Search

How to collect relevance judgment has long been an important problem in Information Retrieval (IR). A popular method is to collect relevance judgment in a point‐wise manner, in which assessors examine and give an absolute relevance score for each item independently of the others. As an alternative, pair‐wise relevance judgment, also named preference judgment, allows an assessor to compare two items side‐by‐side and express their preference for one over the other. Previous work has explored the differences between these two paradigms of relevance judgments from many different aspects. Most of these works are conducted through explicit/implicit feedback. However, few works investigate the underlying neurological mechanisms of the two paradigms. In this paper, we conduct a lab study to investigate and compare point‐wise and pair‐wise relevance judgment in image search scenarios. We study the neurological mechanisms of the two paradigms through an event‐related potential (ERP) analysis of the users' brain signals while viewing images during a search process. We have obtained several observations, such as search engine users tend to pay more attention to preferred items in the point‐wise paradigm but unpreferred items in the pair‐wise paradigm. Furthermore, we test the adoption of brain signals as implicit feedback for predicting pair‐wise relevance judgment, highlighting the feasibility of leveraging brain signals to understand users' relevance judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vulnerable children refer to the special group of children with deviation in the process of children's psychological development and personality formation due to growth dilemmas. This may incur a series of serious social and family problems. The vulnerable children mainly cover the children suffering from children's psychological problems, such as childhood autism, autism, social anxiety and hypersensitivity, fear, depression, and PTSD arising from other factors. At present, the research results at home and abroad mainly focus on the psychological dynamic correlation investigation and solution discussion of a certain kind of difficult factor in the children's psychological development based on statistical data by the experimental methods, such as scale and model, and there is a blind spot in the humanistic orientation theory construction of psychological treatment for vulnerable children, causing the social reflection on children's psychological predicament from the humanistic perspective cannot be performed in related researches and going against searching for universal and integral theoretical paradigm for solving related problems. Sophisticated technologies for the observations have emerged increasingly for enabling the psychological features of vulnerable children through developmental cognitive neuroscience experiments. This paper introduces humanistic art therapy theory, focuses on the construction of a theoretical paradigm, and verifies its effectiveness based on the experimental results on the psychological development of vulnerable children, with an efficient performance. This study mainly refers to children with difficulty in social inclusion and psychological development. The results showed that two kinds of art therapy can obviously improve the psychological disorders of vulnerable children. The goal was to enhance self-cognition, strengthen emotional interaction, and implement positive motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite close associations, political science had weak explanatory power for fertility transition. It often depicts the political processes of fertility transition as direct and coercive policies and mechanical execution without consideration of indirect bureaucratic processes. Drawing on principal-agent and economic-driven theories, this study established a novel model using 1980–2000 Chinese provincial panel data: local officials facilitated fertility decline through economic development for career advancement. System generalized method moments (GMM) and ordered logistic regression (OLM) results showed: (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth (OR = 0.012) and total fertility rate (TFR) decline (OR = 0.026) increased promotion odds, while excessive TFR decline (over 37% within one term) decreased it; (2) the critical age (59) and tenure year (one year before leaving office) positively associated with GDP per capita, industrialization, and lower TFR; (3) GDP per capita and industrialization negatively associated with TFR. Facilitating fertility decline via economic development was an efficient, low-risk strategy for local officials compared to radical birth control campaigns. It was the first study applying principal-agent theory to explain how bureaucratic processes enabled fertility transitions. It combined political and economic-driven theories on fertility transition, advancing political demography and refining the social science paradigm on fertility transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study is to reveal the mechanism of action of Yi Qi Tong Qiao Pill (YQTQP) in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR), as well as establish a paradigm for the researches on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) from systematic perspective. Methods: Based on the data collected from TCM-related and disease-related databases, target profiles of compounds in YQTQP were calculated through network-based algorithms and holistic targets of TQTQP was constructed. Network target analysis was performed to explore the potential mechanisms of YQTQP in the treatment of AR and the mechanisms were classified into different modules according to their biological functions. Besides, animal and clinical experiments were conducted to validate our findings inferred from Network target analysis. Results: Network target analysis showed that YQTQP targeted 12 main pathways or biological processes related to AR, represented by those related to IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-13. These results could be classified into 3 biological modules, including regulation of immune and inflammation, epithelial barrier disorder and cell adhesion. Finally, a series of experiments composed of animal and clinical experiments, proved our findings and confirmed that YQTQP could improve related symptoms of AR, like permeability of nasal mucosa epithelium. Conclusion: A combination of Network target analysis and the experimental validation indicated that YQTQP was effective in the treatment of AR and might provide a new insight on revealing the mechanism of TCM against diseases. Trial registration Name of the registry: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: Trial registration number: ChiCTR-TRC-13,003,137: Date of registration: Registered 29 March 2013 - Retrospectively registered: URL of trial registry record: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=6422. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that China economic and social development is centered on the promotion of high-quality development, that is, development that can meet people growing needs for a better life and that reflects China's new development philosophy. Topics include examines that continuous improvements in China ability to implement philosophy and build a new development paradigm fundamentally guarantee its high-quality development.

This Special Issue aims to advance critical qualitative inquiry in China studies and contribute to a vibrant, inclusive global community. It builds upon debates and efforts in the behavioral and social sciences among area specialists in two eras: researchers in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the diaspora in the 1980s who sought to sinologize behavioral and social sciences, and sociologists in China in the 2000s who are seeking to indigenize these fields. The Issue takes a two-pronged approach toward advancing critical reflection in knowledge production: (a) it aspires to diminish the current influence of Western and positivistic paradigms on behavioral and social sciences research; (b) it seeks to challenge discursive hegemonic influences to create and sustain space for critical qualitative inquiry. The Issue traverses disciplinary boundaries between history and behavioral and social sciences within China Studies. It opens dialogue with the non-area specialists who are the primary audience of the Qualitative Inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of China's national economy, the effects of traditional public security management methods have been greatly weakened, and various new types of criminal activities have continued to occur. Social development has gradually separated from the previous model, and new social contradictions have become prominent. These social contradictions not only impact the lifestyle of ordinary individuals, but also affect the development of society. The data contains the laws of social development and crime governance. How criminal governance adapts to the big data wave has become the key to carrying out the number management in the three-dimensional security prevention and control. The data culture has promoted the transformation of the social governance model and has also led to the transformation of the social science research paradigm. At present, most of the research on big data is only from the perspective of informatics, and there is not much discussion about big data from the legal system level. With the advent of the era of big data, a series of problems have come along. In addition to strengthening the security of the big data operation process at the technical level, it is necessary to strengthen research from a technical level. In this paper, we propose a smart crime prevention and control big data analysis system based on machine Internet of Things and industrial object system. The experimental results show that the proposed method has higher data collection rate and crime prevention and control efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Familiarity effect refers to the phenomenon that searching for a novel target among familiar distractors is more efficient than that searching for a familiar target among novel distractors. While the familiarity of distractors is considered as a key role on familiarity effect, the familiarity of targets contribute to this asymmetric visual search is unclear. The present study investigated how target familiarity influences visual search efficiency from the perspective of perceptual load. Experiment 1 using two similar Chinese characters ("甲" and "由") suggested that searching for a familiar target from familiar distractors is an inefficient search process in Chinese context. Experiment 2 adopted a dual-task paradigm with a visual working memory task to increase the perceptual load and attempt to affect the efficiency of searching a novel target (mirrored "舌") from familiar distractors ("舌"). Results demonstrated no difference in the search efficiency between single and dual-task conditions. The present study suggests that the familiarity of target does not influence the search efficiency with familiar distractors when involving semantic processing of Chinese characters. Additionally, the interference of extra working memory load would not impair the efficiency of searching target among familiar distractors, supporting the critical effect of distractor familiarity on the efficiency of visual search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) around the world are unaware of their serostatus, and this proportion is even higher (40%) among Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM). Topics include the enormous challenge to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) target of ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030, and the main obstacles to increasing HIV testing in facility-based centers for MSM is stigma.

This article examines the Marxization of psychology in the first decade of socialist China, between 1949 and 1958. In this movement, a loose group of radical intellectuals called for the replacement of the empirical observation model popular in psychology with a social intervention model as exemplified by educators. This paradigmatic, transdisciplinary shift would encompass three epistemological–ontological nexuses. First, the radical intellectuals accused ahistorical empirical observation of failing to recognize that the Chinese mental capacity, so far impaired by class domination, could display tremendous growth in socialism. Second, they criticized experimental and naturalistic contexts of observation for revealing the human mind to be mechanistic rather than purposeful. To recognize human agency, psychologists must transform their objectivist conceptualization of reality to a sociopolitical one. Third, they denounced the ideal of value neutrality for eschewing political engagement while permitting instrumental rationality and its hidden normative judgments. The solution lay in a refocusing on mental content instead of mental process as the object of inquiry. By examining the Marxization of psychology in socialist China, this article aims to foster reflection on how Chinese and Western psychologists' research assumptions are shaped by their sociopolitical milieux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, we review the burgeoning field of the cultural sociology of China. We first describe the trajectory and features of the development of the cultural sociology of China. We argue that the evolution of this scholarship has involved three intertwined social, political, and intellectual processes across national boundaries: (1) the production, diffusion, reception, and reproduction of modern social scientific paradigms from the West, especially the USA, to China; (2) the tensions between China studies as "area studies" in western academia and sociology as a discipline; (3) the entangled relations between politics and knowledge in both China and the West. Then we review existing cultural sociological studies of various topics in three broad categories: economy, politics, and civil society. We end our essay with a discussion of promising topics and agenda for future research and potential challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization for rural development in the developing countries is often mired in the tension between economic productivity and social equality. Paradigm shifts in relation to spatial strategies are identified in the process of rural-urban transition in China. An adoption of regional dispersion under the central planning regime to mitigate disparity between regions inadvertently gives rise to local rural-urban divide during 1949–1978. Economic under-productivity does not bring up prosperous equality. Regional agglomeration has been engaged by the pro-marketization reforms to pursue productive urbanization since the economic reforms launched in 1978. A historical window also allows in-situ rural urbanization, market-driven local dispersion, to prosper, though spatially concentrated and temporally brief. Surging economic benefits in parallel with rising social costs prompts further paradigm shift after 30 years' rapid urbanization. This paper argues that the state-manipulated spatial dispersion may not help achieve true and real spatial equality, and well-off spatial equality has to be obtained through a mechanism of marketization in a relatively advanced stage of urbanization, helped by the government's facilitative policies. The strategy of regional dispersion with local agglomeration intends to strike a balance between growth and equality, aiming for inclusive integrated development of urban and rural entities. • Spatial Paradigm of rural development in China shifted after 30 years' rapid urbanization. • The state-manipulated spatial dispersion may not help achieve true and real spatial equality of rural development. • Regional dispersion with local agglomeration intends to strike a balance for urban-rural integrated development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several honesty promotion techniques have been established for children living in Western cultures; however, limited research has examined the effectiveness of these techniques among non‐Western children. Recently, inducing self‐awareness (by looking at oneself in a mirror) was found to be effective in promoting young Western children's honesty. The present investigation compared the effectiveness of this self‐awareness technique to a novel other‐awareness technique (looking at a photograph of a peer) in promoting young Chinese children's honesty. Chinese children aged 3 and 4 years (N = 121) completed a modified temptation resistance paradigm where they were requested not to peek at a toy in the experimenter's absence. Children were randomly assigned to a Self‐Awareness, Peer (other‐awareness), or Control condition. When asked whether they peeked at the toy, children in the Self‐Awareness condition were significantly more likely to tell the truth compared to those in the Control condition. No significant differences in truth‐telling emerged between the Peer and Control conditions. The present results demonstrate the cross‐cultural application of self‐awareness as an honesty promoting technique with young children. Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject?High rates of dishonesty persist across cultures.Social and cultural values can shape lie‐telling behaviours.Inducing self‐awareness promotes honesty in Western children.What does this study add?A tool for promoting honesty in non‐Western cultures.Inducing self‐awareness promotes honesty in Chinese children.Inducing other‐awareness was not effective in promoting honesty in Chinese children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and prompting physical and mental health through evaluation, policy development and sanitary measures. The development of public health has become an important part of health care reform in China, and it requires the participation of Chinese medicine (CM) in the practice of public health. This study analyzed the problems of CM services in public health, suggested that the identification of CM constitution could propose an application paradigm of CM services in public health, and described from aspects of theory, technology and application. The identification of CM constitution gained national approval and support of government and industry. With the application and popularization of this technology, it will promote the establishment of characteristic CM preventive care system and the development of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports three eye-tracking experiments using the visual world paradigm to explore the meaning of conditionals in Mandarin Chinese. Experiment 1 found that, when all the tokens were actually true in the experimental setting, the conditional connective if … then …  didn't elicit significantly more anticipatory fixations than the conjunctive connective  … and …  on a token that is appropriately to be merged by the sentential connectives. By contrast, Experiments 2 and 3 found that, when a token was designed as hypothetically but not actually true in the experimental setting, the conditional connective elicited significantly more anticipatory fixations than the conjunctive connective on this hypothetical token. The implications of the experimental paradigm and the observed results were then discussed in relation to theories of conditionals, and to models of rationality in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ways that Chinese industrial enterprises motivate their workers can be analyzed according to the paradigm advanced by Katz and Kahn [1978]: rule enforcement, external rewards, and internalized motivation. Finns that intend to set up manufacturing operations in China should be knowledgeable about the nonmaterial incentives in order to put them to good use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Interim Measures for Social Assistance issued in 2014, employment assistance has been officially designated as one of the eight basic programs in social assistance system in China, and its significance is obvious. However, very little is known about the youth recipients' experiences of employment assistance and the extent to which available forms of employment assistance have been helping them to enter labor market. This article uses a qualitative method to examine employment assistance by analyzing the structure and process elements of activation social assistance paradigm from the perspective of youth recipients. It finds that the employment assistance youth recipients have received as of limited importance to help them get out of social assistance and become self-sufficient. That is to say, current employment assistance in urban China may be limited in activating the youth recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of safety evaluation on postmarketing Chinese medicines has become a hot topic in mainland China recently. Researchers and decision-makers can obtain a variety of evidence resources about safety in order to evaluate the safety profile for postmarketing Chinese medicines. A registry study on ten Chinese medicine injections for postmarketing surveillance has come to the end. From such a study observing more than 300,000 patients for more than 4 years, a theoretical research question emerges, that is, how to identify and evaluate safety evidence systematically. We put forward a brand new research paradigm on the theory level, which is to establish a body of evidence on safety evaluation for postmarketing Chinese medicine. Therefore, multiple information sources were explored and extracted from preclinical experiments for toxicity, postmarketing clinical trials for effificacy and safety evaluation, registry study for surveillance, retrospective data analysis from hospital information system and spontaneous response system, and case reports and systematic review from literature. Greater efforts for this idea and cooperation with experts in this fifield both in China and abroad are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization and urban expansion have produced a large number of urban rural communities in China, of which two typical paradigms are urban fringe villages ( Chengbiancun ) and urban villages ( Chengzhongcun ). This urbanized rural community usually is an informal settlement with low-quality housing, and lack of planning regulation adjacent to or merged into urban boundary. Meanwhile, Chengbiancun is transforming with traditional rural social and economic characteristics. In the absence of planning guideline, the evolution of Chengbiancun lies in aggressive demolition to face rapid social–economic transition. The demolition-rebuilt mode would no longer be the cost-effective solution for urbanized rural communities in China, but alternative responses under culture-driven creativity advocated by post-productivism would produce a positive regeneration strategy in the new urbanization era. This study attempts to discover a new urban rural relationship driven by culture creativity linking to the filed practice in two Chengbiancun cases in China. On the interaction of a new style of urbanization and post-productivism for Chengbiancun transition, this paper examines how these Chengbiancun are being transformed in the new agenda of urbanization in China since 2014. More importantly, the findings from the two cases in this paper illustrate how culture creativity, public participatory, local authorities, and community planning can eventually assist an outcome of more satisfactory in this urban rural transition movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with its high-speed urbanization process, China has begun to initiate various policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions since the end of the 1990s. Different from the extant studies most of which focus on how to make specific policies towards low-carbon city, this article, based on archival analysis on government documents and field interviews across ten cities, provides a systematic review on China's current low-carbon city policies. With a framework borrowed from public policy, this article decomposes the low-carbon city policies into three elements: goal, contents, and instruments, and focus on the three sectors — manufacturing, transportation and building which contribute to the largest share of GHG emissions in China. The sectoral policy contents and instruments for low-carbon cities in both urbanized and urbanizing areas are further analyzed. It finds that, despite problems in implementation, China has largely formed a multi-layer and multi-actor policy-making process for developing low-carbon cities, in which civil society should play a larger role in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the contesting communicative patterns during the late 16th/early 17th centuries in the context of profound philosophical change in this period. It is argued that the previously dominant ideology, Neo- Confucianism, championed a type of paradigm of political communication based on highly personalized curriculum of moral self-cultivation, which required Neo-Confucian gentlemen (junzi) to strengthen their role as the cultural authority guiding the exercise of political power for the sovereign and the social life of ordinary people. A Neo- Confucian gentleman thus must keep a critical distance from the prevailing views and attitude of the populace. A new popularist attitude, embraced by the Donglin scholar-officials in the late-Ming period, by contrast, supported a concept of "public opinion (gonglun)" that assumed the validity of the general consensus among the literati-officials as the only legitimate opinion guiding political life. The tension between these two contrasting patterns of communication bred a series of political disputes, philosophical debates and institutional reforms in the late-Ming era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Nowadays, China's economy is climbing up the value curve, transitioning from the low-cost manufacturing of basic products to the assembly of high-tech products and more recently to innovation-led growth. This article gives an overview of this dynamic. The authors first give a succinct historical perspective, then describe the present situation; lastly they look at issues for the near future. The authors contend that Western firms cannot afford to be absent from the paradigm shift described in the paper. Foreign R&D in China no longer has emerging status.Design/methodology/approach – The article builds on a review of the literature, statistical data and field experience in different Chinese technological hot spots (including Shanghai Zhangjiang, Beijing Zhongguancun, and Suzhou high-tech parks).Findings – The article highlights five areas where technical change has taken place in China. The assembled facts depict the constitution of a credible Chinese system of innovation. Examples of recent accomplishments in different industries argue for the sustainability of these advances.Research limitations/implications – This paper can be considered as an essay reflecting the authors' understanding of the Chinese situation; as such, it may be subjectively biased.Practical implications – The paper provides arguments for Western managers to convince decision makers of China's new role on the innovation and R&D map; Western managers should definitely be part of this move.Originality/value – The paper highlights a major change: China is still a low-tech country; but it has developed world-class islands of knowledge for innovation and technology creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese media organizations do not yet have an established and widely adopted journalistic paradigm. Thus, some journalists believe they should go beyond journalism's conventional roles and participate directly in social advocacy. They practice not only advocacy journalism but also social advocacy by hosting public forums, organizing journalism training camps, and giving various awards to social activists, cultural elites, celebrities, business people, and fellow journalists. This research explores the award-giving practices of several influential Chinese media organizations. It contends that a complex array of forces and factors interact to shape the award-giving practices of contemporary Chinese media. In contemporary China, the marketized and mission-burdened media tend to use the award-giving practice as a means to build their brand image and fulfill their social mission (i.e. advocacy of values). Award giving is also intended to help media organizations network with like-minded representatives of civil society. This analysis thus demonstrates that award-giving practices help build mutual recognition between the media and a specific group of social elites in China and lead to the formation of an alliance of “the weak” when confronting the authoritarian state machine. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Public Health Emergencies always presented as a public hazard, causing panics and sparking flurries, which call for government to response properly. By viewing two PHEs typical cases in China, SARS panic in 2003 and H7N9 spread in 2013, we aim to generalize a paradigm shift in government response when facing PHEs through social media. This study is based on analyses and comparisons. We first identify two types of reactions, then the repercussions of each action, including drawbacks they leaved and barriers they are facing. We examine how each type of reactions relates to usage of social media. Our research results indicate the potential for social media use in future PHEs for Chinese government. And with some referential observations and advisory opinions, we are hopeful to do benefits to crisis response in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introduction to this volume, we ask ‘Whither Chinese HRM?’ We explore the applicability of the concept of ‘paradigm’ to management in the Chinese context. Moving from the general to the particular, we discuss the notion of ‘paradigm-shift’ both in the natural and social sciences, moving on to the field of management studies and asking where this impinges on all things Chinese, including its HRM. A number of new original empirical studies chosen for this edited collection are then discussed vis-a-vis the above-mentioned themes. Of particular interest, is whether there is a dominant existing paradigm in play and what might be the prospect for the future. However, all things considered, we conclude that it would be premature as yet to say whether there is a ‘new paradigm’ emerging in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the implications of China's emergence as the hegemony of the West recedes. It says that China's relation with others will supplant the Western geo-political paradigm and is also obliged to become engaged globally to its own self-interest. It mentions that Francis Fukuyama adopted the approach used by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, who was a German idealist philosopher. Scholar Zhang Xianglong argues that the non-universalist way was adopted by Confucian civilization.

In the formation of the contemporary Chinese literary system, literary criticism manifested the demands of 'Socialist Literature' and established its basic paradigms in the development of Marxist critical activities. Aimed squarely at interpreting the central values of the contemporary literary system, literary criticism plays a role in the entire process of literary production. Therefore, the relationship between criticism and ideology is one of the most basic issues in the history of literary criticism. In the last three decades, the paradigm of literary criticism has been transformed, but it has not become an independent discipline. The success of this transformation is dependent upon the emergence of sinisized critical theories and the methodical nurturing of reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Theoretical frameworks for preventing work disability have evolved over the last decade and various experimental models have been tested in occupational rehabilitation settings. The successful application and uptake of the most recent research evidence in rehabilitation practices depend on a complex interplay of the decisions of multi-stakeholders, including their perceptions of the evidence, a proper regulatory framework for injury prevention, compensation and disability management; as well as the cultural and socioeconomic factors unique to each country (social context). This paper summarizes the scope of the work disability prevention field and describes the contextual barriers and support mechanisms for implementing evidence-based practices for disability prevention in China's national rehabilitation system. Methods Expert opinions and relevant publications in the field were reasoned around key constructs of a translational model used to identify potential barriers and support platforms for research uptake in China. Results A crucial component of experimental models for disability prevention is to promote well-coordinated return to work actions centred in the workplace. Potential barriers and support mechanisms for implementing this and other evidence-based recommendations in China are described. Conclusions The complexity of implementing a system-wide disability prevention model in a country as large and diverse as China is well-recognized. Improved efforts are thus required for international knowledge-sharing that can empower greater research utilization of effective disability prevention methods in China. The development of well-connected communities of practice might be a helpful strategy for enhancing stakeholders' perceptions, attitudes and collaborative efforts towards locally relevant and cultural sensitive solutions to work disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On May 11, 2010, five editors of the journal "Shixue Lilun Yanjiu" held a meeting in which they were asked to express their views on the progress of Chinese historical theory since the journal was founded in 1987(as "Shixue Lilun") and the new directions historical theory cant take. The views expressed are here collectively presented in papers written by each of the editors. Ma Baozhu discusses the acceptance of new challenges, the strengthening of historical theory, and the influence of the resulting research; Xu Hao expresses his desire for the journal to make even more progress by continuing to work on new ideas, including Western historical theories; Zhang Yue looks at the journal's contribution to innovative theories since China's "Opening Up" in 1978; Peng Wei calls for developing historical theory to make new paradigmatic breakthroughs; and Peng Gang addresses the idea of building a "spiritual home" within the intellectual "community" of historical research.

Copyright of Social Sciences in China is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chinese people have had a strong bond with a long continuous history that has shaped their identity as Chinese. The opening to the outside world during the last century has exposed them to different kinds of histories. Within China, the threats to their civilisation and the possibility of national history have led to many revisions of the Chinese past. Those who have lived outside China have faced alternative historical representations. How will the various experiences with history paradigms influence the very idea of being Chinese? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is an exploration of an alternative geo-civilisational paradigm in an effort to escape the dissatisfaction with the prevalent geopolitical model. In the new ‘geo-civilisational paradigm’, the world should cherish the ideal of universal harmony as represented by ‘shijie datong’ (grand harmony in the world) aspired to by Chinese civilisation and ‘vasudhaiva kutumbakan’ (world as one family) aspired to by Indian civilisation. Such a paradigm can be established because we already have the example of it in the cultural interaction between Chinese and Indian civilisations in the past. Civilisational overlapping can create ‘metonymic thesis’ that serves to strengthen the vitality of civilisation and this only happens during the overlapping of mutually respectful and friendly civilisations. The uniqueness of the ‘historical Chindian paradigm’ is twofold, as the advent of Indian civilisation into China was by invitation and it also meant to accomplish serious business of an unprecedented inter-cultural joint venture, that is, the Sanskrit–Chinese translation enterprise. Second, the Sino-Indian cultural interaction gave a facelift to China which has uniquely survived for two millennia as the world’s sustainable civilisational state. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Harmony and peace represent two different cultural paradigms of thinking, with the former from Chinese culture and the latter from the modern Western culture. The peace paradigm of thinking has been dysfunctional due to its lack of rich intellectual resources for peace. The harmony paradigm, with its long history and rich intellectual resources, specializes in harmonizing diversity and could be very useful in transforming the conflict-ridden global society into a harmonious world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between environmental attitudes as measured by the new environmental paradigm (NEP) and nature-based tourism (NBT) motivations based on data gathered from a national forest park in China. The results indicate that tourists' environmental attitudes are heterogeneous across all four tourism motivations. Specifically, those who are more supportive of limits to growth and who are more concerned about ecocrisis tend to have a higher desire to be close to nature, to learn about nature, and to escape from routine and issues associated with cities. In addition, those whose motivations are oriented to develop skills and abilities or seek to experience new things, environments, and social contact tend to be more supportive of the notion of human over nature. Thus, it can be concluded that environmental attitudes and NBT motivations are closely and positively related. Research limits, theoretical and practical implications, and future research needs of the study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness both in China and elsewhere of the importance of law in Chinese efforts to bring order—if not justice—to society and the world. Even the most admiring students of Chinese legal history, however, have rejected the idea that the Chinese ever succeeded in establishing the rule of law—as opposed to rule by law—including, especially and critically, the subordination of the ruler to legal principles and practices. This article uses a fresh conceptualization of the entire Chinese historical record from earliest known times to the mid-twentieth century CE to argue that, according to a commonly agreed upon definition of "the rule of law," we can discern several different kinds of regimes of the rule of law in China `s past that included both the ideal and, in many cases, the reality of holding the ruler accountable to the law. The implications of this suggested shift in the paradigm of Chinese legal history for Chinese politics in the period since 1950 CE will be addressed in another venue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lecture on the study of the history of China is presented. The lecturer says that after the 1990's many historians in the U.S. stopped working on paradigms with which to study modern Chinese history, but Chinese historians remain uncertain how to study their history in light of postmodernism, postcolonialism and revolutionary socialism.

This article explores the significance and relevance of the concept of China's peaceful rise and its implications for India. Though the concept suddenly lost its usage and was replaced by a more modest term, peaceful development, the basic tenets of the peaceful rise concept hold considerable relevance. Peaceful rise is a concept aimed at managing the consequences of China's rise as a great power. Essentially, while it reiterates China's foreign policy of peace and common development of all, it also indicates a paradigm shift in Chinese foreign policy. Since the essence of peaceful rise is to support a peaceful international order, the concept imparts a peaceful relationship between India and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines shifting journalistic paradigms in a transitional society. Analyzing data from surveys of journalists and journalism students in the People's Republic of China, the authors find that professional journalism has emerged as a direct competitor to the party-journalism paradigm. Although the former is manifested in journalists' positive appraisal of professional news media, the latter is embodied in praising the official party organs. The professional perspective is associated with emphasis on the disseminator role of the media and the desire for more liberal arts training in journalism, whereas the party-journalism paradigm is related to the emphasis on the interpretive and popular advocacy roles and the desire for more training in communist propaganda. The two journalistic paradigms are also reflected in differences in evaluating various innovative media outlets in the reforms. The implications of the findings for studies on the articulation of professionalism and other journalism paradigms are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the civil service reform in China. It focuses on the radical new public management (NPM) reform of state bureaucracies. It is stated that the general thrust of public service reforms has been to move away from a Weberian emphasis on hierarchy, legality and due process towards less regimented arrangements. It is indicated that the Chinese reform program reflects some of the characteristics of the NPM revolutions. It is concluded that the NPM phenomenon ads up to a new global paradigm in public administration.

Cyber risk is consistently viewed as a threat to the proper function of commercial and societal activity. Regardless of whether this risk is real or perceived, understanding how societal communication and perception of it change over time has important implications for both regulatory authorities and insurers. This contribution analyzes Chinese media news over the years 2009–2018 to identify the dynamics of cyber risk sources and associated societal assessment. Taking the psychometric paradigm as its point of departure and applying combination of computational and statistical methods, we identify 34 sources of cyber risk. The actions of government turn out to have a significant impact on public attention to the different sources of cyber risk, an influence that has been neglected in past research. The dynamics of societal aversion against most cyber risk sources are found to present inverted-U shapes. Adaptation and learning effects are found to explain this dynamic. Another finding is that news sentiment has a strong correlation with cyber risk perception, an insight of importance for regulators and insurers. • Online financial fraud and phone taps are the most concerned cyber risks in China. • Chinese public attention to negative cyber risk sources is lower in recent years. • Government action affects the distribution of public attention to cyber risk sources. • Societal assessment on most cyber risk sources has an inverted-U shape over years. • Societal cyber risk perception relates more to news sentiment than to news amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the intellectual influence of Christianity in China. Description of traditional value paradigms; Problems faced by emerging paradigms; Discussion on the various efforts to form values and how Christian ideas are engaged in this context.

The article focuses on how the mass media on Hong Kong, China shifted its journalistic paradigms in China during the Tiananmen protests in 1989. It says that the Hong Kong press were united in condemning the Beijing, China regime of the Beijing massacre. It defines a journalistic paradigm as a set of gestalt world views which inform media as to what social facts to report and how to interpret the reports. It mentions that journalistic paradigms are shaped by social formations, which are the coalitions and state-society interpretations of dominant groups.

Abstract: This study examined the change and continuity in the journalistic paradigm of Orville Schell, a prominent China expert and journalist who exemplifies tumultuous cycles of idealism and discontent U.S. journalism has experienced toward China. The tilts in his prisms were shown to have conformed to the rise and fall of governing frames in American press and public cynicism in and after the Vietnam War and the Cold War. Despite the undisputed “end” of the China policy, the question of the “means” offered such individual correspondent as Schell much leeway to anchor his liberal predisposition characteristic of the Vietnam War generation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]