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Assisting adolescents in cultivating a positive self-concept and leading fulfilling lives is paramount. Supported by longitudinal data from 512 Chinese adolescents, the researchers investigated not only the reciprocal associations between two types of self-concept—academic and physical abilities—and life satisfaction but also the roles of perceived parenting qualities in impacting these dynamics. Results revealed the following: (a) academic (but not physical ability) self-concept had a reciprocal relationship with life satisfaction; (b) perceived parental warmth (rather than autonomy support), rejection, and psychological control significantly predicted self-concept and life satisfaction and have the potential to steer adolescents into a virtuous or vicious cycle in terms of evaluating themselves and their lives. Findings offer valuable insights for fostering self-concept and life satisfaction among adolescents within the framework of parenting qualities and the cultural and social milieu of adolescent growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although bidirectional associations between parenting and adolescents' social and emotional outcomes have been investigated, how parental warmth and harsh parenting as two different parenting dimensions, adolescents' prosocial behaviors, and emotional problems were longitudinally and bidirectionally related at between- and within-person levels remains unclear. With a three-wave longitudinal design, the present study examined these associations by employing the random-intercept cross-lagged panel model. Data from 606 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.80 years, SD = 0.52, at T1; 45.7% girls) were collected at six-month intervals over one year, and participants completed questionnaires assessing their perception of parenting, prosocial behaviors, and emotional problems online. The results indicated that parental warmth and harsh parenting were significantly associated with adolescents' prosocial behaviors and emotional problems at the between-person level. At the within-person level, adolescents' more prosocial behaviors at T1 predicted later within-person decreases in their emotional problems at T2, which in turn predicted subsequent increased prosocial behaviors and more parental warmth at T3. Additionally, a higher level of harsh parenting at T2 unidirectionally predicted more adolescents' emotional problems at T3. These findings highlighted the developmental cascade processes among adolescents' prosocial behaviors, emotional problems, and parenting and the importance of fostering adolescents' prosocial behaviors in reducing their emotional problems and then promoting subsequent psychosocial adjustment and parent-child bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the relationships between work and family conflicts, specifically work‐to‐family and family‐to‐work conflicts, parental depressive symptoms and coparenting conflict behaviours during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This national survey study involved the participation of 830 families in mainland China, including fathers, mothers and adolescents. Fathers and mothers provided self‐reports on their experiences of work‐to‐family conflicts, family‐to‐work conflicts and depressive symptoms. Meanwhile, adolescents reported their perceptions of coparenting conflict behaviours exhibited by both fathers and mothers. The Actor‐Partner Interdependence Mediation Model was employed to analyse these relationships. In the Actor‐Partner Interdependence Mediation Model, paternal family‐to‐work conflicts were found to be positively associated with both paternal and maternal coparenting conflict behaviours, mediated through paternal depressive symptoms. Similarly, maternal family‐to‐work conflicts were positively linked to both paternal and maternal coparenting conflict behaviours, mediated through maternal depressive symptoms. Additionally, paternal family‐to‐work conflicts exhibited a direct positive relationship with both paternal and maternal coparenting conflict behaviours. However, paternal work‐to‐family conflicts demonstrated a direct negative association with paternal coparenting conflict behaviours. This study sheds light on the complex interconnectedness between work and family conflicts, parental depressive symptoms and coparenting conflict behaviours during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The findings highlight the importance of addressing work and family conflicts in understanding and managing coparenting dynamics, particularly during challenging times such as a pandemic. Such insights can inform interventions and support systems to promote healthier coparenting relationships and family well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents who have experienced harsh parenting face an increased risk of developing Internet addiction (IA) later in life. Few studies have examined the underlying mechanisms between harsh parenting and IA. This study explores the relationship between harsh parenting and IA, focusing on associations with emotional regulation difficulties and maladaptive cognitions. The study group consisted of 925 adolescents (Mage = 16.16, SDage = 0.72; 48.54% girls) who were recruited to complete a survey measuring the variables of harsh parenting, difficulties in emotional regulation, maladaptive cognitions, and IA. After accounting for age and gender, it was found that harsh parenting is directly associated with adolescents' IA (β = 0.07, p < 0.01). The chain mediating effect of emotional regulation difficulties and maladaptive cognitions was 0.08 (95% CI [0.06, 0.10]), which implies that a chain mediation was identified between harsh parenting and IA through the intermediary factors of emotional regulation difficulties and maladaptive cognitions. The findings suggest that addressing the emotional regulation difficulties and maladaptive cognitions could be important aspects to consider in interventions and prevention efforts aimed at reducing adolescent IA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Harsh parenting has been recognized as a risk factor for adolescent anxiety; however, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear, and it is unknown whether this relationship is influenced by different parental roles and living arrangements. This study aimed to investigate the mediating mechanisms between harsh parenting and adolescent anxiety symptoms using a multiple mediation model and to further compare specific roles of harsh parenting and distinguish between the living arrangements. Methods: A total of 3505 adolescents completed this survey, and 3295 adolescents (54.7% girls, Mage = 14.97 years) were included in the study. Participants completed self-assessments measuring harsh parenting, self-efficacy, school connectedness, Internet addiction, sleep problems, and anxiety. They were categorized into three groups based on living arrangements: living with both parents, only with the mother, or only with the father. Results: Correlational analyses revealed that both maternal and paternal harsh parenting were associated with increased anxiety symptoms. Structural equation modeling (SEM) mediation analyses and multigroup analyses showed that the independent mediating effects of school connectedness, Internet addiction, and sleep problems, as well as the sequential mediating pathways involving self-efficacy → school connectedness, self-efficacy → Internet addiction, and self-efficacy → sleep problems, vary across the adolescents' living arrangements in the association between maternal and paternal harsh parenting and adolescent anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: This study elucidated the mechanisms linking harsh parenting to adolescent anxiety symptoms and validated the effects of different parental roles and living arrangements. The findings provide important insights for developing targeted interventions to address anxiety symptoms in adolescents exposed to harsh parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Food preference is an important factor that affects one's eating behavior and dietary intake. Parent food preferences and food choices may influence children food preferences. This study is aimed to describe gender differences and time trends of Chinese adolescent food preferences and to explore the association between adolescent and their parent food preferences. Methods: The data were drawn from four waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) conducted between 2006 and 2015. Participants were asked to indicate their degree of preferences for five food categories (fast food, salty snack food, fruits, vegetables, and soft/sugary drinks) using a 5-point Likert scale (from "dislike very much" to "like very much"). Logistic regression was performed to determine the association of food preferences between adolescents and their parents. Results: Adolescent preferences for unhealthy foods were significantly higher than those of adults. Adolescent food preferences for fruits and vegetables decreased slightly over nine years, and there were gender differences in healthy food preferences (girls > boys, P < 0.05). Regardless of boys or girls, adolescent food preferences for healthy foods (fruits and vegetables) were significantly associated with both their fathers (OR: 3.64–4.58 for boys and 2.71–4.39 for girls) and mothers (OR: 2.13–4.11 for boys and 3.07–5.66 for girls) food preferences. For fast food and salty snack food preferences, boys appeared to be influenced greater by their fathers than girls, while girls appeared to be influenced greater by their mothers than boys. Conclusions: The present study reveals a high degree of unhealthy food preferences among Chinese adolescents and a gender-specific association of fast food and salty snack preference between Chinese adolescents and their parents. Our results may be useful for interventions to reduce adolescent unhealthy food preferences and intakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model to examine how parents' adult attachment influences their their own and the partners' co-parenting and parent-child relationships. Participants were from a cross-sectional sample of 1313 Chinese heterosexual married couples (fathers' Mage = 39.74, SD = 5.61; mothers' Mage = 37.55, SD = 5.04) whose biological children were pupils (Mage = 10.25, SD = 2.35). Results revealed that: (a) Couple members' actor effects from adult attachment avoidance to positive and negative co-parenting and parent-child closeness and conflict were found both significant; (b) The actor effects from adult attachment anxiety to negative co-parenting and parent-child conflict were found significant, whereas only partner effect from attachment avoidance to positive co-parenting and from attachment anxiety to parent-child conflict were significant. The results highlight the negative effects of parents' attachment avoidance and anxiety on their partners' parenting function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although parental psychological control has been well-documented as a significant predictor of social anxiety among adolescents, few studies examine how changes in parental psychological control and adolescent social anxiety are reciprocally related at the within-person level, especially in Chinese culture. This longitudinal study examined reciprocal relations between parental psychological control and social anxiety, and the potential mediating role of self-concept clarity, by disentangling between- and within-person effects. A total of 4731 students (44.9% girls; Mage = 10.91 years, SD = 0.72) participated in a four-wave longitudinal study with 6-month intervals. Results from random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling indicated that parental psychological control directly predicted social anxiety, and vice versa. Parental psychological control indirectly predicted social anxiety via self-concept clarity, and social anxiety also indirectly predicted parental psychological control via self-concept clarity. These findings reveal a vicious cycle of mutual influence between parental psychological control and adolescent social anxiety in Chinese youth, and highlight the crucial role of self-concept clarity in the interplay between parenting and adolescent social functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided by the developmental niche framework, this ethnographic study aimed to explore immigrant Chinese parenting beliefs and practices in the Midwestern United States. Nine immigrant Chinese parents (eight mothers and one father) living in two Midwestern states were interviewed for their caretaking practices, expectations for children, understanding of cultural influences on parenting, and perceived challenges and resources in the community. Qualitative thematic analyses revealed five themes of immigrant Chinese parenting in the Midwest, including (1) teaching children Chinese language and culture; (2) integrating American and Chinese parenting; (3) communicating expectations with children; (4) adjusting parenting in the Midwestern context; and (5) maintaining connections to Chinese families and friends. Findings emphasized the dynamic nature of parenting in the shifting contexts and highlighted the importance of including settings, childrearing customs, and the unique caregiver psychology in immigrant parenting studies. Limitations and implications for future research were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing data from a study on LGBT parent families that combined in-depth interviews with members of 19 families and a national online survey of 595 families, this paper focuses on the role of grandparents in providing childcare within these families. Similar to their heterosexual counterparts, grandparents are heavily involved in childcare in these lesbian and gay parent families. The participation of the families of origin in childcare not only greatly alleviates the family pressure experienced by our participants due to their alternative sexuality, but also contributes to the normalization of these queer families in the face of public scrutiny. Despite the alternative construction of kinship in queer families, the conventional notion of blood ties still influences grandparents' involvement in childcare. We contend that grandparenting in LGBT parent families exemplifies the complex yet innovative improvisation of intergenerationality in contemporary China, reflecting the ongoing negotiation between family responsibility and individual autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep problems are common in early childhood and may be affected by parental adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). However, few studies have examined the longitudinal effect of parental ACEs on offspring sleep problems and the underlying mechanism. This study examined parents' psychological distress and harsh discipline (psychological aggression and corporal punishment) as mediators in the longitudinal pathway from parental ACEs to offspring sleep problems. Methods: The participants included 617 3-year-old children (mean age of 43.13 months, SD = 3.82) and their parents (mean age of 33.24 years, SD = 4.01) from Wuhu, China. The participants completed an online questionnaire on ACEs, psychological distress, and demographic characteristics in September 2022 (Time 1). Parents completed another online questionnaire in September 2023 (Time 2) on harsh discipline and offspring sleep problems. A path model was used to examine the associations. Results: Parental ACEs did not directly predict offspring sleep problems. Psychological distress (β = 0.041, 95% CI [0.005, 0.111]) and harsh discipline in the form of psychological aggression (β = 0.019, 95% CI [0.006, 0.056]) separately mediated the relationship between parental ACEs and offspring sleep problems. Psychological distress and psychological aggression also played a serial mediating role in the association of parental ACEs with offspring sleep problems (β = 0.014, 95% CI [0.007, 0.038]). Conclusions: Our findings showed the importance of psychological distress and psychological aggression in the intergenerational effect of trauma on offspring sleep problems. Specific interventions aimed at improving mental health and parenting practices should be provided for parents who were exposed to ACEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored retrospective childhood parenting styles and retrospective childhood parent-child relationship quality as correlates of Chinese adults' current psychological distress. An online community sample of 501 Chinese adults (aged 19-46 years, M = 28.55, SD = 5.38; 252 men) was recruited. Retrospective parenting styles and parent-child relationship quality were measured by asking participants to recall their childhood experiences (≤12 years old). With bivariate correlations, both retrospective parenting styles and parent-child relationship quality were significantly associated with adults' current psychological distress. With multiple linear regressions, retrospective parental rejection was the only significant, positive correlate of current psychological distress (β = 0.36, p < 0.001). Gender significantly moderated the relation between retrospective parental warmth and current psychological distress (β = −0.12, p = 0.049) and the relation between retrospective parent-child relationship quality and current psychological distress (β = 0.18, p = 0.032). These findings suggest that Chinese adults' retrospective parenting styles and relationship quality with their parents during childhood may relate to current mental health status as represented by psychological distress, highlighting the potential influence of family-of-origin. Highlights: With bivariate correlations, both retrospective parenting styles and parent-child relationship quality were significantly associated with adults' current psychological distress. With multiple linear regressions, retrospective parental rejection was the only significant, positive correlate of current psychological distress. Higher retrospective parental warmth interacted with female gender in relation to lower current psychological distress. Higher retrospective parent-child relationship quality interacted with male gender in relation to lower current psychological distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the associations between maternal parenting stress and children's social competence, along with potential moderated mediation mechanisms within Chinese parent-grandparent co-parenting families. The study involved 412 mothers of children aged 3–6 years, who completed questionnaires assessing parenting stress, the quality of the parent-child relationship, the co-parenting relationship with grandparents, and their children's social competence. The results revealed: (1) a negative correlation between maternal parenting stress and children's social competence; (2) mediation of the link between maternal parenting stress and children's social competence by the mother-child relationship; and (3) a moderating effect of the mother-grandparent co-parenting relationship on the relationship between maternal parenting stress and the parent-child relationship. However, no direct moderating effect of the mother-grandparent co-parenting relationship on the association between parenting stress and children's social competence was detected. These findings highlight the significance of considering the co-parenting context in examining the correlations between maternal parenting stress and children's social competence. Highlights: Maternal parenting stress was negatively linked with children's social competence in Chinese intergenerational co-parenting families. The mother-child relationship mediated the link between maternal parenting stress and children's social competence. Mother-grandparent co-parenting has a moderating effect on the mother-child relationship but not on social competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to official statistics, children in China affected by migration, including migrant and left-behind children, commit a disproportionately high number of reported crimes. Scholars have generally believed that the rural-urban inequality, coupled with the rural-urban migration, have placed these children in a structurally disadvantaged position which increases the likelihood of them becoming delinquents. It is still not clearly understood, however, how this structural disadvantage places children affected by migration at a high risk of delinquency through weakening the level of family control. This is the issue that the study seeks to address. Qualitatively analyzing the narratives of 59 juvenile offenders from migrant families in China, the study found that the rural-urban inequality and the resultant rural-urban migration contributed to the structural family strains, mainly in the form of family poverty or dissolution, which had a negative effect on parental efficacy. Weakened parental efficacy then facilitated adolescents' rebellion against parents, with delinquency serving as an important form. Through the act of rebellion, adolescents transferred blame to parents by limiting their own responsibility for their actions, thereby realizing the neutralization of delinquency. The findings suggest that, in order to prevent delinquency among migrant and left-behind children, intervention only at family level or in individual systems is insufficient. Policies are required at a structural level to effectively address the issue. Highlights: The study examines how structural disadvantage increases delinquency through weakening family control in the context of Chinese rural-urban migration. Family strains resulting from the Chinese rural-urban divide and migration have a negative effect on parental efficacy. Low parental efficacy facilitates children's rebellion against parents, with delinquency serving as an important form. Adolescents affected by migration in China neutralize delinquency by denial of responsibility for their own actions. Policies at a structural level are required to prevent delinquency among migrant and left-behind children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study in China aimed to explore the impact of maternal depression on infant–mother attachment and whether parenting status moderated this relationship. Women underwent depression assessments at seven perinatal time points: ≤12, 17, 21, 31, and 37 weeks of pregnancy, as well as 1 and 6 weeks postpartum. Those completing at least three times assessments, along with their infants, were invited for infant–mother attachment assessment at 12–18 months postpartum. Among 233 infant–mother pairs completing the infant–mother attachment assessment, 62 and 80 mothers had postnatal depression and perinatal major depression, respectively; 75 (32.2%) of infants exhibited insecure attachment. While infants whose mothers had maternal depression showed a slightly elevated rate of insecure attachment, this difference did not achieve statistical significance. Additionally, parenting status did not influence the relationship between maternal depression and infant–mother attachment. Nevertheless, the study hinted that more physical contact between mother and infant might reduce insecure attachment likelihood. Future research should expand sample sizes and assessment points for better understanding. In addition, encouraging close interaction and physical touch between mother and infant may be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The significance of socioeconomic status (SES) in child mental health is well‐established in Western populations; however, there is little evidence on this topic in Chinese populations. The possibility that Chinese families with different SES elicit different parenting practices that cause positive or negative child mental health outcomes warrants further investigation. Methods: This study examined the associations of SES, parenting practices, and child mental health among 1401 Chinese school children and their parents residing in Shanghai. SES was measured by a composed index of parental education levels, occupations, and household incomes. The Alabama parenting questionnaire (APQ; child version) and the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ; parent version) were used to assess parenting practices and child mental health. We also explored the underlying mechanisms between parental SES and the mental health of children by testing different parenting practices as mediators of the relationships. Results: The results showed that a higher SES is positively associated with better mental health in children. Positive involvement and deficient monitoring can mediate the relationship between SES and child mental health outcomes. Negative discipline did not significantly mediate the above relationship. Conclusions: The results highlight the significance of positive involvement and sufficient monitoring in promoting children's mental health and provide evidence for designing effective programs to improve parenting skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives. Adolescence is a critical developmental stage marked by the exploration of independence and self-identity. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between indulgent parenting (characterized by high responsiveness and low demandingness) and adolescents' maladjustments across emotional, behavioral, and social domains. Methods. Using a cross-cultural sample of high school students from the U.S. (n = 268) and China (n = 189), we tested the hypotheses that indulgent parenting was associated with adolescents' maladjustments, and that such association varied by cultural context (U.S. vs. China) and parental gender. Results. The results from Bayesian structural equation modeling supported the hypotheses, showing significant associations between indulgent parenting and adolescents' maladjustments and differences in the associations across cultures and parental gender. Conclusions. The findings highlighted the need for culturally informed parenting programs to foster healthy adolescent development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents play a crucial role in adolescents' Internet use. Both general parenting (i.e., autonomy-supportive and controlling parenting) and Internet-specific parenting (i.e., restrictive mediation, active mediation, and parental encouragement) are related to adolescents' online behaviors. However, existing studies have focused either on an Internet-specific parenting or general parenting strategy and have neglected their interaction, failing to capture the intricate nature of the parenting context of youth's online behaviors. Few studies have examined parental encouragement or acknowledged the bidirectional influence of parenting on adolescents' online behaviors. To address this gap, this study employed a cross-lagged panel network model to examine the associations among restrictive and active mediation, parental encouragement, and autonomy-supportive and controlling parenting, as well as the interplay of all five parenting strategies with adolescents' online behaviors. A total of 564 Chinese students (51.1% male; mean age = 14.54, SD = 0.7) completed the survey at two time points. The results indicate that in most cases, previous online behaviors are significant and strong predictors of subsequent parenting strategies and not vice versa, corroborating the child effect. The parent and reciprocal effects were observed in the problematic smartphone-use domain, suggesting that the effects may differ for distinct behavioral domains. The effects of parental mediation extend beyond parental encouragement, implying that risk-prevention-related parenting is an effective means of guiding adolescents' online behaviors. Autonomy-relevant general parenting is closely related to active mediation and parental encouragement, while restrictive general parenting is closely related to restrictive mediation, suggesting a consistency between Internet-specific and general parenting strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To describe the changes in moderate‐to‐late preterm infants' (MLPIs) growth during 12 months of corrected age (CA) and to examine the predictive role of NICU‐related stress, postpartum depression trajectory and family coping ability on the physical developmental trajectory of MLPIs. Design: A prospective longitudinal study. Methods: There were 237 mother–infant dyads with at least two follow‐up data records included. General characteristics and NICU‐related stress were recorded from medical records at baseline. Infants' physical growth was measured at 40 weeks, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months CA during outpatient follow‐up. Maternal postpartum depressive symptoms and family coping ability were assessed by questionnaires at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months CA and 1 month CA respectively. We investigated the modifiable factors inside and outside of NICU on the trajectories of physical growth in the first year in MLPIs, mainly by using latent growth curve models with time‐varying covariates. Results: The curved trajectories of weight, length and head circumference in the first year in MLPIs demonstrated gradually slowed growth rates and these infants were above the WHO growth standards for the same age and sex. The latent growth curve models indicated that more NICU‐related stress was negatively associated with the weight and length at 40 weeks CA, and family coping ability (parent–child relationship) at 1 month CA was associated with the growth rate of weight. Besides, more NICU‐related stress predicted faster length growth rate. The infants of mothers who were in the group of high‐level postpartum depression trajectory had a slower growth rate of head circumference. Conclusions: Our study identified the modifiable factors along the care continuum influencing the trajectory of MLPIs' physical growth. Nurses should receive more training about infant stress measurement and family‐centred care to work in partnership with parents so that MLPIs can reach their full developmental potential. Also, multidisciplinary interventions including stress reduction strategies, close psychological monitoring and education improving parent–infant relationships should be further developed to achieve optimizing growth in the first year of MLPIs. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care: It is recommended that nurses pay attention to the long‐term physical growth status of MLPIs, and closely support their families. Quantifying NICU‐related stress and developing reduction strategies should be the priority for clinical staff during hospitalization. After discharge, persistent screening of depressive symptoms, psychological intervention and education about the parent–child relationship need to be included in the follow‐up visits. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. The study only included patients who were research participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although perceived discrimination has been found to diminish self‐esteem, the mechanism of such effect and potential protective factors demands further study. Grit has been suggested to moderate the effect of risk factors affecting Chinese left‐behind children, but few studies have considered that being left behind might diminish the family and social conditions needed for nurturing grit, and therefore grit might mediate the effect of being left behind and perceived discrimination upon self‐esteem. With the questionnaire data collected from 974 Chinese rural children among whom 517 were left‐behind children, the present study shows that perseverance of effort mediates the effect of being left behind upon self‐esteem. Moreover, within the subsample of left‐behind children, perceived discrimination was found to mediate the effect of time length of being left behind on self‐esteem, while a chain mediation effect was found where perceived discrimination and consistency of interest mediated the effect of the time length of being left behind on self‐esteem. Findings suggest that for left‐behind children, while the adverse social conditions reflected by perceived discrimination affects self‐esteem by diminishing consistency of interest, the absence of adequate parental regulation more directly affects perseverance of effort and therefore affects self‐esteem. Further research directions about practices and interventions targeting at protecting self‐esteem through fostering grit are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: Parenting experiences are a great challenge but also a meaningful achievement for mothers diagnosed with schizophrenia (MDWSs).Most previous studies focused on the parenting experiences of Chinese mothers diagnosed with depression rather than those diagnosed with schizophrenia, who usually experience psychiatric symptoms. What this paper adds to existing knowledge?: Unlike in Western society, Chinese society is characterised by a family‐centred culture. This study insightfully explores MDWSs' parenting and family life experiences addressing their intrapersonal mindsets, interpersonal connections with family members across generations and extrapersonal roles such as traditional social expectations as a mother, wife and daughter‐in‐law.While Western studies have mainly focused on MDWSs' personal resilience, this study insightfully explored MDWSs' resilient dimensions including their personal, familial and cultural issues within the Chinese society. What are the implications for practice?: This study develops a comprehensive and professional understanding of the parenting experiences and family interactions of MDWSs who struggle to achieve their motherly role and re‐establish connections with intimate family members.The findings highlight the following important considerations when offering family‐based nursing cares: (1) assess power relationships, familial dynamics and cultural influences between MDWSs and their family members; (2) extend family members' involvement, such as parents‐in‐law, while offering psychoeducation to MDWSs and their family members. Introduction: In Chinese culture, raising the next generation is recognised as a crucial family matter involving intergenerational participation. Mothers diagnosed with schizophrenia (MDWSs) usually experience high stress due to psychiatric symptoms, different parenting values across generations and traditional expectations associated with motherly roles. MDWSs need urgent professional assistance. Aim: To explore MDWSs' parenting experiences and family life in Chinese cultural contexts. Method: In‐depth interviews were conducted with 20 MDWSs. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analyses. Results: The superordinate theme was identified as 'You are not a qualified mother'. Three major themes were elicited: experiencing crises in parenting, family life and self‐stability; striving to be a good mother and wife under humiliation; and developing wisdom and courage to move forward. Discussion: A dehumanised attitude of family members in a paternalistic culture was found. While Western society focuses on personal resilience and family‐based nursing care for nuclear families, Chinese society intensively focuses on MDWSs' relationship with nuclear family members as well as extended family members such as parents‐in‐law. Implications for Practice: The results highlighted the significance of culturally sensitive nursing care for MDWSs and family‐centred psychoeducation that clarifies familial dynamics and improves effective communication between MDWSs and their family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer victimization (PV) is a common and serious problem in school contexts, which hinders adolescents' emotional development and social adaptation. The present study aimed to test the longitudinal relationship between PV and the increase of depressive symptoms (DSs) among Chinese mid-late adolescents using a two-wave longitudinal design and examine the buffering effects of self-compassion (SC) and parental autonomy support (PAS) on this relationship. A relatively large sample of Chinese high school students (N = 722, 52.1% boys; age at Time 2 = 16.23 years old, SD = 0.79) were surveyed annually at two time points. The results showed that PV at Time 1 positively predicted DSs at Time 2 after controlling for the DSs at Time 1. In addition, SC and PAS moderated the longitudinal relationship between PV and the development of DSs, while such moderating effects only existed in girls but not in boys. Specifically, the positive relationship between PV and DSs was non-significant among girls with higher levels of SC or PAS. Our findings highlighted that SC and PAS might be important protective factors buffering against DSs for victimized girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental burnout is overwhelming exhaustion associated with one's parental role. Numerous studies have explored the antecedents of parental burnout, with a deficient focus on its consequences, especially for children's development. This study investigated the interaction effect between two protective factors (i.e., co-parenting and parental psychological flexibility) of parental burnout on subsequent children's mental health through the mediation effect of parental burnout. A total of 262 Chinese mothers (Mage = 35 years old) raising preschoolers participated in a two-wave survey within 1-month interval. Path analysis confirmed the moderated median model. Specifically, parental psychological flexibility (PPF) moderated the mediating effect of parental burnout between co-parenting and children's internalizing and externalizing problems reported by mothers. For mothers with middle or low PPF, high-quality co-parenting was related to low children's externalizing and internalizing problems via low-level parental burnout. While mothers with high PPF were less likely to develop parental burnout and exert a negative impact on children's externalizing and internalizing problems even in face of low-quality co-parenting. Co-parenting and PPF may compensate for each other as the protective factors of parental burnout in mothers and children's internalizing and externalizing problems in China. Highlights: Parental burnout mediates the link between co-parenting and children's internalizing and externalizing problems. The mediating effect mentioned above is significant for mothers with middle or low level of parental psychological flexibility. Strategies to promote fathers' cooperation in parenting and maternal PPF are both needed in reliving maternal parental burnout and children's problems in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Parent–grandparent coparenting is increasingly prevalent worldwide, but whether and how parenting behaviours differ across generations and the influence of such potential discrepancies on child behaviour problems are still unclear. This study compares differences in parenting practices between parents and grandparents—specifically, harsh versus supportive parenting—and examines both the associations of these practices with child behaviour problems and the role of multigenerational coresidence in these associations. We recruited 404 parent–grandparent coparenting dyads from two highly industrialized urban cities in China. The results showed that coresiding grandparents tended to display less supportive parenting behaviours than parents. Parental harsh discipline and grandparental harsh discipline were both positively associated with child externalizing behaviour problems. Larger directional differences in harsh discipline between parents and grandparents were associated with more internalizing behaviour problems in their children. A larger absolute difference in self‐perceived supportiveness between parents and grandparents was negatively associated with children's internalizing behaviour problems only when parents and grandparents lived separately. This study suggests (grand)parenting style matters to children's externalizing behaviour problems, while the discrepancies between parenting and grandparenting practices have stronger influences on children's internalizing behaviour problems. These findings underscore the significance of promoting effective collaborative parenting in intergenerational families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The positive development of the personal belief in a just world (PBJW) plays a vital role in academic achievement and mental health among children and adolescents. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the influencing factors of PBJW better. The association between parenting styles and PBJW has been well established, but whether this association varies among dierent groups remains an open issue. The present study aimed to examine the strength of the associations between parenting styles and PBJW among Chinese children and adolescents and the role of certain moderators (gender, living location, and age) in these associations. Methods: This study employed hierarchical regression and simple slopes analyses to examine data from the National Children’s Study of China. The database includes 24,013 Chinese children and adolescents in grades 49 (M = 12.76 years, SD = 1.73), with 53.50% boys. Results: The results indicated that (1) authoritative parenting was positively correlated with PBJW; (2) both authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were negatively correlated with PBJW; (3) the positive relationship between authoritative parenting and PBJW was more prominent in urban regions; the negative relationship between authoritarian and PBJW was stronger in urban regions; and the negative relationship between permissive parenting and PBJW was more pronounced among girls and older children and adolescents. Discussion: These findings highlight important associations between parenting styles and the development of PBJW among Chinese children and adolescents, and suggest strategies for policy-makers, educators, and parents to improve PBJW for dierent types of Chinese children and adolescents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 lockdown has forced young children to spend more time on media and significantly impacted their mothers' mental health. This study explored how mothers' individual distress influences children's problematic media use during the Shanghai citywide lockdown caused by COVID-19. Data were collected from 1889 Chinese mothers (Mage = 34.69 years, SD = 3.94 years) with preschoolers aged 3–6 years (Mage = 4.38 years, SD = 1.06 years; 49.0% boys) via an online survey. The statistical analyses relied on SPSS Statistics version 26.0 and macro-program PROCESS 3.3. to investigate the associations and mediation analysis among all the study variables. The results indicated a positive association between maternal distress and children's problematic media use, mediated by parenting stress and maladaptive parenting. Specifically, the serial mediation analysis revealed that high levels of maternal distress exacerbate parenting stress, which in turn leads to maladaptive parenting practices. These maladaptive practices subsequently increase problematic media use in preschool children. The findings highlighted that parents need to enhance their ability to manage risk and promote mental health during periods of significant stress and routine disruption to reduce children's problematic media use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children (PLH-YC) is a program to prevent child maltreatment. This study aimed to examine the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effects of the adapted program for Chinese parents. Methods: A pre–post single-arm pilot trial was conducted with 21 Chinese parents. A mixed-method design was utilized to collect questionnaire-based quantitative data and qualitative data of interviews and focus group discussions. Results: Program implementation was feasible, with overall high recruitment, enrollment, attendance, acceptability and fidelity. Quantitative results demonstrated reductions in general child maltreatment, physical and emotional abuse, child behavioral problems, and improvements in positive parenting. Thematic analyses identified reduced violent discipline, psychological aggression, and child behavioral problems, strengthened parent–child bonds, increased parenting confidence, and decreased family conflict. Conclusion: The adapted PLH-YC program for Chinese parents has shown good feasibility and acceptability, and exhibited a significant association with reduced child maltreatment. Further randomized controlled trials are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School transitions provide contexts for adolescents to reconstruct peer relationships and re-establish social positions. Scarce research has captured the transition of aggressor and victim roles during this period and examined associated factors. To investigate the stability and shifts of aggressor and victim roles following the transition to middle school, this study conducted latent transition analysis with 1261 Chinese adolescents (32.6% female, Mage in Grade 6 = 12.1 years, SD = 0.7). Three subgroups were identified across Grades 5 to 8: aggressive–victims, victims and uninvolved. Adolescents were more likely to transition from aggressive–victim and victim roles to the uninvolved group during the transition to middle school compared to the transitions within the same educational phase. Males and those with insecure parental attachment were at higher risk of being and remaining in the involved groups. The findings underscore the dynamic nature of adolescent aggression and victimization and highlight the transition to middle school as a critical window for interventions aimed at helping adolescents disengage from aggression and victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have shown that co-parenting plays an important role in marital and parent-child interactions. However, little is known about the bidirectional associations between positive co-parenting and marital and parent-child factors, as well as the dynamic underlying mechanisms. This study used cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) to explore the bidirectional longitudinal relationship between positive co-parenting, marital satisfaction, and parental involvement among Chinese parents from a positive family multiple systems perspective. A sample of 668 father-mother dyads (father's M age = 36.47, SD age = 5.34; mother's M age = 35.45, SD age = 5.07) completed a series of questionnaires at three time points (approximately spaced 1 year between each time point). The results showed that positive co-parenting positively predicted marital satisfaction and parental involvement and that marital satisfaction positively influenced parents' positive co-parenting, whereas the effect of parental involvement on positive co-parenting was significant among fathers. Additionally, fathers' marital satisfaction can affect their involvement, but this effect is negligible among mothers. Finally, parental marital satisfaction mediated the relationship between positive co-parenting and the next stage of positive co-parenting. This study provided new ideas and interventions to strengthen family cohesion and harmony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although empirical findings have indicated that both familial and neurobiological risk factors contribute to the development of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in children, relatively few studies have investigated how these two factors interact to influence these traits. The current study focused on the combined effects of parental emotion socialization and child's resting heart rate on CU traits. Parents of Chinese children (N = 166) completed the Coping with Children's Negative Scale when children were 9.39 years old (SD = 0.92), while children's resting heart rate data were collected when they were 10.21 years old (SD = 0.72). When they were 11.15 years old (SD = 0.67), parents completed the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits Short-Form. Results showed that parental supportive emotion socialization was negatively associated with CU traits and Callous behaviors in particular. In addition, resting heart rate moderated the relationship between parental emotion socialization and child's CU traits. Findings provide further evidence that an interdisciplinary approach that combines both psychosocial and biological factors is essential to further our understanding of CU traits in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed temporal associations between parent–child relationship, parenting behaviors (i.e., warmth, rejection, and overprotection), and adolescents' depressive symptoms after trauma, using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models to distinguish between- and within-adolescent differences. We surveyed Chinese adolescents 12 (Aug 2018; T1), 21 (May 2019; T2), 27 (Nov 2019; T3) months after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake that occurred in August 2017. Of the 585 adolescents who participated in at least two waves of the study, mean age at T1 was 15.50 years old (SD = 1.58 years) and 57.8% were girls. Controlling adolescents' gender, age, ethnicity, trauma exposure at T1, and parents' marital status, between-adolescent results showed that parent–child relationship and parenting behaviors, parent–child relationship and depressive symptoms were correlated across models of parental warmth, rejection, and overprotection, whereas depressive symptoms were only correlated with parental rejection and overprotection. Within-adolescent results indicated that parent–child relationship and adolescents' depressive symptoms had bidirectional associations via the mediation of parental warmth from T1 to T3. Over the longer term following the earthquake, we found that parental rejection was bidirectionally associated with adolescents' depressive symptoms, whereas parental overprotection was unidirectionally influenced by adolescents' depressive symptoms from T2 to T3. In addition, more depressive symptoms in adolescents were associated with worsening parent–child relationship from T2 to T3. In conclusion, shortly after trauma, interventions should focus on improving parent–child relationship and relieving adolescents' depressive symptoms. Over the longer term after trauma, relieving adolescents' depressive symptoms should be prioritized to avoid its eroding effects on parent–child relationship and parenting behaviors, and to break the "vicious cycle". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Researchers have made great efforts to help parents of children with intellectual disabilities overcome the stress and burden. Learning to be resilient is one effective strategy. Aim: This study explores resilience among parents of children with intellectual disabilities and how career burnout and self‐regulation relate to parents' resilience in mainland China. Methods: The Burnout Scale, the Self‐Regulation Scale and the Resilience Scale were administered to 324 parents of children with intellectual disabilities. Results: Results showed that career burnout significantly negatively influenced resilience (β = −0.269, p = 0.000), while self‐regulation significantly positively influenced resilience (β = 0.754, p = 0.000). In addition, self‐regulation moderated the relationships between career burnout and resilience (β = 0.176, p = 0.003). Conclusion: The findings offer valuable insights for enhancing the resilience of parents of children with intellectual disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring proper early feeding for young children is crucial, as encountering feeding difficulties (FD) during this stage can give rise to a cascade of health problems, the repercussions of which may endure into late childhood and adolescence. Children raised by transgender parents may be at risk of encountering FD, however, there is no research conducted on Chinese transgender families. We designed a cross-sectional survey in which the rate of FD and its influencing factors were investigated among transgender parents in China. A total of 446 Chinese transgender parents (average age 30.39 years) were included in the analysis. Logistic regression models were applied to investigate the influencing factors of FD among children of transgender parents. We also established structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the possible pathways among these factors and FD. The rate of FD in children of Chinese transgender parents is 55.4%, with 34.5% having severe FD. Coming out after having a child (AOR = 2.26, 95%CI = 1.33 ∼ 3.91), family violence (AOR = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.04 ∼ 1.09), partner violence (AOR = 1.11, 95%CI = 1.08 ∼ 1.15), no feeding education (accepting feeding education: AOR = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.25 ∼ 0.74), being discriminated during seeking of childbearing health care (AOR = 1.99, 95%CI = 1.3 ∼ 3.05), and poor relationship with partner (fair: AOR = 0.09, 95%CI = 0.03 ∼ 0.22; good: AOR = 0.06, 95%CI = 0.02 ∼ 0.15) are significantly associated with higher FD. Furthermore, through the pathway analysis, the indirect effects of education level (β=−0.151), feeding education (β = 0.145), and relationship with partner (β=-0.196) on FD are observed. Children of Chinese transgender parents showed a high FD rate. It is crucial to help build a better family and social environment for transgender families to reduce the FD and improve children's and adolescents' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Group-based situations are common settings for cyberbullying, making bystander responses crucial in combating this issue. This study investigated how adolescent bystanders respond to various victims, including family members, friends, teachers, and celebrities. This study also examined how different parenting styles influenced children's cyber bystander involvement. Methods: This study employed data from a cross-sectional school survey covering 1,716 adolescents aged 13–18 years from public and vocational schools in China collected in 2022. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to measure demographic characteristics, cyberbullying experiences, and parental rearing behaviors in predicting bystander reactions. Results: The findings showed that middle school students preferred to "ask for help" while high school students tended to choose "call the police" when witnessing cyberbullying incidents. Bystanders growing up with parental rejection and overprotection, having previous cyberbullying victimization experiences, where the victims were disliked by them, exhibited fewer defensive reactions. Conclusions: This study has implications for future research and practices involving parental involvement in cyber bystander interventions, which could provide implications for future practice in designing specific intervention programs for cyberbullying bystander behavior. Future research and interventions against cyberbullying may provide individualized training including parents' positive parenting skills and parent-child interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study is to comprehensively understand the psychological experience of primiparous women during breastfeeding while dealing with lactating mastitis and to establish a reliable foundation for tailored support measures. Methods: Twenty primiparous mothers from a tertiary hospital in Beijing between January and March 2023 were chosen using purposive sampling for semi-structured interviews. After conducting 20 interviews, data saturation was achieved. The Colaizzi's seven-step analytical approach was employed to analyze, summarize, and refine the identified themes. Results: Among primiparous women afflicted by lactating mastitis, the primary themes regarding breastfeeding attitudes included three key aspects: (1) uncertainty during the initial diagnosis phase, (2) intricate emotional journey during treatment, and (3) positive psychological outlook during the recovery stage. Conclusion: Primiparous women undergoing lactating mastitis experience substantial physical and psychological strain. It is crucial for medical personnel, family caregivers, and society at large to be attuned to the emotions of these patients. Tailored support measures should be offered to enhance patients' physical and mental well-being and facilitate disease recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions with primary caregivers shape children's expectations of interactions with others, but the mechanism is not clear yet. We included Han Chinese children aged 5–6 (N = 121, 61 boys) from a city in East China and tested their support‐giving expectations of mothers, fathers and unfamiliar others after observing mother–child interactions with different levels of maternal responsiveness. Across two studies, we found that children's support‐giving behaviour and willingness expectations decreased significantly in the unresponsive condition for mothers and fathers but not for unfamiliar others; while these expectations did not change significantly for all partners in the responsive condition. The results suggest that relationship type between children and interaction partners moderates the effects of maternal responsiveness on children's expectations of partners' support‐giving. They shed light on how young children understand and represent interpersonal interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: This study examined associations between marital adjustment and children's learning behaviors, as well as the potential mediation effects of maternal involvement and parenting on these associations in Chinese contexts. Background: The family is a vital setting for children's early learning behaviors, encompassing self‐efficacy in learning and approaches to learning. Marital adjustment, as well as maternal involvement and maternal parenting, are crucial factors in the family setting. However, there is a paucity of research on the pathway mechanism between these three family factors and children's early learning behaviors. Method: There were 750 mothers of Chinese preschoolers (48.24% girls, Mage = 5.94 years, SD = 1.43) in three provinces—Fujian, Sichuan, and Xinjiang—who participated in the study. Mothers completed questionnaires related to marital adjustment, maternal involvement, maternal parenting, and children's learning behaviors. Structural equation models were estimated to test the hypothesized paths. Results: The results revealed a positive association between higher marital adjustment and improved children's self‐efficacy in learning (β =.10, p =.004) and approaches to learning (β =.15, p <.001), with maternal involvement (for self‐efficacy, β =.25, p <.001; for approaches to learning, β =.23, p <.001) and parenting (for self‐efficacy, β =.25, p <.001; for approaches to learning, β =.31, p <.001) recognized as significant mediators in this relationship. Conclusions: The study indicated that marital adjustment, maternal involvement, and parenting have significant direct and indirect effects on children's early learning behaviors. Implications: Given the research findings, marital adjustment is worth considering when recognizing children's early learning. Furthermore, parents may be encouraged to understand proper involvement and parenting practices with their children. Briefly, these findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge on how family variables are related to children's learning behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to explore the positive parenting style, perceived control, perceived social justice on materialism ant the high education level in China. We administered a questionnaire to 1365 high school students (405 males and 960 females). Results showed that: (1) positive parenting style significantly negatively predicted adolescents' materialism; (2) perceived Control fully mediated the relationship between positive parenting style and materialism; (3) perceived social justice moderated the direct effect of positive parenting style on materialism and moderated the first half of the mediated path "positive parenting style → perceived control → materialism." This study highlights the importance of positive parenting style in reducing materialistic tendencies among adolescents, emphasizing the role of control and the impact of perceived social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that there are about 23% of all children in China experiencing parental migration and being left behind at hometown. Existing research indicated a significant association between parental migration and children development but overlooked the dynamic changes in family structure caused by parental migration. In this study, data was derived from a nationally representative longitudinal survey—the China Family Panel Studies. The main analyses employed four waves of data (2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018) and included 1401 adolescents aged 10–15 years (Mean:12.35, SD:1.67; 54.2% female). Six typical trajectories of parental migration capturing both migration status at each timepoint and changes in the status across six years were created. Children's depression and internalizing problems and externalizing problems were concerned outcomes. The mediating roles of the caregiver-child interaction and caregiver's depression were examined. Adolescents in the trajectory group described as experiencing transitions between being left behind by both parents and non had a higher risk of depression and internalizing and externalizing problems. Caregivers' depression was a significant mediator between parental migration and adolescent depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parent–child separation threatens the perceived mutual trust in parent–child relationships and child developmental outcomes. Even though pioneering researchers have examined the development of children living apart from their parents, few studies have investigated the perceived mutual trust in the parent–child relationship and child developmental outcomes in boarding schools resulting from temporary parent–child separations. To determine perceived mutual trust, the content of conversations, feelings related to the use of mobile phones in parent–child conversations, and the effects thereof on child developmental outcomes, we adopted a cross-sectional survey of 1136 boarding school students recruited by a multi-stage stratified random-sampling approach from different districts in Sichuan, China. The data were analyzed with multiple regression analyses. The results of the present study support the hypothesis that a child's perceived mutual trust is positively associated with their developmental outcomes, in addition to partially validating the moderating effect on the content of mobile phone conversations and feelings related to mobile phone conversations. This research provides empirical evidence regarding the influence of perceived parent–child mutual trust on boarding students and their developmental outcomes in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at exploring the relationships between adverse childhood experience (ACEs) and parental burnout. A total of 583 postnatal Chinese mothers were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Maternal ACEs were measured by Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire-Revised and parental burnout was measured by Parental Burnout Assessment. Multiple linear and binary logistic regression, and latent class analysis were used to explore the association between each type and cumulative ACEs and parental burnout. We found ACEs were associated with a higher risk of parental burnout. However, the association differed in the type of ACEs. The higher levels of physical abuse (B = 0.971 ~ 0.459, all p < 0.05) and emotional neglect (B = 1.010 ~ 1.407, all p < 0.05) in childhood were correlated with more serious parental burnout. The higher levels of self-threatened (B = 0.429 ~ 0.559, all p < 0.05) and self-deprived experience (B = 0.384 ~ 0.462, all p < 0.05), higher number of ACEs type (B = 2.909 ~ 3.918, all p < 0.05) were associated with more serious parental burnout. Results were consistent after combining four dimensions of parental burnout as a whole in LCA. This study indicated that maternal ACEs were associated with parental burnout. Women with self-deprived, self-threatened and more types of ACEs should be paid special attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co‐parenting, the undertaking of parents working together to raise their children, is well documented as an important consideration of children's adjustment in Western countries, but we know less about the role of co‐parenting in other cultures. In China, for example, co‐parenting has only recently emerged in the social science literature. This study aimed to examine the cultural sensitivity of the CoPAFS instrument among Chinese Mandarin‐speaking parents. CoPAFS is a 27‐item survey designed to assess co‐parenting across married and unmarried family structures originally developed in English. Data were collected from 729 Chinese‐speaking and 348 English‐speaking respondents. Factor analyses and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the overall model fit for the translated co‐parenting measure was acceptable in Mandarin. However, the five CoPAFS subscales (trust, respect, communication, acrimony, and value) differed across comparison groups, with communication notable for its lack of endorsement among Chinese couples. Implications of measuring co‐parenting within Chinese families are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental emotion‐related socialization behaviors (ERSBs) are developmental and multiply determined. However, longitudinal studies on the development patterns of ERSBs and their antecedents, especially for Chinese fathers, are scarce. This study examined the longitudinal trajectories of Chinese fathers' ERSBs during early adolescence and whether they are influenced by the father (depressive symptoms and emotion dysregulation) and adolescent factors (depressive symptoms and emotional intelligence). We used 4‐year, self‐reported, survey‐based data from Chinese early adolescents (46.70% girls, Mage at Wave 1 = 10.26 years, SD = 0.33) and their fathers (Mage at Wave 1 = 40.36 years, SD = 4.22), and data analyses were conducted using unconditional and conditional latent growth model (N = 1061 at Wave 1). The results revealed an increase in the father's supportive and non‐supportive ERSBs over 4 years. Furthermore, father's depression symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and adolescent's depression symptoms can predict paternal supportive ERSBs' trajectories, while only the father's depression symptoms and emotion dysregulation can predict the change in non‐supportive ERSBs. The findings give a holistic picture of the developmental trajectories of paternal ERSBs during early adolescence, and highlight the importance of accounting for differences in father and adolescent factors in understanding changes in parental ERSBs during this critical developmental period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although having strong influences on adolescents' optimal development, mother‐adolescent closeness is greatly challenged in early adolescence. Mindful parenting may be a protective factor for relational adjustment to early adolescence, but its connection with closeness within the mother‐adolescent dyad has not been adequately examined in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the effects of how mindful parenting on the day‐to‐day mother‐adolescent relationship dynamics, evaluating the relations between mindful parenting and mother‐adolescent closeness and the mediating role of adolescent self‐disclosure. A total of 76 Chinese mother–adolescent dyads completed a baseline measure of mindful parenting and 14‐day measures of adolescent‐report self‐disclosure, mother‐perceived closeness, and adolescent‐perceived closeness. Mindful parenting significantly predicted both mother‐perceived and adolescent‐perceived closeness, with adolescent self‐disclosure serving as a mediator. Adolescent self‐disclosure predicted higher mother‐adolescent closeness on the same day, but such effects did not carry over to the next day. Our findings provided evidence supporting mindful parenting as a resource for facilitating mother‐adolescent closeness in early adolescence. This investigation also encouraged future studies to employ more intensive ambulatory assessments to clarify the daily process of how mindful parenting shapes mother‐adolescent relationship dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of literature shows that adherence to some aspects of Western masculinity norms, including the suppression of emotional vulnerability, avoidance of seeking support from others, and exaggerated physical toughness, is associated with poorer psychological and social outcomes. While existing research suggests that parental gender beliefs and caregiving behaviors might influence the development of children's gendered behaviors, little is known about the developmental origins of individual differences in adherence to masculinity norms. The current study aims to address this gap and presents a longitudinal investigation of how parental gender beliefs and maternal sensitivity during infancy contribute to children's adherence to masculinity norms during middle childhood. Data were drawn from a mixed-method 9-year longitudinal study of 374 urban Chinese families (48.40% with daughters). Parental gender beliefs were assessed at 24 months, maternal sensitivity was assessed with mother–child interaction observations at 14 and 24 months, and children's self-reported adherence to masculinity norms were assessed at age 10 years. Results indicate that while parental gender beliefs had no associations with children's adherence to masculinity norms, maternal sensitivity predicted children's adherence to masculinity norms (β = −.18, p =.008) above and beyond parental gender beliefs and parental education level; moreover, there was a significant interaction of sex on the effect of maternal sensitivity on children's adherence to masculinity (β = −.23, p =.025), and the association was significant only for boys. Public Significance Statement: This is the first longitudinal study to examine the developmental influence of parenting sensitivity and gender beliefs on boys' and girls' adherence to masculinity norms. Results demonstrate that sensitive parenting may have long-term protective effects on boys' adherence to harmful gender norms and represent a pathway for intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the moment-to-moment within-person associations between maternal and child behaviors during a challenging puzzle task and compares these associations between mother–child dyads from the United States (n = 99, 52 boys, Mchild age = 56.05 months, SD = 6.44) and China (n = 101, 46 boys, Mchild age = 57.41 months, SD = 6.58). Maternal autonomy support and intrusive control and child agency and defeat were rated in 15-s intervals by native and bicultural coders. Country was examined as a moderator of the moment-to-moment within-person associations between maternal and child behaviors. The results showed that for both U.S. and Chinese dyads, increases in maternal intrusive control predicted subsequent decreases in child agency, and increases in child defeat predicted subsequent increases in maternal autonomy support. Furthermore, increases in maternal autonomy support predicted subsequent increases in child defeat, but for the Chinese dyads only. Public Significance Statement: This study examined how maternal and child behaviors change in response to each other during a challenging puzzle task among U.S. and Chinese dyads. For both U.S. and Chinese preschoolers, children's eagerness and confidence to complete the task decreased immediately after mothers exerted more intrusive control. Additionally, Chinese preschoolers, but not U.S. preschoolers, expressed more defeat and negative emotion immediately after mothers provided more support of the child's autonomy. The findings showed both cultural similarities and differences in the real-time dynamics of mother–child interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate how migrant students' group permeability and parental involvement affect the relationship between perceived personal discrimination and social integration. A total of 755 migrant students at three schools in mainland China were investigated in the study. The results indicated that perceived personal discrimination negatively predicted migrant students' group permeability, whereas group permeability had a positive effect on social integration. Group permeability partially mediated the relationship between perceived personal discrimination and social integration. In addition, parental involvement played a significant moderating role between perceived personal discrimination and group permeability and mitigated the negative effect of perceived personal discrimination on group permeability. These findings suggest that we could reduce migrant students' perceived personal discrimination by improving their group permeability and parental involvement, thereby increasing their social integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated parental antecedents of children's learning interests in numeracy and literacy. Parents of 110 five- to six-year-old Chinese kindergarten children were recruited. One parent of each child completed the questionnaire on demographics, parental attitudes, home environment, home activity, parental involvement in school, and children's learning interests in numeracy and literacy. The results indicated that parents' attitudes could exert direct impacts on their children's learning interests in numeracy and literacy when demographic variables and parental practices were controlled for. Parents' attitudes toward their own learning were also indirectly correlated with their children's learning interests via their attitudes toward their children's learning. Moreover, parental practices explained the relationship between parental attitudes and children's learning interests, albeit slightly differently across literacy and numeracy. Home activity and parental involvement in school significantly mediated the relationship between parental attitudes and children's learning interests in numeracy, while in literacy, only home learning activity was a significant mediator. These findings have important implications for guiding parents in cultivating the kindergarten children's learning interests in numeracy and literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the long-term effect of both paternal and maternal warmth on children's subjective well-being and explore the intervening role of parent–child relationships and the moderating effect of child gender on above effect in Chinese families. A total of 1322 children (Mage at Time 1 = 10.30 years, SD = 0.33; 49.7% boys) and their parents (Mage of fathers at Time 1 = 41.63 years, SD = 5.22; Mage of mothers at Time 1 = 39.11 years, SD = 4.47) participated the questionnaire survey at two time points, 1 year apart. Parental warmth was reported by both fathers and mothers at the first time point, while parent–child relationship and subjective well-being were self-reported by children at the first and second time points. The results of our latent variable structural equation modeling revealed that parental warmth at Time 1 positively predicted children's subjective well-being at Time 2 via both parents' own relationship with their child and their spouse's relationship with their child after controlling the children's subjective well-being at Time 1. Furthermore, there was no child gender difference in the indirect effect of parent–child relationships on the long-term effect of parental warmth on children's subjective well-being. These findings provide significant implications for the improvement of children's subjective well-being and suggest that more parental warmth from both fathers and mothers can help build positive parent–child relationships, thereby further promoting mental health development among children in China. Highlights: We investigated the long-term effect of parental warmth on children's subjective well-being during late childhood in China. Paternal and maternal warmth promoted children's subjective well-being via their own and their spouse's relationship with child. Above effect and its psychological mechanism did not vary significantly between boys and girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]