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The path of exploring the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry has become one of the focus issues in China. In terms of experience, the impact of service sector growth on the quality of China's manufacturing industry is unclear. Therefore, institutional environment is incorporated in the research frame, and the Sys-GMM is used to estimate the relationship between them based on China's provincial panel data from 2010 to 2020. The main results showed that: (1) Both the service sector growth and institutional environment can improve the quality of manufacturing development, and they have a significant interaction. (2) The impact of service sector growth on the quality of manufacturing industry decreases in the eastern, central and western regions of China. The expansion of foreign direct investment in services cannot significantly improve the quality development in China's manufacturing, and there is no obvious interaction between SFDI and the institutional environment. However, the domestically funded service sector is the opposite. The main contribution of this paper is to empirically verify the impact of service sector growth on the quality of manufacturing development in China, and consider the differences in the impact of regional development of service sectors and the heterogeneity of investment subjects. In addition, from the perspective of system development, this article considers the influence of the institutional environment, so as to analyze the former's impact on the latter in more detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Service sector development in China has increased the demand for energy and, potentially, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, there are no studies on decoupling and its determinants in China's service sector from the point of view of technology and efficiency. A decoupling indicator based on the extended Kaya identity and production decomposition analysis was innovatively adopted to examine the relationship between service CO2 emissions and economic growth. The results show that: (1) the decoupling state of China's service sector fluctuated from 2000 to 2008, was stable from 2008 to 2012 in the expansive coupling state, and finally stepped onto a stable state of weak decoupling from 2012 to 2019; and (2) during the sample period, the rapid expansion of the economy scale was the primary inhibiting factor for decoupling, while the decline in potential energy intensity and the progress in energy-saving technology effect was the key promoters. Furthermore, scenario analysis indicates that the possibility of decoupling energy growth from service CO2 emissions significantly relies on technological progress and efficiency improvements. China should focus on technology and efficiency, reduce energy intensity, and strengthen provincial cooperation to reduce service CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decoupling relationship between carbon emissions and the economic development in the service sector is conducive to promoting sustainable development. Taking 30 provinces of China as case studies, this study not only examined the decoupling relationship between carbon emissions and economic development in the service sector by adopting Tapio decoupling elasticity model but it also explored the driving factors affecting the changes of carbon emissions of the service sector at different stages by using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index. The main results are as follows. First, the rapid development of the service sector inevitably consumed a large number of energies, thus generating a deal of carbon emissions in China. Second, the majority of provinces have achieved a weak decoupling relationship between carbon emissions and economic development in the service sector during the four Five-Year Plans. Third, although the inhibiting effect of energy efficiency and energy structure saw a fluctuant growth trend, the provincial average accumulative reduction of carbon emissions was still smaller than that of the industry scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses data from 1,222 online survey questionnaires of education enterprises to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on the employment expectations of service enterprises. We found COVID-19 had a significant inhibitory effect on employment expectations, and if the shock of COVID-19 increased by one level, the probability that the expected labour demand of enterprises decreased by 30–50% would increase by 0.049 compared to the same prior-year period, and the probability of a reduction of more than 50% would increase by 0.115. The COVID-19 influenced employment expectations mainly through inhibiting two major channels – revenue and cash flow, and its impact on revenue was greater than the impact on cash flow. Specifically, the mediating effects of revenue and cash flow accounted for 42.78% and 14.07% of the total effect, respectively. In addition, the employment expectations of non-micro enterprises, offline enterprises, and enterprises in high-risk regions were more impacted by COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The service industry is a major pillar of China's urban economy. Rural migrant workers form the backbone workforce in China's urban service sector. Despite much attention to the work and life of rural migrants in Chinese cities, urban employers' regulation and rural migrants' performance of emotional labour in the service sector remain understudied. Drawing on participant observation and in-depth interviews over eight years, we examine how urban employer and rural migrant workers relationally navigate intersecting emotional and migration regimes to contest, (re)produce and (re)configure rural migrants' power and status in the urban space. We develop the conceptualization of 'translocal emotional reflexivity' to elucidate multiplicated emotional regimes and subjectivities between places of origin and arrival, as well as how emotional reflexivity is mobilized to regulate, navigate and negotiate conflictual translocal emotional subjectivities. We discuss the 'institutionalized individualization' of emotional labour – a process in which an employer systematically engineers a sense of emotional agency for workers to re-imagine, re-appropriate and individualize their emotional performance to serve institutional aims – as a distinctive feature of how the regulation and performance of emotional labour has evolved over the past decade in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marketization of municipal services in China's cities from the 1990s triggered a wave of strikes beginning in the 2000s that provided an impetus towards standardization and the re‐regulation of employment conditions. On the basis of a study of the sanitation and taxi industries in the cities of Wenzhou and Guangzhou, the authors find that local governments have utilized three strategies in promoting standardization: unionization, public policy implementation and business consolidation. Although outcomes vary across the cases considered, institutionalization remains weak at best and conflicts persist. The article concludes by presenting a schema for comparing the different strategies identified in these cases and those historically institutionalized in the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The share of the service sector in China is significantly lower than that in most countries at the same level of income. Figures reveal that an insufficiency in both consumer and producer demand may be one of the reasons. We find that the demand insufficiency mainly stems from high consumer preferences for saving and China's export-oriented trade structure. These excessive saving tendencies limit consumer demand for service products and thus hamper the development of consumer services in China. The rapid development of the processing trade also impedes the interrelation between the domestic manufacturing and service industries, reduces the effective demand for local producer services from the manufacturing industry, and ultimately restricts the growth of the producer service industry in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses some aspects of EU-China trade relations. Correlation analysis was applied to quantify the extent of the influence of the foreign trade with China on the overall foreign trade of the five members of the EU that have the largest foreign trade with China. Given the ongoing trade deficits of the EU with China, we decided to apply the Trade Complementarity Index (TCI) to determine the extent of their trade complementarity. Our initial hypothesis that the economies are highly complementary was rejected. We thus decided to apply the TCI to the EU's trade relations with the US. For the US, the TCI confirmed the existence of high trade complementarity. This implies that the EU can strengthen its negotiating power with China by increasing its trade diversification. These conclusions were also supported by our econometric model. A thorough analysis of EUChina trade relations also revealed the growth potential of the trade in services, which is gaining its momentum given the turbulences in global trade. The paper suggests that the EU needs to strengthen its trade relations with its "natural trade partners" instead of concentrating on China. The paper's focus on trade in services is a major contribution as it has so far been neglected in the economic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using R&D and advertising intensity to measure a firm's differentiation strategy, this study examines whether charitable giving substitutes or complements such a differentiation strategy. Evidence from a nationwide survey of private small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) across China shows that corporate charitable giving generally complements rather than substitutes differentiation strategy. In particular, the combined spending in R&D and advertising increases corporate charitable giving. In addition, the positive relationship between differentiation strategy and charitable giving is more prominent for firms located in service sector and in less developed markets. This study contributes important insights to our understanding of the relationship between corporate charitable giving and differentiation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on ethnographic data from the sanitation industry in Wenzhou and Guangzhou, we investigate different patterns of work organization in each city. We find that supplementary informal work can serve to subsidize low family income and therefore stabilize formal but exploitative work. In Wenzhou, the family team model creates time and space for one spouse to engage in informal work while still receiving a wage from the employer. This additional informal work significantly increases net family income, which neutralizes worker demands for better wages and working conditions in the formal sector. In contrast, Guangzhou workers are subject to relatively rigid spatio-temporal controls, impeding them from participating in informal work to supplement their formal wages. Despite receiving higher wages and more benefits, these workers are highly wage dependent and express much greater discontent than their equivalents in Wenzhou. Theoretically, we contribute to the literature on informality through a discussion of "ancillary informal work," highlighting how access to certain kinds of informal work both subsidizes and is facilitated by formal sector employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a mega-city constrained by resources and the environment, Beijing has developed a leading service sector, and it is necessary to evaluate the service sector circular economy in this major global city. Here, we establish an indicator system including internal subsystem (economic production, resources consumption, waste emissions, and waste recycling), external subsystem (industry correlation) and mutualistic subsystem (society development), and use AHP modeling to evaluate the period from 2000 to 2013. We found that the development of the service sector circular economy in Beijing experienced an increase from 2000 to 2008, then a decrease from 2009 to 2013. This change mainly resulted from the decrease in Beijing's GDP following the international financial crisis in 2008. The internal subsystem greatly influences the service sector circular economy:synthetic weight of economic production, resource consumption, waste emissions and waste recycling was 0.367,0.136,0.136 and 0.075, respectively. Within the external subsystem, industrial correlation has a weak connection with Beijing's service sector circular economy with asynthetic weight of 0.143, this result illustrates that the development of the service sector circular economy has an intimate relationship with other cities or provinces around Beijing, such as Tianjin and Hebei. As are presentative of the mutualistic subsystem, society development has a positive nexus with the service sector circular economy with asynthetic weight of 0.143, proving that the development of the service sector circular economy can improve the service sector employment ratio in Beijing. We conclude with some suggestions on how to develop the service sector circular economy in Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was divided into three parts. First, we compared and analyzed the competitiveness of trade in services and the degree of openness of the service sectors in China and THE five member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), namely Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand. Second, we empirically analyzed the panel data of the six countries. The empirical results indicated that China exhibited less competitiveness in trade in services and a lower degree of openness in the service sector compared with the other five countries. Furthermore, we determined that the competitiveness of trade in services was positively correlated with the openness of the service sector in the six countries. Third, we conclude by discussing and explaining the opening and collaboration of trade in services between China and ASEAN from political and economic perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In addition to extending the empirical investigation of the relationship between transformational leadership and follower affective commitment to the Chinese hospitality industry, this study makes a theoretical contribution by investigating the influence of individually held cultural values on this relationship. Building on previous research which has examined whether collectivism moderates the transformational leadership/affective commitment relationship, this study investigates the moderating effects of two additional cultural value orientations, namely power distance and uncertainty avoidance. Hierarchical regression analysis was utilized to analyse survey data from 398 employees of four Chinese hotels in Zhejiang Province. In addition to finding a positive relationship between transformational leadership and affective commitment, data analysis revealed that followers low in power distance exhibited higher levels of affective commitment when working under a transformational leader than those high in power distance. In addition, followers high in uncertainty avoidance and collectivism exhibited greater commitment when working under a transformational leader than those low in uncertainty avoidance and collectivism. These findings clearly indicate the importance of within-country cultural differences to the effectiveness of leaders in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hanink D. M., Ebenstein A. Y. and Cromley R. G. Spatial analysis of selected manufacturing and service sectors in China's economy using county employment data for 1990 and 2000, Regional Studies. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the spatial distribution of employment in forty-one economic sectors in China in 1990 and in 2000. Sectors are approximately split between manufacturing and services. Spatial distributions of employment by sector are analysed at the county level, and relative sectoral specialization at the county level is also considered. Manufacturing and service clusters are identified in both years using factor analysis, and the resulting factor scores are used in mapping their spatial extent. In general, geographical concentration in Chinese manufacturing accelerated between 1990 and 2000, while services became more spatially uniform in their distribution. [image omitted] Hanink D. M., Ebenstein A. Y. et Cromley R. G. Une analyse geographique des secteurs de l'industrie et des services choisis de l'economie chinoise a partir des donnees sur l'emploi au niveau du comte pour 1990 et pour l'an 2000, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche a fournir une analyse comparative de la distribution geographique de l'emploi dans quarante et un secteurs economiques chinois pour 1990 et pour l'an 2000. Les secteurs se repartissent de facon approximative entre l'industrie et les services. On analyse des distributions geographiques de l'emploi par secteur d'activite au niveau du comte et on considere aussi la specialisation sectorielle relative au niveau du comte. Employant une analyse factorielle, on identifie des regroupements des industries et des services pour les deux annees en question, et on se sert des scores qui en resultent afin d'elaborer leur portee geographique. En regle generale, la concentration geographique de l'industrie chinoise s'est acceleree en 1990 et en 2000, tandis que la distribution des services est devenue plus uniforme sur le plan geographique. Chine Analyse geographique Services Regroupement Economies de localisation Hanink D. M., Ebenstein A. Y. und Cromley R. G. Raumanalyse ausgewahlter Produktions- und Dienstleistungssektoren der chinesischen Wirtschaft mit Hilfe von Beschaftigungsdaten auf Bezirksebene fur die Jahre 1990 und 2000, Regional Studies. Dieser Beitrag enthalt eine vergleichende Analyse der raumlichen Verteilung der Beschaftigung in 41 Wirtschaftssektoren Chinas in den Jahren 1990 und 2000. Die Sektoren werden grob auf produzierende und Dienstleistungssektoren aufgeteilt. Die raumliche Verteilung der Beschaftigung je nach Sektor wird auf Bezirksebene analysiert, wobei auch die relative sektorale Spezialisierung auf Bezirksebene berucksichtigt wird. Fur beide Jahre werden mit Hilfe einer Faktorenanalyse Herstellungs- und Dienstleistungscluster identifiziert; die daraus resultierenden Faktorenwerte werden zur Abbildung ihres raumlichen Umfangs genutzt. Im Allgemeinen beschleunigte sich die geografische Konzentration der chinesischen Produktion im Zeitraum von 1990 bis 2000, wahrend sich die Dienstleistungen raumlich gleichmassiger verteilten. China Raumanalyse Dienstleistungssektor Cluster Lokalisierungsokonomien Hanink D. M., Ebenstein A. Y. y Cromley R. G. Analisis espacial de sectores exclusivos de manufactura y servicios en la economia de China usando datos de empleo de los condados para 1990 y 2000, Regional Studies. En este articulo llevamos a cabo un analisis comparativo de la distribucion espacial del empleo en cuarenta y un sectores economicos de China en 1990 y 2000. Los sectores se han dividido aproximadamente entre manufactura y servicios. Hemos analizado las distribuciones espaciales del empleo por sector para cada condado y tambien hemos considerado la especializacion sectorial relativa para cada condado. Identificamos las aglomeraciones de manufactura y servicios para ambos anos usando un analisis de factores y las puntuaciones resultantes de los factores sirven para representar la extension espacial. En general, la concentracion geografica en el sector manufacturero de China se acelero entre 1990 y 2000, mientras que los servicios se volvieron mas uniformes espacialmente en su distribucion. China Analisis espacial Sector de servicios Aglomeracion Economias de localizacion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon output, employment, consumption and trade data, this article examines whether there is an economic tertiarization trend in China 's economy and evaluates the common factors driving current trends. It shows that the tertiarization trend is evident for the overall economy and most regions in terms of the service nominal value-added ratio and service employment and consumption. However, the tertiarization trend is not significant in terms of the service real value-added ratio, and there is even some concurrent “detertiarization” because of the decreasing proportion of services in imports and exports. Indeed, China's tertiarization trend is far behind its industrialization trend. The rise in the relative prices of services explains the rising proportion of household service consumption expenditure and further illuminates why the service real value-added ratio has not grown. The main cause for the growing percentage of service employment is the lag in service labor productivity growth in interaction with the price inelasticity of service demand. “Cost disease” has appeared in service consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the rapid expansion of the service sector in China in both the regional and national levels. It mentions that the author conducted a study which identifies the regional variations that contributed to the growth and development in the industry as well as explore other contributing factors related to it. It provides information on structural shifts that happened in the regional economy of China and relates that inequality in the contribution of services to its gross domestic product (GDP) did not have the same path being followed as that of employment in services.

• We explore the impact mechanism of ETS on CO 2 emissions from the service sector. • SCM is used to estimate the ETS policy effect. • Intermediate approach is used to identify the carbon emission reduction efficiency. • ETS can be an effective tool to control CO 2 emissions from the service sector. • ETS influences CO 2 emissions by carbon emission reduction efficiency. The service sector has a vital role in achieving emissions reduction, but existing studies on emission trading scheme (ETS) seldom consider CO 2 emissions from service sector. Among the seven ETS pilots in China, those in Beijing and Shanghai cover the service sector. This paper focuses on the Beijing and Shanghai pilots and divides the service sector into the transportation sector and the other service sector. After that, it integrates the synthetic control method and the intermediate approach to analyze the impact mechanism of the ETS on the CO 2 emissions from the service sector. The results show that the ETS has a negative effect on CO 2 emissions from the service sector in China, but the abatement effect is heterogeneous by region and sector. Meanwhile, during the sample period, the impact mechanism of the ETS on CO 2 emissions from the service sector is carbon emission reduction efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the extent to which the rhetoric of the sovereign consumer and the use of the customer as a device of managerial control have been transferred to the subsidiaries of multinational retail firms operating in China. Based upon data drawn from over 200 interviews conducted at UK and Japanese multi-nationals' stores, in this rapidly internationalizing context it was evident that the notion of the sovereign consumer was ubiquitous and procedures designed to inculcate management by customers or consumer control had been implemented. However, it was equally apparent that the rhetoric of the consumer not only served managerial ends, but also provided a rich and fertile resource for shopfloor workers. Meaningful, socially embedded relationships could also play a crucial rote in transactions. Moreover, with respect to discipline and control, employees were fully aware that power lay with their managers, rather than disembodied consumers or even actual customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is universally recognized that direct carbon emissions based on energy consumption and industrial production lead to carbon leakage and inequality. This paper employs input–output analysis (IOA) and the hypothetical extraction method (HEM) to establish an embodied carbon analysis framework to resolve the above externalities. As a typical downstream consumption industry, the service sector has had very little work examining its embodied carbon transfer structure and related climate policies. In this paper, carbon flows of China's service sector between 1997 and 2015 are mapped and a scenario analysis is conducted that accounts for the service sector development plan and carbon emissions reduction targets. The results demonstrate that 13–19% of carbon flows in the Chinese economy are caused by the service sector's demand of other sectors. Controlling the industry scale and carbon intensity of its upstream industries effectively mitigates the dramatic growth of embodied carbon emissions in the service sector. The embodied carbon emissions accounting framework might provide new insights for the definition of emissions reduction responsibility on both a regional and sectoral scale. The further exploration of the service industry from this novel perspective will be helpful in realizing China's overall carbon emissions reduction goals. • A visualised dynamic embodied carbon dioxide database for China is constructed. • Service sector has huge reduction potential as second-largest embodied CO 2 importer. • Primary embodied carbon input sectors of the service sector are identified. • The accounting framework can be applied on both a regional and sectoral scale. • Controlling the industry scale and carbon intensity of upstream industries is valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing competitive industries is important to regional growth. Existing studies have emphasized that regions are more likely to succeed if they develop new industries based on their existing industrial structure or local competences. However, to measure a region's industry structure, earlier literature uses only the network of relatedness between manufacturing industries, while largely overlooking industries in the service sector. Based on a detailed industry-region level dataset from China's National Economic Census in 2008 and 2013, we extend Hidalgo's method and provide robust evidence that industrial structure of China is shaped by both service and manufacturing industries. By including service industries, we reveal that China's industry space has two densely connected cores. Manufacturing and service industries are closely related, and both are important to regional industrial development. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, undeveloped regions are found to locate in one of the connected cores, thus both developed and undeveloped regions are suggested to develop smartly based on their existing competences. Findings of our work cast doubts on some current path-breaking policies for undeveloped regions to develop upscale but unrelated industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]