Search

This essay assessed the chemical safety knowledge of students in the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, concerning chemical storage, heat operation, waste disposal, and emergency response. The results show that students' familiarity and understanding of safety knowledge is not satisfactory, especially in the waste disposal and emergency response. In addition, the significant difference is also found among different subgroups (gender, major, and academic year). Therefore, in the following work, the analytical experimental courses incorporate online and offline safety education into the teaching design for first-year undergraduates. Prudent and continuous safety training is expected to be routinely provided for all undergraduates and postgraduates in the future.

Unintentional injury has been a leading threat to Chinese children. Children's risk-taking is influenced by their evaluation of risky behavior and related safety knowledge, which also vary considerably by child and family characteristics. In light of the Health Belief Model, the current study (1) proposes and tests a tripartite relation among Chinese preschoolers' safety knowledge, evaluations of risk, and risk-taking behavior; (2) examines how the tripartite relation varies by child, family, and residential characteristics. Preschooler-caregiver dyads (N = 217) completed questionnaires and interviews. The results confirmed the existence of the tripartite relation in Chinese preschoolers. Rural children, children with siblings, and those from families with low SES or high mobility, all demonstrated less safety knowledge, viewed risk-taking behaviors as unlikely to result in injury, and exhibited more risky behaviors. This study is the first to consider these issues in a sample of preschoolers. The findings suggest that preschool injury prevention programs should address preschoolers' safety knowledge and evaluative skills along with those of their caregivers.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of a sexual abuse prevention education in a sample of Chinese preschool children in Beijing, China. Method: One hundred and fifty preschool children were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (N = 78) or the wait-list control group (N = 72). Children were posttested on sexual abuse prevention knowledge and self-protection skills gains. Results: Following program participation, preschool children in the intervention group demonstrated greater knowledge about sexual abuse prevention and higher levels of self-protection skills compared with children in the wait-list control group. Conclusions: Findings suggest that it is feasible to implement the sexual abuse prevention education with Chinese preschoolers. Applications and limitations of these findings are discussed.

AbstractOver the past decades, China has faced an increasingly severe fire issue, resulting in significant human and financial losses. Consequently, the importance of enhancing fire safety education for citizens has become more pronounced. However, due to safety risks in actual fire scenes, the practical use of firefighting equipment was often learned passively through text or video resources, posing challenges in ensuring users can proficiently operate actual equipment. Virtual reality (VR) emerged as a promising technology to provide users with a low-risk environment to gain hands-on experience with firefighting equipment. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a specially designed VR game-based firefighting extinguishing equipment training (FEET) that integrated VR with serious gaming elements. The study evaluated the effectiveness of FEET through a comparison between high (HI) and low (LI) immersiveness VR and a non-immersive (NI) setting as a baseline. The study incorporated haptic feedback mechanisms, such as audio and vibration, to enhance user immersiveness within the HI setting. The focus of the study was on evaluating knowledge acquisition, user experiences, and interaction preferences for the proposed FEET design. The study adopted three distinct learning sequences to mitigate the VR halo effects. The results of the study indicated that both VR-based learning methods yielded outstanding user experiences that significantly surpassed the NI setting. Furthermore, the study showed that haptic feedback with richer game contents further enhanced user experiences, underscoring the importance of simulating realistic sensing in improving learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational injuries in the construction industry have plagued many countries, and many cases have shown that accidents often occur because of a combination of project participants. Assembled construction (AC) projects have received extensive attention from Chinese scholars as a future trend, but few studies have explored the interrelationships and potential risks of various stakeholders in depth. This study fills this research gap by proposing a multi-stakeholder AC risk framework. The study surveyed 396 stakeholders, then analyzed the collected data and created a risk framework based on Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and the CRITIC weighting method. The results revealed that factors like "regular supervision is a formality," "blindly approving the wrong safety measures," and "failure to organize effective safety education and training." are vital risks in AC of China. Finally, the study validates the risk factors and the framework with 180 real-life cases, which shows that the proposed framework is theoretically grounded and realistic. The study also suggests multi-level strategies such as introducing AI-based automated risk monitoring, improving the adaptability of normative provisions to technological advances, and advancing the culture of project communities of interest to ensure AC's safe practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1950s witnessed high accident rates in China’s industrial workplaces. Previous scholarship has attributed this phenomenon to enterprises prioritizing production over safety and to the impotence of China’s labor unions in enforcing safety policies. This article proposes a third approach by exploring the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) mass-based safe production regime, which was designed for political struggle against capitalists as well as fulfilling its political commitments to workers, while also aiming to enhance safety. Consequently, China’s labor authorities often adopted a principle of absolving workers from accident responsibilities, often shifting blame to enterprise leaders. This approach was ineffective in preventing accidents. In addition, the party’s safety education policies fell short because they romanticized older workers as safety-conscious mentors to the younger workforce but overlooked the reality that these veterans were often more prone to accidents. The generational gap in China’s workforce also impeded the dissemination of safety knowledge and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the rapid urbanization and economic growth in China over the last four decades, the higher education in Fire Safety Science and Engineering has been developed and changed significantly. This work systemically reviews the origin and evolution of fire safety higher education history in China, from Fire Protection Technology (before the 1980s) to Fire Safety Science and Engineering (from about 1985 to the 2010s) and to Human-Oriented Public Safety and Smart Firefighting (from the 2010s to today). The scopes of fire safety discipline are discussed by introducing the requirements of firefighters, registered professional fire protection engineers and safety engineers in China. The courses and curriculum in fire safety higher education in representative universities are introduced and compared in detail. By comparing their undergraduate and postgraduate programmes, we explain the context of fire safety education in different universities. From a historical viewpoint, we introduce the unique features and the diversity developed in different institutes, based on the evolution of programme documents and first-hand teaching materials. This review aims to introduce the higher education systems of fire safety in China to the world and encourage more international collaboration with the Chinese fire safety science and engineering communities in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rescues from building collapse accidents present a significant challenge for China's emergency rescue system. However, there are also many risk factors in a training scenario, which have been summarized in this study. A hierarchical indicator system for personnel safety was established, including 12 first-level indicators and 23s-level indicators. Then, an improved Grey-DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC evaluation model was constructed to evaluate the level of risk. Influencing factor scores were determined according to the responses from the questionnaire survey. The influencing degree, influenced degree, centrality, and causality were identified, and the importance, relevance, and clustering of the various factors were obtained after making quantitative calculations. The results showed that the order of priority for solving the essential issues was safety education (A2), operating standards and proficiency (A10), equipment inspection (A4), equipment warehousing maintenance and records (A21). The solving of safety education was identified to be the most essential priority. The priority control order of direct causes was Scientific design and construction (A5), Potential fixed hazards in the facility (A12), Physical fitness of personnel (A1), Weather influences (A18), and Initiation efficiency of emergency plans (A20), and direct control measures for these five factors could achieve a relatively significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Higher safety knowledge levels are associated with fewer aberrant riding behaviors among delivery riders. • Aberrant riding behaviors are divided into general violations, distraction and mistakes, and aggressive behaviors. • Distraction and mistakes are not influenced by riders' risk perception on severity. • "Risk-as-a-Cost" perception participates in risk perception's effects on behaviors. This study aims to find the influences of safety knowledge on food delivery riders' aberrant riding behaviors and to discover the involvement of safety attitudes and risk perceptions in the influence process. The popularity of e-bikes and the development of the food delivery industry have jointly contributed to the growth of the population of food delivery riders, and the aberrant riding behavior of food delivery riders has become a social issue. In this study, the relationship between safety knowledge level and different aberrant riding behaviors was investigated along with the mediation effects of safety attitudes and risk perceptions. In total, 435 questionnaires were collected in a small city in China. Three factors of aberrant riding behaviors and five other factors were obtained through factor analysis, and the path coefficients between the factors were analyzed through structural equation modeling. Food delivery riders' high self-evaluation of their safety knowledge was found to be significantly associated with their fewer aberrant riding behaviors, which were mediated by their higher risk severity perceptions and better attitudes toward laws, with general violations of traffic rules being the most strongly associated. In addition, particular findings were found on food delivery riders' risk perception of possibility and influence paths to their distraction and mistakes. These results encourage the mitigation of aberrant riding behaviors among delivery riders through road safety education. They also provide theoretical support for road safety administrators and delivery platform companies to initiate driver safety training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unsafe behavior of frontline workers at construction sites is the most important cause of construction accidents. This study proposed a comprehensive model of frontline workers' unsafe behaviors based on a systems perspective and used structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the influence mechanisms between the objective conditions (e.g., work environment, work climate, and task complexity), safety management (e.g., safety education and training, safety reward and punishment regulations, safety inspection, safety technology disclosure, and safety warning signs), group influence (propagation of unsafe behaviors among workers), personal perception (subjective judgment of operators on their safety knowledge and skills), and unsafe behaviors. Data from 460 frontline workers were collected through questionnaires and the correlation hypotheses were tested using SPSS 26.0 and Amos 26.0 software. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) objective conditions directly positively influence safety management, group influence, and personal perception but indirectly negatively influence unsafe behavior; (2) safety management not only directly positively affects personal perception but also directly negatively affects unsafe behavior. However, the direct effect of safety management on group influence is not significant; (3) group influence has a direct positive effect on unsafe behavior, but the direct effect on personal perception is not significant; (4) the direct effect of personal perception on unsafe behavior is insignificant. These findings can be used as preliminary data to guide decision makers or managers in construction companies to develop reasonable management plans to curb the unsafe behaviors of frontline workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent 39 years, China colleges and universities have developed drastically. However, the colleges' laboratory accidents also rise significantly. This paper analyzed 197 China college accidents. The results show that the highest percentage of safety accidents are hazardous chemicals. Most of the injured parts of the 416 casualties are concentrated in the front upper body. The author finds that there is a certain correlation between the percentage of accidents and the number of students, as well as the number of scientific research activities. Based on the findings, the author points out: firstly, the college safety department should build a laboratory safety information sharing and analysis platform. The dynamic information includes hazardous chemicals, students, dangerous equipment, research experiments, etc. Secondly, China colleges and universities should build a laboratory safety education system with Chinese characteristics, incorporating laboratory safety education into the training of students. Finally, it is urgent to establish a professional team to fully implement the laboratory safety responsibility system; to establish a laboratory hierarchical and classified management system and to improve experiment project risk assessment and control; to carry out a special inspection on laboratory safety; to carry out standardized construction and to establish standardized process management procedures. [Display omitted] • This paper combs 197 China university laboratory safety cases, and 416 casualties in recent 39 years are analyzed. • The highest percentage of safety accidents are hazardous chemicals. • The improper use of chemicals and unattended are the main causes of accidents. • The most of the injured parts are concentrated in the front upper body. • The occurrence month of college and institutes laboratory accidents shows certain regularity. • This paper points out three key directions for the university laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study explored nurses' intentions, awareness and barriers in reporting adverse events in tertiary hospitals in China. We also analyzed its associated factors to increase the chance to evaluate preventable errors, enhance care delivery, and improve patient outcomes. Patients and Methods: A cluster sampling method was used to recruit 1382 nurses from two tertiary hospitals in Chenzhou and Handan City. An online structured questionnaire was used to collect data, which included general information questionnaire (eight questions), reporting awareness questionnaire (eight items with scores ranging from 0 to 8), reporting intention questionnaire (15 items with scores ranging from 0 to 15), and reporting barriers questionnaire (22 items with scores ranging from 22 to 110). Results: We received 1565 completed questionnaires from 1734 potential participants (a response rate of 90.25%), with 1382 valid questionnaires, yielding an effective rate of 88.31%. The scores of reporting awareness, reporting intention, and reporting barriers in adverse events for nurses in tertiary hospitals were 8 (1), 15 (0), and 83.04 (± 12.21) out of 110, respectively. Reporting awareness and barriers to adverse events were positively correlated with nurses' intention to report adverse events (rs = 0.237 and 0.361, respectively; P < 0.001). Regression analyses showed that reporting awareness and barriers in adverse events and professional title influenced nurses' intention to report adverse events (P < 0.05) in tertiary hospitals. Conclusion: Nurses in tertiary hospitals have a strong intention to report adverse events. The higher the reporting awareness of adverse events or the fewer perceived reporting barriers, the stronger the nurses' intention to report. Hospital managers should deliver patient safety education and training for nurses, to increase their reporting awareness and decrease their perceived reporting barriers, improve their intention to report adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact dermatitis and facial contact dermatitis caused by pesticides are not uncommon in China. However, clinically, due to the wide variety of pesticides, they mainly appear in the form of case reports. We reported a 70-year-old male patient developed facial irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) due to pyraclostrobin which was sprayed on his face. Initially, he felt facial burning and tingling, and localized erythematous-edematous and scaly rash appeared on his face as well as front hairline scalp. During the outpatient visit, the main symptoms were a facial burning sensation, itching, and tingling. The patient's facial lesions improved after treatment. To better protect the skin of agricultural workers, preventive measures should be undertaken, such as personal protective equipment, gas masks, protective clothing and goggles, which are indispensable for manual pesticide spraying. Pyraclostrobin diluted according to the instructions is a potential source of ICD. Agricultural workers should undertake preventive measures during manual pesticide spraying. Safety education and publicity are particularly important. We need dermatologists to spread knowledge and agricultural workers to develop the right protective habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview of Safety Engineering education in China is conducted. First, definition, research specialty, and development history of Safety Science and Engineering are introduced. Second, a geographical distribution study indicates that universities offering Safety Engineering in mainland China are mainly located in East China, Central North China, and some provinces in West and South China, which is consistent with the latest gross domestic product (GDP) and year‐end resident population data. The analysis of evaluation in higher education focuses on engineering education accreditation, first‐class discipline construction, and China University Subject Rankings. Third, Safety Engineering curricula in China mainly include general education courses and professional courses. The former is divided into basic education courses and subject education courses, and the latter is divided into professional core courses and professional characteristic courses. The professional characteristic courses offered by various universities are different from each other, mainly due to their research specialties, such as fire safety, chemical safety, mining safety, construction safety, and nuclear safety. Finally, existing challenges, including a lack of engineering practice, lack of systematic course content, and lack of professional competitiveness, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The drowning death rate of Chinese students ranks among the top three in the world, and drowning has become an urgent problem for the country and society to solve. Objective. To test whether traditional swimming teaching can improve students' knowledge and skills of water safety and reduce the probability of drowning in China. Methods. A total of 82 second-grade students in elementary school were selected as experimental subjects, and the repeated measures analysis of variance experiment design was used to carry out the research. Results. After the experiment, the swimming safety education model significantly increased the scores of swimming safety knowledge and skills and the difference was statistically significant (t = 4.060, 5.325, P < 0.05); the attitude and behavior scores decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (t = −4.392, −2.201, P < 0.05). After the experiment, the swimming safety education model is more effective in teaching swimming safety knowledge, attitude, and behavior than the traditional swimming teaching, and the difference is statistically significant (t = 2.699, 3.852, 4.308, P < 0.05). After the experiment, when the traditional swimming teaching model is compared with the control group, the difference in swimming safety skills was statistically significant (t = 4.704, P < 0.05) and other dimensions were homogeneous. In conclusion, the traditional swimming teaching can only improve student's swimming safety skills but cannot reduce student's drowning injuries. The swimming safety education model is superior to the traditional swimming teaching in terms of swimming safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Recommendations. For beginners in swimming, the teaching content of swimming self-rescue skills and swimming safety knowledge should be added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of Internet technology, human beings have entered the era of big data, which has had a significant impact on people's lives and work, both positively and negatively. With the continuous application of big data in all walks of life, safety education innovation in China's colleges and universities has also undergone changes. Through the use of big data, the quality of safety education innovation in China's colleges and universities has been significantly improved, and to a certain extent, the development of safety education innovation in China's colleges and universities has been promoted. However, influenced by a variety of factors, there are still numerous problems in the safety education innovation of some colleges and universities in China in the era of big data. Based on this, the article focuses on the impact of big data and the Internet of Things on the innovation of safety education in China's colleges and universities. By analyzing the characteristics and essence of big data, the article proposes corresponding optimization countermeasures to achieve fundamental changes in education methods, transform the traditional teaching classroom, and improve teaching efficiency. The future of education informatization will develop faster and with a higher degree of informatization. School administrators, teachers, and students should keep pace with the development of technology, improve their own literacy, and contribute to the reform and innovation of education informatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction workers' willingness to participate in safety education and training (SET) greatly influences its effect and is important for improving safety. The development of virtual reality (VR) has innovated the SET method, but previous research has primarily focused on related technologies and application areas. The detailed mechanism of how VR influences construction workers' willingness to participate in SET is understudied. To address this gap, this paper constructed an extended model based on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and developed structural equation modeling (SEM) based on 8 variables and 23 measures. A total of 200 valid samples in China were obtained by questionnaire, and the influence mechanism was examined after hypothesis testing and statistical analysis. The results show that the influence of VR on the willingness of construction workers mainly includes three paths: (1) VR acts on the four perception variables, thereby affecting the attitude toward using and ultimately the willingness of workers to participate in SET; (2) VR acts on the four perception variables, among which perceived interactivity, perceived ease of use, and perceived interest affect the flow experience, which in turn affects the attitude toward using, and ultimately workers' willingness; and (3) VR acts on the four perception variables, among which the perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived interest directly affect workers' willingness. The results indicate several ways to increase the willingness of construction workers to participate in SET, among which the key elements include improving workers' perceptions, feelings, flow experience, and attitude toward using it. Then, practical countermeasures to improve VR's effects are provided. The findings of this study help enrich the theory of SET and lay the theoretical foundation for VR's application in SET. This study also sheds light on practical innovation and the popularization of VR in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In construction safety management practices, identifying key stakeholders and specifying their safety behavior patterns are critical to avoid unsafe practices, which are the major cause of construction accidents. This paper argues that the main contractor and construction workers are key safety stakeholders in the construction safety management in China. The purpose of this paper is to develop an evolutionary game model to explore the safety behavior strategies of the main contractor and construction workers. In this framework, we explored the effects of model parameter changes on the evolution of safety behavior strategies and verify the evolution paths under different initial values by numerical simulations. The findings of this paper are as follows: Firstly, the safety and stability of construction projects are related to the possible losses caused by accidents, the amount of work required by construction workers to comply with safety regulations, the gain of bravado, the probability of accidents, and cost savings from the main contractor's lax supervision. Secondly, the role of restraining the unsafe behavior of construction workers through the form of fines is limited, and increasing the fines to the main contractor cannot effectively reduce the unsafe behaviors. Thirdly, strengthening safety education, creating a safe atmosphere, and optimizing operating procedures are effective measures to improve the effectiveness of safety behavior. This study further extends the application of evolutionary game theory to construction safety management, and the findings can provide clear guidance for the development of effective incentives and constraints on safety behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current system for college students' physical and mental health education and safety education in China is incomplete, however, a sound system is of important significance for exploring new ideas and ways for college students' physical and mental health education and safety education, improving the health level of college students, and implementing the requirements of "healthy China initiative" for higher education. Until now, few studies have concerned about the construction of a collaborative education mechanism for college students' physical and mental health and safety education under complex background, therefore, this paper attempts to fill in this research gap. In the beginning of this paper, qualitative and quantitative methods were combined to build a content system for college students' physical and mental health education and safety education under complex background; then, a coordination evaluation model for the said matter was constructed, and principles for dividing the coupling coordination types of the collaborative education system were elaborated. After that, the grey prediction model was employed to predict and analyze the development status of collaborative education of college students' physical and mental health education and safety education, thereby realizing rational judgement of the development trend of collaborative education. At last, test results compared the actual value and grey prediction value of the coordination degree of collaborative education, and proved the effectiveness of the constructed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop a public traffic safety awareness questionnaire and explore the factors influencing public traffic safety awareness in China. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 5200 people in Jiaozuo, China, to assess their public traffic safety awareness. Based on 5029 effective samples, the developed public traffic safety awareness scale passed the reliability and validity tests and identified three factors: traffic safety behaviour, traffic safety attitude and traffic accident cognition. The Chinese version of the Traffic Climate Scale (three factors: external affective demand, internal requirements and functionality) and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory in China (five factors: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness) were also used in the questionnaire. The results of correlation analysis, difference analysis and multiple linear regression analysis show that in terms of individual factors, public traffic safety awareness is significantly related to age, education level, number of children and personality traits, and there are significant differences between genders and across occupations. In terms of environmental factors, public traffic safety awareness is significantly related to traffic safety education, traffic violation records, approval of traffic violations and traffic climate. Internal requirements, external emotional demands, conscientiousness and agreeableness can effectively explain and predict public traffic safety awareness. The research results provide a strong reference to help road traffic safety management departments formulate policies and play a positive role in preventing and reducing traffic accidents and ensuring public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne diseases are a burden in countries worldwide. Several countries have successfully implemented policies that establish innovative systems for the inspection and grading of food service establishments (FSEs), which have greatly contributed to a reduction in foodborne diseases. China's government has also responded by developing policies to protect consumers' food safety, including the routine inspection policy and the risk-based grading policy. However, implementation of both policies has been poor to date. The aim of this study was to identify regulatory challenges and design a smart supervision solution. The results of a national survey showed that the major barriers to policy implementation were a heavy individual workload, the high turnover rate of FSEs, lack of a monitoring and evaluation system, lack of social support, low development of food safety training programs in FSEs, and a lack of financing. A smart supervision solution to these challenges was designed based on mobile Internet and two-dimensional (2D) barcode technology. A pilot application in Jilin province assisted local supervisors in carrying out regulatory work on FSEs, which proved the feasibility of smart supervision. This study can be used as an example for food safety supervision in other regions, and it can assist other governments that wish to implement similar policies to ensure food safety in their countries. The implementation of food safety policies is hard in China. A smart supervision solution improves the implementation of food safety policies. The solution is cost-effective, easy to use, and credible. The solution supports all stakeholders, e.g., companies, governments, and consumers. The effectiveness of the solution has been proved by a real government project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational health and safety (OHS) is important for safeguarding workers during industrialization and pursuing economic benefits. We asked 123,943 junior college students from years 1-5 to complete an online questionnaire about their knowledge of occupational safety and health. A total of 101,577 students responded, with a response rate of 81.96%. The average score and pass rate for all valid respondents were 44.99 ± 12.53 and 75.2%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in average scores and pass rates among students of different genders, levels, number of family members, and school locations. Government departments should increase investment in Occupational Safety and Health education for students in poverty-stricken areas, and should conduct regular assessments of students' knowledge. Junior colleges should also strengthen learning in occupational health education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Safety science has been developed and has received more and more attention in China in recent years. • Safety science in China is now becoming an independent discipline and an important research field. • A systematic review of the history, legislation, education and research of safety science in China was conducted. • The future developments of safety science in China were introduced briefly. The practice and study of safety science in China has a long and prolific history. In China, safety science originated in the early 1950s, soon after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. However, the more complete concept, research and practice of safety science were defined after the late 1970s, when China started its full-scale drive for economic reform and policy of openness. In the past decades, particularly in the 21st century, with the support of and encouragement from the Chinese government, safety science in China has undergone many changes and has been developed such that it is now becoming an independent discipline and an important research and practice field. Evidently, the research and practice of safety science in China has been fruitful. However, this was not well known to the world because most of the works addressing safety science were published or introduced in Chinese. Focusing on the discipline level of safety science, this paper provides a complete overview of safety science in China from five perspectives, namely, history, legislation, education, research, and prospects. The paper attempts to promote the cooperation and exchange between China and other countries to provide effective evidence-based services for the development of safety science in countries across the world. However, more detailed research on China's safety science should be carried out for a deeper understanding of China's work safety research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: China has a high fatality rate for child pedestrians, which highlights the necessity of implementing more effective pedestrian safety training programs in elementary schools. We thus investigated the efficacy of using virtual reality (VR) as an instructional technology to identify and modify risky pedestrian behaviors among Chinese children.Methods: Seventy-nine children (grades 1 through 3) from three elementary schools in Hubei province participated and were categorized into urban (n = 20), migrant (n = 29), or rural (n = 30) students based on the schools' locations. They completed a VR program comprising three street-crossing challenges to measure five pedestrian behaviors. The participants first attempted to complete the challenges by themselves in the first-time trial (T1) and then engaged in a personalized debriefing session before undertaking the challenges a second time (T2). Pedestrian performance for the two trials was compared by school location and grade level as between-subjects factors, and the rationale behind risky pedestrian behaviors was inductively analyzed.Results: Three risky pedestrian behaviors were observed in the program: dashing into the street, crossing on a blinking green light, and failing to check for traffic. Potential reasons for these behaviors included a lack of knowledge of road signs and traffic rules and the absence of daily adult supervision. The overall pedestrian performance increased from T1 to T2 with a moderate effect size (Ƞp2 = 0.59, p < .001). A significant main effect of the trials was found for the three pedestrian behaviors (for all values, p < .001); however, interactions of trial by location and trial by grade were nonsignificant in all univariate tests (for all values, p ≥ .05).Conclusions: VR is an effective technology to diagnose and correct risky pedestrian behaviors among Chinese children when accompanied with individual debriefing and repetitive practices. School location and grade level had no significant influence on children's pedestrian performance and learning outcomes, indicating the ubiquity of the pedestrian safety problem and the need for more effective instructional interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction workers face a work environment of high risk and mental stress. Psychological capital (PsyCap) could influence employee's mental health and work performance. It would be helpful to determine whether PsyCap affects worker safety behavior. However, few studies empirically examined the impacts of the sub-dimensions of PsyCap on the safety behavior in construction settings, reducing the potential practicability of PsyCap to improve workplace safety performance. Thus, this study tested the relationship between sub-dimensions of PsyCap (self-efficacy, hope, resilience, optimism) and safety behaviors (safety compliance, safety participation), while the mediating role of communication competence was also explored. Method: Data were collected from 655 construction workers in China using a psychological capital questionnaire (PCQ). The theoretical model were tested with confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques. Results: Results show that: (a) the self-efficacy dimension of PsyCap positively affected safety compliance and safety participation, while the resilience dimension positively impacted safety participation; (b) the hope dimension was not directly related to safety behaviors, while the optimism dimension negatively associated with safety participation; and (c) communication competence mediated the relationships between the hope and optimism dimensions of PsyCap and safety participation. Conclusions: A multidimensional perspective on PsyCap should be taken while examining its effects on safety behavior and the individual communication competence helps to enhance construction safety. Findings of this study shed lights on safety behavior promotion practices based on the multidimensional model. Initiating flexible psychological capital training and intervention, and strengthening communication skills of construction employees are suggested to improve safety performance in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety management of hazardous chemicals in China is severe, and there is a shortage of safety management professionals of dangerous chemicals. The rapid development of chemical industry urgently needs the support of safety management professionals. By setting up a comprehensive curriculum content introduction, basic knowledge and professional knowledge, psychological quality and practical skills), adopting the "four in one" diversified innovative teaching of expert lectures, video animation teaching, case teaching and computer field simulation teaching, and using mixed curriculum assessment method to assess the true level of learning effect, dangerous chemical safety management professionals are cultivated with strong professional skills, safe production awareness and high psychological quality. A systematic curriculum system for the safety management of hazardous chemicals in colleges and universities is constructed to provide a useful reference for the training of professionals in the safety management of hazardous chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Taxis provide an important mode of public transport in China, but there has been very little in-depth research on the crash involvement propensity of taxi drivers. Thus, this study was conducted to develop a quantitative model for predicting the crash rate of taxi drivers. Methods: A total of 2,391 taxi drivers from 29 companies in 4 Chinese cities completed a structured and anonymous face-to-face questionnaire reporting their demographic information, workload conditions, aberrant driving behaviors, and crash history within the 2 years prior to the survey. Using the self-reported variables, a negative binomial model was implemented to predict taxi drivers' property damage only (PDO) and personal injury (PI) crash rates and identify the factors contributing to this risk. Results: Descriptive analysis of the survey data revealed that the workload of taxi drivers in China is relatively heavy. Seven significant predictors of PDO and PI crash rates were identified, including crossing red lights, dangerous overtaking, honking at a slow driver, failure to use an indicator lamp, driving while fatigued, stopping in forbidden areas to pick up or drop off a passenger, and driving with one hand. Taxi drivers' average off-duty days per week, aggressive driving behaviors, and preventing another driver from merging had significant effects only on PDO crash rate, and sleep problems were found to be significantly correlated with PI crash rate. Conclusions: To improve the safety of taxi drivers, considerable measures should be strictly implemented, ranging from periodic driver training and safety education to workload reduction, with the cooperation of government agencies and taxi companies. The findings of this study contribute to the design of potentially useful policy initiatives as well as targeted safety promotion programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China-Australia biopharmaceutical laboratory is an important base for students major Chinese-Australian biopharmaceutical specialty in the integration of " teaching, learning and doing ". The specialty introduced TAFE teaching mode from Australia, which is significantly different from the original teaching mode in the college. In order to adapt to the TAFE teaching mode, we combined with the general laboratory management experience, through guiding students to participate in management, refining duty post and post duties, reforming of equipment procurement plan and management system, classifying and managing the reagent, managing the purchase, use and inventory of experimental consumables by the laboratory management system, and supervising the safety of laboratory itself and experimental processes to bring about management and reformation of China-Australia biopharmaceutical laboratory. Practice shows that management and reform have laid a solid foundation for the normal operation of the laboratory, solved the problem of insufficient laboratory staffing, fostered students' sense of responsibility and professional quality, effectively improved the work efficiency of experimental preparation and teaching, and provided a reference for relevant laboratory reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Emergence of safety science in China is both a choice and a intrinsic necessity. • The full discipline system structure is supported by weak basic theories. • Macro and micro factors have promoted the development of the discipline. • Some factors may vary between active and passive during different stages. • Current concern on emergency management is both a chance and a challenge. The discipline of safety science was first included into the scope of disciplines in Mainland China about 40 years ago. Up to now, it has developed into a first-level discipline. Safety science had a rapid development in China between 1980s and 1990s thanks to the availability of enabling environments and driving forces, both macroscopically and microscopically, such as high attention paid to work safety by the government, the establishment of three-level academic degree education system of higher education, the establishment of national academic societies of safety science, the unprecedented thriving of diversified academic thoughts, the presence of colleges and universities dedicated to high-risk industries, and the specific discipline management systems then in Mainland China and the strong supports from the talents of various aspects. However, the sustainable and healthy development of this discipline is retarded in some ways from the middle and later periods of 1990s due to various factors, such as too much focus on specific industrial safety issues by higher education institutions, the pains coming from the management system reform of higher education institutions, the counteraction of deviation of practical working mode to the research and teaching of safety science, the conflict between the multiple subdivision of safety demands and the limited training capacity of colleges and universities, and the weakening of the direct support from academic societies, etc. Judged from the current situation, the deep reforms of safety regulation system and the emergency management system that were initiated by the central government from the beginning of 2018 will inevitably lead to profound changes in safety practice patterns, which will further promote the combination of safety science with emergency management, the internal integration and differentiation of the discipline of safety science while at the same time making it more urgent to establish and improve the general discipline theory system and bringing more new challenges. It seems that the only way to develop and improve the discipline of safety science better and faster is to see safety researchers and practitioners cooperating more closely, making full use of the pushing force of practical demand while following the inherent rules of safety science and disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CSE is a new official profession in China. • Reviewed the history and development of CSEs in China. • Given an introduction to the administrative regulation on CSEs in China. • Introduced the important requirements regarding CSEs in China. Developing a group of good safety professionals is a key foundation for improving a country's work safety and health. In China, the widespread concern and discussion on the development of safety professionals, or more specifically Certified Safety Engineers (CSEs) started in the early 1990s. In recent years, especially after 2002, China's CSEs entered into a holistic, systematic and rapid development period because of the formal establishment and implementation of the professional qualification system for CSEs in 2002. Moreover, CSE is now becoming the most important profession in the field of work health and safety in China, and it has been officially approved by the central government. China has rich experiences on the development and cultivation of CSEs. However, these experiences were little known to the outside world due to the lack of efficient communication. Firstly, this paper briefly reviews the history and development of CSEs in China. Then, the administrative regulation and important requirements (such as capacity requirements and the knowledge framework) regarding CSEs in China are briefly introduced. This research aims at promoting the cooperation and exchange of information on the development and cultivation of safety professionals between China and other countries, to offer useful evidence and suggestions for the development of safety professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to investigate patient safety culture in secondary hospitals of Heilongjiang, Northeast China, and explore the implications of patient safety culture and practices through the perspectives of various healthcare workers. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using the Safety Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ) was conducted to ascertain the status of patient safety culture in nine secondary hospitals across the six dimensions of the SAQ. Among the 900 staff members who were invited to participate, 665 completed the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the general means and standard deviations of the patient safety culture dimensions and other numerical variables, and F-test and a multivariate regression analysis were used to statistically analyze the differences in perceptions of safety culture considering the differences in demographic characteristics. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v. 22.0. Results: The respondents rated job satisfaction as the highest among all six dimensions of the SAQ, followed in order by teamwork climate, working conditions, and stress recognition (the lowest). There were significant differences among the dimensions of patient safety culture and other factors, such as gender, age, job position, and education. Compared with previous studies, teamwork climate and working conditions scores were quite high, while stress recognition score was very low. We also found differences in patient safety culture by demographic characteristics. Conclusions: The findings revealed the patient safety culture attitudes of healthcare workers in secondary hospitals of Heilongjiang, and provided baseline data for related future research. This evidence may also help government health policymakers and hospital administrators understand related challenges and develop strategies to improve patient safety culture in secondary hospitals of China and perhaps also in other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety science is a distinct, multidisciplinary activity in the academic community with abundant scientific connotation. Safety Science in China, especially in Chinese higher education, has developed rapidly in the past 20 years and its development process is affected by some factors including national laws and policies, economic development and administrative system. The above-mentioned factors make safety discipline with distinct industrial characteristics. In this paper, firstly, the development process and significant events of safety science in abroad and domestic is reviewed. Secondly, education condition about safety discipline in higher education institutions is analyzed, mainly including education institutes, research fields, curriculum provision, employment, vocational situation, and academic exchange. Then discussing how the three factors influence the development of safety discipline. The results show that 1999 is a demarcation point for the development process of safety science in China. Until 2016, there are 183 higher education institutions established safety discipline with different research fields. The focus of safety professionals’ cultivation has gradually expanded from technical competence to the promotion of comprehensive ability and quality. Influenced by economy, the number of universities establishing safety discipline decreased from southeast coast to central region, to western region, and its research fields are basically consistent with the local prop industries. Furthermore, in order to solve the main problem of single industrial research field of safety discipline, Chinese universities should propose new research directions, improve discipline contents and make further efforts to soften the industrial effect of safety discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The evaluation system for fire safety education policies (FSEP) is established. • Methods adopted include the text mining technology and the PMC-Index Model. • The strengths and weaknesses of the 10 FSEP in China since 2004 are quantitatively evaluated. • The design of the 10 FSEP is generally reasonable. The Fire Safety Education Policy (FSEP) is critical in raising public awareness of fire prevention and reducing man-made fires. The FSEP evaluation system was constructed based on text mining technology and the policy modeling consistency (PMC) index model, and ten representative FSEP were evaluated quantitatively. The results showed that among the 10 FSEP, one policy had the perfect consistency, two had a great consistency, and seven had acceptable consistency. Meanwhile, FSEP with a longer time frame scored higher, while short-term and more specific policies scored relatively lower. The PMC-Surface of representative policies showed that the lower scores of policy release agency (X 2) and policy tool (X 6) are the main reasons for the concave surface. The findings suggest that FSEP still has much room for improvement regarding policy release agency authority and policy tool selection. This study clarifies the strengths and weaknesses of FSEP in China and provides theoretical references for its optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The roadway infrastructure damage (RID) from expressway accidents is analyzed. • A Bayesian random parameters Tobit model is proposed for the analysis of RID. • Vehicle types are found to have heterogeneous effects on the RID. • The proposed model outperforms a fixed parameters Tobit model. This paper presents an empirical analysis of factors contributing to roadway infrastructure damage from expressway accidents, using a Bayesian random parameters Tobit model. The accident data collected from Kaiyang Expressway, China in 2014 and 2015 are used for the empirical analysis. The results of parameter estimation in the proposed model indicate that: the effects of vehicle types are significantly heterogeneous across observations, and that the effects of horizontal curvature, time of day, vehicle registered province, and accident type are also significant but homogeneous across observations. The marginal effects of these contributing factors are calculated to explicitly quantify their impacts on road infrastructure damage. According to the analysis results, some strategies pertaining to safety education, traffic enforcement, roadway design, and intelligence transportation technology are advocated to reduce road infrastructure damage from expressway accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The aim is to explore the potential gaps in drivers' awareness regarding tunnel safety. • There exist several misconceptions in the knowledge of drivers about tunnel safety. • Drivers often adopt inappropriate habits and behaviors while driving through tunnels. • The tunnel environment also influences drivers' psychological conditions. • The results could be employed for designing adequate safety measures and education. Tunnels have a unique driving environment; thus, a small incident in a tunnel may result in severe consequences and a high probability of secondary crashes. Fortunately, studies have found that adopting safe driving behavior in a tunnel minimizes the severe outcomes of an incident. Therefore, implementing driver-oriented safety policies and conducting public awareness campaigns that emphasize safe behavior when driving through tunnels are essential. However, before devising policies and campaigns on the right issues, it is necessary to understand drivers' current level of knowledge regarding tunnel safety, their habits, behavioral intentions, and psychological condition while driving through tunnels. To achieve this objective, a sample of 841 responses was collected from China using a questionnaire survey consisting of fifty-two items. The results showed that several gaps exist in drivers' knowledge regarding tunnel safety and equipment. Drivers often adopt inappropriate habits and behaviors while driving through tunnels. Also, the tunnel environment has a significant influence on the psychological condition of the drivers. Moreover, drivers' demographic characteristics significantly affect their knowledge, reported habits and behavioral intentions, and psychological condition. The authorities and safety analysts could employ the suggestions highlighted in the present study for improving tunnel safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide basis of scientific research for administrative and educational measures of China urban public fire safety education in and to ensure its effective implementation, the present situation and problems of China urban public fire safety education are investigated. Based on the research on forming process of public fire safety quality, the requirements of public fire safety education and the efficient education measures are studied. The present management and implement system and its problems of China urban public fire safety education are analyzed, based on a developed information system of public fire safety education and management, a suggested administrative system, enforcement mechanism and implement scheme of public fire safety education measures are proposed in this paper to provide guidance in reforming administrative and educational measures of China urban public fire safety education so as to change the situation of “activities of fire safety education years after years resulting in no improvement of fire safety quality of the public” and make true contribution to improving public fire safety quality in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Professional accreditation of undergraduate Chemical Engineering and Safety Engineering majors in higher education institutions in China. • Chemical process safety education through different majors. • The current discipline construction of the newly established major Chemical Safety Engineering in China. • Suggestions to further promote chemical process safety education. The chemical process industry (CPI) in China is developing rapidly with installations becoming more complicated and integrated to meet people's rising demands for chemical-related products. However, the fast-growing CPI has caused catastrophic consequences and bad social influence due to accidents occurred in the last decades, which has threatened its sustainable development. As one of the solutions, the Chinese government is promoting chemical process safety education to train interdisciplinary graduates who understand both chemical process and loss prevention, who are skilled in technology, and how to manage risk. In this paper, we reviewed the development of chemical process safety education in China by researching syllabuses of accredited undergraduate Chemical Engineering and Safety Engineering majors in higher education institutions, discussed the associated shortcomings by analyzing the current discipline construction of the newly established major Chemical Safety Engineering , including education methodologies, resources, faculties, curriculum provision, and professional accreditation. Based on the analysis results, suggestions were provided to encourage institutions to strengthen chemical process safety education, thereby inherently reducing human errors and consequently improving the safety of the entire CPI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Applied a logistic regression model to analyze factors of hit-and-run behavior. [•] Hit-and-run increases in darkness, with male drivers, and drivers without license. [•] Express road has low rate of hit-and run than other roads. [•] Group specific public safety education for different groups are recommended. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Little is known about antecedents and consequences of pediatric dog-bite injuries in rural China. [•] Dog bites occurred most often to children walking to/from school, with peers present, and when encountering an unleashed dog. [•] Although caregivers attributed bite injuries to children, most children received no or minor punishment but instead comforting and safety education. [•] Dogs were rarely punished after biting children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: China has long ranked first in the world in the number of road accidents and fatalities, approximately 30% of which occurred at urban intersections. Therefore, measuring intersection safety factors is essential to achieve effective correction countermeasures. A Root Cause Degree Procedure (RCDP) to measure intersection safety is proposed. The idea behind RCDP is to prevent the likelihood of a problem’s reoccurrence based on root cause analysis. It combines the DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method and fuzzy logic to determine quantified measures. The root cause factor can be clearly visualised and differentiated using the Root Cause Degree (RCD) diagram. The factors with the largest RCD should be improved for greater benefit-cost ratio at limited traffic financial investment. The method uses the accident risk degree as an evaluation index based on risk analysis, which is independent of crash data, and is suitable for current incomplete crash data sets, such as those from developing regions of China. Additionally, the Shanghai municipality is used as an example for the pilot analysis. The current root cause factors in order of frequency of occurrence are clearance time, safety education, enforcement, the trajectory inside the intersection, crossing a refuge island, speeding, and the right turn control pattern. These factors should be corrected to improve safety performance. These results are consistent with actual traffic conditions according to current engineering practices, which indicates the feasibility of the proposed method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: To reduce harm caused by health care is a global priority. Medical students should be able to recognize unsafe conditions, systematically report errors and near misses, investigate and improve such systems with a thorough understanding of human fallibility, and disclose errors to patients. Incorporating the knowledge of how to do this into the medical student curriculum is an urgent necessity. This paper aims to systematically review the literature about patient safety education for undergraduate medical students in terms of its content, teaching strategies, faculty availability and resources provided so as to identify evidence on how to promote patient safety in the curriculum for medical schools. This paper includes a perspective from the faculty of a medical school, a major hospital and an Evidence Based Medicine Centre in Sichuan Province, China. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, ERIC, Academic Source Premier(ASP), EMBASE and three Chinese Databases (Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, CBM; China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI; Wangfang Data) from 1980 to Dec. 2009. The pre-specified form of inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed for literature screening. The quality of included studies was assessed using Darcy Reed and Gemma Flores-Mateo criteria. Two reviewers selected the studies, undertook quality assessment, and data extraction independently. Differing opinions were resolved by consensus or with help from the third person. Results: This was a descriptive study of a total of seven studies that met the selection criteria. There were no relevant Chinese studies to be included. Only one study included patient safety education in the medical curriculum and the remaining studies integrated patient safety into clinical rotations or medical clerkships. Seven studies were of a pre and post study design, of which there was only one controlled study. There was considerable variation in relation to contents, teaching strategies, faculty knowledge and background in patient safety, other resources and outcome evaluation in these reports. The outcomes from including patient safety in the curriculum as measured by medical students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes varied between the studies. Conclusions: There are only a few relevant published studies on the inclusion of patient safety education into the undergraduate curriculum in medical schools either as a selective course, a lecture program, or by being integrated into the existing curriculum even in developed countries with advanced health and education systems. The integration of patient safety education into the existing curriculum in medical schools internationally, provides significant challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: To identify the incidence and related risk factors of injuries in pre-school children aged 0–6 years in China. Methods: Children with non-fatal injuries (n =122) were matched to healthy controls by sex, age, community of residency and history of injury. Conditional multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The overall incidence of injuries was 3.3%. After adjustment for all selected variables, the risk factors for childhood injuries included father''s occupation as a self-employed person (OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 1.8–18.5), child''s active temperament type (OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.5–5.3), inappropriate storage of medicines (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.3–6.9) and inappropriate placement of heating equipments (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.0–4.4). The protective factors included children''s acquirements of safety education from their teachers at school (OR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01–0.2), and from their parents (OR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02–0.3). Conclusions: Interventions targeting the risk factors specifically may help prevent and reduce the occurrence of injuries in young children. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recent studies on the relationship between the present rapid expansion of the Chinese economy and the number and type of construction accidents are described. The paper outlines current health and safety legislation and studies on the causes of construction accidents through literature review, statistical analysis and recently undertaken field studies. The results show that the Chinese construction industry, because of rapid expansion, has entered a period in which there is likely to be a proportionally larger number of accidents because of the present lack of knowledge, skills and expertise in both application of health and safety legislation and general accident prevention measures. It is believed that the construction industry and the government can and should work together to reduce the peak value of present accident data. The paper concludes with a discussion of possible countermeasures that might be deployed to control accident rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Descriptive epidemiological studies have shown that childhood drowning rates are higher in developing countries, with an increasing trend in rural areas. Aim: To examine risk factors associated with childhood drowning in rural China. Methods: Participants included parents of all children aged 1-14 years who died of drowning between 2002 and 2004 in 20 districts in GuangXi Province, and two age- and gender-matched controls each. Behavioral characteristics of the child and the children's caregivers were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using logistic regression. Results: Boys (60%) and children aged 1-4 years (48%) were over-represented among the cases; 62% occurred within 500 m of the school or home. Protective fencing or warning signs were found at only two sites. None of the children's caregivers knew how to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation. For children aged 1-4 years significant risk factors included poor health of the caregiver (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.9 to 5.8), not using flotation devices (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.4 to 4.5) and no proper swimming lessons (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1 to 5.5). For children aged 5-14 years, the main risk factors were that the child did not have the experience of playing near or in water regularly (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.8 to 7.4) and lack of close supervision (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3 to 5.6). Conclusion: Risk factors identified in this study suggest that childhood drowning in rural areas in developing countries could be prevented by providing safety educational programs, which should focus on constant adult supervision and the use of flotation devices when children play in and near water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A questionnaire was conducted on 725 bus drivers of an intercity bus company in Shanghai. • A random-effects two-level logit model is conducted considering fleet and individual factors. • Safety climate and drivers' characteristics are found to be significant variables predicting self-reported crashes. • Psychological distress associates with the high frequency of risky driving behavior and high severity of driving anger. Although traffic crashes involving buses are less frequent than those involving other vehicle types, the consequences of bus crashes are high due to the potential for multiple injuries and casualties. As driver error is a primary factor affecting bus crashes, driver safety education is one of the main countermeasures used to mitigate crash risk. In China, however, safety education is not as focused as it should be, largely due to the limited research identifying the specific driver behaviors, and potential influences on those behaviors, that are correlated with crashes. The aim of this study is, therefore, to explore the fleet- and driver-level risk factors underlying bus drivers' self-reported crash involvement, including analyzing the effect of psychological distress on the most influential driver-level factors. A survey was conducted of 725 drivers from a large Shanghai bus company, and a random-effects two-level logit model was developed to integrate fleet and individual variables. Results showed that: 1) the fleet-level safety climate explained about 8.5% of the model's variance, indicating it was a valid predictor of self-reported crash involvement; 2) the driver-level factors of drivers' age, seniority, marital status, positive behavior, and driving anger influenced drivers' self-reported crash involvement, but ordinary violations, lapses, aggressive violations, and insomnia were the most influential variables; 3) psychological distress appeared to associate with the high frequency of risky driving behavior and the high severity of driving anger. This study's findings will help bus companies to give more attention to their safety climate and implement more targeted improvements to their driver safety education programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers trust health professionals (doctors, nurses, dietitians, and physicians) for food safety information. However, in the U.S., half health professionals are not confident with their food safety knowledge, and less than half of the health professionals provide food safety education to their patients. Little information on health professional food safety education awareness has been reported outside the U.S. In this study, health professionals from China, Peru, and the U.S. were contacted to explore their likelihood to and barriers to delivering food safety information. A semi-structured interview was used in China and Peru (n = 42) while in the U.S., focus groups (n = 27) and web-based surveys (n = 188) were used. The attitude and practice of health professionals, major barriers to information delivery, the information needed for food safety education, and effective delivery format were evaluated. The results indicated that nearly all the health professionals recognized the necessity of providing food safety education, but only 17 of 42 participants delivered food safety education in China and Peru while more than half participants delivered in the U.S. The three countries shared two main barriers in food safety education: 1) patients demonstrated lack of interest in this topic 2) health professionals did not have enough time to provide the food safety education. The findings provided evidence to guide the decision making for policymakers, educators and health professionals to develop the next-generation food safety education strategies for the public. • Food safety education delivery rate was low in China and Peru compare to the U.S. • Limited time and interest were two shared major barriers in food safety education. • Views towards using cooking thermometer were opposite among three countries. • An effective way to deliver food safety is to combine with current education programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the performance of fire safety management is attended during the dramatic urbanization development process in China. Correlation and regression analysis methods are used to investigate the interrelationship between fire safety management performance and urbanization development. Three indicators are selected to measure the fire safety management performance, and seventeen indicators are used to measure urbanization development. The data used are collected from 31 provinces in China during 2005–2014. The analysis is conducted at both national and regional levels. The results show that fire safety management has not been well addressed in China although the country has made great progress in its urbanization development. The key attributes to the poor performance of fire safety management include the growth of urban population density, the increase of built-up urban areas, and the lack of fire safety education investment. There are also significant variations between different regions in addressing fire safety management, and the reasons contributing to the differences have been discussed. The findings suggest that tailor-made measures should be implemented in different regions in order to improve the performance of fire safety management throughout the country. • The interrelationship between fire safety management performance and urbanization development in China is investigated. • Significant variations exist between regions in addressing the fire safety management during urbanization development. • Reasons behind the interrelationship performance at both national and regional level are discussed in depth. • Policy-recommendations are proposed to enhance fire safety management incorporating most typical urbanization variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]