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Promoting financial sustainability is the focus of current state policies while addressing the concerns of environmental pollution. The alarming impacts of climate change on economies motivate us to revisit an intensive empirical study to explore the dynamic relationships of low-carbon energy, current account balance, and reserves with carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the most polluted countries across the globe for the years 1981–2020. We applied the dynamic autoregressive distributive lag (D-ARDL) simulation model to investigate the short and long-run connection. The empirical outcomes of the study uncover that in the short run, a 1% increase in renewable energy reduces CO2-based emissions by 0.417%, 0.169%, and 0.619% in China, the USA, and India, respectively. We further explored that China's and the USA's economic growth causes environmental deterioration. In contrast, a 1% increase in current account balances improves the environmental quality of China and India by 0.3% and 0.6%, respectively. This research concludes that model variables significantly impact the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to draw policy implications to increase the consumption of low-carbon energy to sustain economic growth by limiting the adverse impacts of economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the economic side, China has attained rapid development; yet, the ecological aspects pose threats to its sustainable development. The nexus between economic growth, natural resources, human capital, and financial development has an important inference for the environment, and therefore, this endeavor examines the influence of said variables on the ecological footprint in China via adopting the novel dynamic simulated ARDL approach by utilizing the data from 1985 to 2018. The outcomes of the analysis confirm that natural resources and financial development have a considerable positive short- and long-run relation with the ecological footprint. Besides, this depicts that natural resources and financial development lead to an upsurge in ecological footprint in China. Furthermore, human capital also upsurges the negative influence on the environment. Economic growth also upsurges the ecological footprint; however, the outcomes also yielded an interesting insight lending credence to the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve in China. So, it is important to offer awareness sessions to the community as well as to human resources working in different sectors regarding the significance of sustainability by giving training related to the reduction of the excessive consumption of scarce resources. Moreover, a watchful deliberation must be given while implementing strategies about sustainability concerning the specified factors and their potential impact on ecological footprints so that the targets of Sustainable Development Goals 7, 8, and 13 could be accomplished by the Chinese economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end of the twentieth century, the world has observed a considerable upsurge in carbon emissions as several countries have surfaced as industrial centers and production monsters worldwide. The present study contributes to the existing literature examining the effects of carbon-based emissions, industrial value added, trade openness, transport services, railway lines, and globalization index on per capita GDP growth in China. The study covers a period of 40 years, from 1982 to 2021, introducing the impact of railway transport on GDP growth in contemporary environmental empirics. A vector error correction model (VECM) was applied to achieve the study's envisaged objectives. The findings of this study reveal that carbon emissions are responsible for the reduction of per capita GDP growth in China. On the contrary, industrial value added, transport services, railway lines, and globalization index positively support the per capita GDP growth-dependent variable. The study proposes that pragmatic policies are needed to control pollution resulting from carbon emissions. The eventual effect of maintaining greenhouse gases is expected to assist in achieving sustainable growth of per capita GDP leading to the accomplishment of sustainable development goals in the economy., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)