluminescent assay. A total of 9 major sequential epitopes of Pen a 1 reported in the literature were synthesized. Of 35 shrimp allergic patients, 25 (71.4%) had positive Pen 1-specific IgE (sIgE) antibodies and 22 (62.9%) contained measurable rPen a 1-specific IgG4 (sIgG4) antibodies. A strong IgG4 response accompanied the presence of IgE to Pen a 1. None of the patients with HDM and/or cockroach allergy demonstrated IgE reactivity to rPen a 1. The reaction frequency of IgE binding epitope was 20–48%, while that of IgG4 binding epitope was 63.6–3.9%. The IgE and IgG4 recognition patterns of the tropomyosin peptides demonstrated high interpatient heterogeneity. Diversity of IgE binding epitopes was positively correlated with Pen a 1 sIgE levels. In the study population, tropomyosin was a major allergen recognized by the majority of shrimp allergic patients, which is consistent with previous reports. However, none of the 9 epitopes are major (reaction frequency >50%) IgE-binding regions, indicating the epitopes profile may be different in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , is a widely farmed species. In China, shrimp postlarvae (PL) are frequently subjected to salinity reduction treatment to meet end growers' needs. However, although this treatment effectively reduces vibrio counts, its impact on gut microbiota health is still unknown. In this study, we applied a euryhaline strain of BALOs, BDN-1F2 (BD), and Bacillus subtilis (SD) to the rearing of second-generation shrimp PL after salinity reduction treatment so as to determine if they could impact PL gut microbiota by using high-throughput sequencing analysis. Results show that PL gut microbiota, both compositionally and functionally, have been badly wrecked after salinity reduction treatment with the generally recognized as opportunistic pathogens Gammaproteobacteria being the only dominant class at day 1 of test, viz., 99.43, 85.61, and 83.28% in BD, SD, and control (CD) groups, respectively. At day 7, Gammaproteobacteria was still the only dominant class in the SD and CD groups with relative abundance of 99.77 and 99.87% correspondingly, whereas in the BD group, its value dropped to 8.44%. Regarding biodiversity parameter the Shannon index, over the 7-day test period, while the SD group was unchanged (0.98–0.93), the CD group dropped to 0.94 from 2.94, and the BD group was raised to 7.14 from 0.93. Functionally, compared to control, the SD group displayed similar strength of various predicted community functions, but the BD group had hugely enhanced its various capabilities (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that the addition of BDN-1F2 had exceedingly improved PL gut microbiota health by raising its biodiversities and strengthening its functionalities. On reviewing data derived from this as well as relevant studies, a Shannon index cutoff value was tentatively suggested so as to differentiate microbiota-healthy PL7-15 from the unhealthy ones. Furthermore, a conceptual mechanism of BALOs in the rectification/improvement of the microbial community health has also been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ridgetail white prawn, Exopalaemon carinicauda is one of the most valuable marine resources in China, but few studies have been conducted to describe the characteristics of the simple sequence repeats (SSRs) for this species. The present study provides a genome‐wide view to SSRs in E. carinicauda. A total of 3,243,071 SSRs were detected in the whole genome sequences, while the mononucleotide SSR was the most abundant type. Adenine and Thymine (AT)‐rich SSRs were more abundant than guanine and cytosine (GC)‐rich SSRs. These SSR resources will be very useful for genetic studies such as parentage assignment, genetic diversity evaluation, and marker‐assisted selection. Sustainable development of E. carinicauda aquaculture requires improved breeding stocks and systematically family‐based selective breeding that relies on accurate pedigree information for estimating genetic merits. Therefore, eight highly polymorphic SSRs were selected for parentage assignment analysis. A total of 180 individuals from the offspring of four full‐sib and two half‐sib families were used to examine the efficacy of parentage analysis of those SSRs. The results showed that 98% of the offspring were unambiguously assigned to their female parent. The high efficacy of parentage assignment showed that the developed polymorphic SSR markers could be used for selective breeding in E. carinicauda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moth is a common allergen in southern China. Shrimp sensitization might be related to the moth allergen. Objective: This study investigated sensitization to moth allergen in patients in southern China sensitized to shrimp and explored the effect of moth sensitization on different allergic diseases. Methods: Serum samples from 212 patients sensitized to shrimp were tested for specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, crab, cockroach, and moth. Results: The patients sensitized to shrimp were co-sensitized to D. pteronyssinus (88.7%), crab (85.4%), cockroach (89.2%), and moth (92.0%). Overall, 75% of the patients sensitized to shrimp tested positive to the above allergens; only four patients were sensitized to shrimp alone. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) concentrations of sIgE to shrimp (2.66 kU/L [1.02-6.11 kU/L] versus 1.61 kU/L [0.70-3.67 kU/L]), crab (2.35 kU/L [0.83-4.18 kU/L] versus 1.30 kU/L [0.59-3.14 kU/L]), cockroach (3.78 kU/L [0.98-6.91 kU/L] versus 1.56 kU/L [0.85-3.17 kU/L]), and moth (4.70 kU/L [2.98-9.62 kU/L] versus 2.85 kU/L [1.16-7.01 kU/L]) in patients with skin allergic diseases was significantly higher than in patients with respiratory allergic diseases (all p < 0.05). The median (IQR) concentration of sIgE to cockroach in the young adults (2.33 kU/L [0.86-5.56 kU/L]) was the highest among all age groups as well as to moth (young adults: 4.14 kU/L [1.93-8.24 kU/L]). With the increasing positive class of shrimp allergen, the sIgE concentration of moth, cockroach, and crab also increased, and the optimal scaling analysis showed that the sIgE of crab, cockroach, and moth had a strong correlation with sIgE to shrimp (Cronbach a = 93.8%). Conclusion: This study found a high rate of co-sensitization between moth, D. pteronyssinus, cockroach, and crab among patients sensitized to shrimp and a strong correlation between shrimp, moth, and cockroach. Shrimp and cockroach co-sensitization might be related to moth allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the pathogen behind white spot disease (WSD) in shrimp and many other crustaceans. It is a highly contagious virus capable of causing total mortality in 3–10 days of outbreak in normal culture conditions. Since the first report of occurrence in China and Taiwan between 1991 and 1992, WSD outbreak caused tremendous losses at farm level throughout the world. Most of the published reviews on WSSV emphasize advanced genetic studies and biosecurity measures in terms of disease management. Recently, some new technologies such as greenhouse, polyculture, biofloc and minimal water exchange have been proposed for WSD management, which is the trigger for this review. However, further research is needed on those new technologies enhancing their efficient application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exopalaemon modestus (Heller, 1862) and Macrobrachium nipponensis (De Haan, 1840) (Palaemonidae) are ecologically and commercially important fishery resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China, and co-occur in demersal habitats. Little information is available on their biology. We compared the reproductive traits of both species on the upper, middle, and lower sections of the TGR. Both species differed in mean size at maturity, which increased from upper to middle and lower sections. Sex ratios were significantly biased toward females, but no significant differences were observed among the three sites for either species. Both species displayed an obvious trade-off between embryo size and fecundity, with the size of embryos being the smallest but with the highest fecundity at the upper section, followed by the middle and lower sections. Exopalaemon modestus spawned from early April to late September, with a peak in May and June, whereas M. nipponensis spawned from late April to early October with a peak in June and July. The spatially distinct reproductive traits, which were concordant across species, are likely related to differences in habitat characteristics such as water flow. We suggest that management strategies should account for the reproductive biology of the two species in order to maintain a sustainable fishery in the reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) includes two cryptic species, which are distributed mostly allopatrically but co-occur in the northern South China Sea (from Huilai to Beihai). To obtain a better understanding of the fine-scale genetic structure and parapatric diversification of these two varieties in the northwestern Pacific region, we used a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and comparative transcriptomics approach to establish their phylogenetic relationships. Using the GBS technique, we genotyped 28891 SNPs in 160 individuals in the Northwest Pacific. The results supported two highly diverged evolutionary lineages of kuruma shrimp (var. I and II). The ND and XM populations showed complex genetic patterns, which might be affected by the complex environment of the Taiwan Strait. In addition, the migration rates and inbreeding coefficients of XM and BH were much lower than those of the other populations, which might be related to the land-sea changes and complex ocean currents in the Taiwan Strait and Qiongzhou Strait. Based on the synonymous substitution rates (ds) of 2,491 candidate orthologs, we estimated that the divergence time between the two varieties was 0.26~0.69 Mya. Choice and no-choice interbreeding experiments provided support for the biological species concept, by showing the existence of reproductive isolation or incompatibility. In view of these differences between the two Marsupenaeus species, we believe that it is essential and urgent to establish a genetic database for each and reevaluate their ecological suitable conditions in order to improve species-specific culturing techniques. Moreover, this research can serve as a case study for future research on speciation and hybridization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tachaea chinensis Thielemann, 1910 (Isopoda: Corallanidae) is a branchial ectoparasite that attaches onto shrimps and prawns. However, the distribution of T. chinensis in China, especially its epidemiology, remains unclear. We determined the prevalence of T. chinensis on the ridgetail white prawn (Exopalaemon carinicauda Holthuis, 1950) in Jiangsu Province. Fifty ponds in 10 shrimp farms were assessed. Isopod species were identified by morphological features and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene analysis. A literature review was performed to determine the geographical distribution of T. chinensis in China. Published data revealed that T. chinensis was geographically distributed throughout five provinces in China, including Liaoning, Tianjin, Henan, Hubei, and Guangxi. A total of 998 T. chinensis were collected from 50 ridgetail white prawn ponds in Yancheng City and Rudong County. Tachaea chinensis prevalence ranged from 0.98% to 4.42% in Yancheng City and 0.62% to 0.92% in Rudong County. This is the first study to investigate the geographical distribution of T. chinensis in China and determine the prevalence of T. chinensis on the ridgetail white prawn in Jiangsu Province. Overall, we provide available data that fill gaps in the epidemiology of T. chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]