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Objectives: This study aims to analyze the clinical epidemiology, diagnostic and treatment characteristics of minor patients with maxillofacial fracture and provide a reference for the prevention and treatment., Methods: The clinical data of minor patients with maxillofacial fracture in Departmentof Traumatic and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020 were retrospectively studied and statistically analyzed in terms of age, gender, etiology, anatomic sites and treatment modalities., Results: The mean age of the patients was (10.65±5.15) years, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.91∶1. High fall was the primary cause of maxillofacial fractures in minors aged 0-6 years. Traffic accident injuries were the main cause of maxillofacial fractures in minors aged 7-12 and 13-17 years. About 65.13% of the midface and 83.08% non-condylar fractures were mainly treated by surgery, and condylar fractures were treated conservatively in 74.73% and by surgical treatment in 25.27%., Conclusions: The etiology of maxillofacial fractures in minors differs at different ages, so prevention strategies should be adjusted according to age. Surgical treatment has become the preferred treatment modality for midface and non-condylar fractures. Conservative treatment is still the main treatment method for condylar fractures, but the proportion of surgical treatment increases.

Background/purpose: To retrospectively analyze the epidemiological features, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of 610 patients with maxillofacial fractures, while providing a reference for the prevention and optimized treatment of maxillofacial fractures., Methods: Data of patients with maxillofacial fractures who were treated and followed up at the Second People's Hospital of Kashi Prefecture from June 2012 to April 2018 were summarized. The epidemiological features, clinical manifestations, fracture sites, treatment methods, and results were analyzed., Results: The highest incidence was in the age range of 20 to 49 years. The main cause of fracture was traffic injury. Mandibular fractures accounted for 37.77%, zygoma and zygomatic arch fractures for 37.00%, and maxillary fractures for 21.19%. Atypical zygomatic arch fractures were more common in the maxilla, followed by Le Fort I and II fractures. Closed fractures accounted for 85.97%. Many (73.39%) patients were treated with computed tomography 3-dimensional (3D)-mediated precision modified incision internal fixation with satisfactory results., Conclusions: There is a high incidence of maxillofacial fractures among young men, especially in summer, with the most common injuries being traffic-related injuries. The most common site is the mandible, followed by the zygomatic arch, zygomatic complex, and maxilla. Computed tomography 3D-mediated precision modified incision internal fixation can achieve satisfactory results.

Background/aims: Maxillofacial soft tissue injuries (STIs) may differ in epidemiological characteristics from other maxillofacial injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of maxillofacial STIs in a public oral emergency department in Beijing, China, from 2017 to 2018., Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, 5949 patients with maxillofacial STIs and complete medical records were evaluated. Gender, age, etiology, visit date and time, interval between accident and treatment, anatomic injury site, treatment modality, and the number of associated maxillofacial bone fractures or tooth injuries were analyzed., Result: There were 3831 males and 2118 females (ratio 1.81:1). Patients younger than 10 years were the most frequently seen group (44.2%). Among adults, 20- to 29-years-old (16.2%) was the most prominent age group. The month of May (11.8%) had the highest incidence of maxillofacial STIs, and February (4.5%) had the lowest incidence. The average number of daily visits was significantly higher on holidays than on workdays. Of the 5949 patients, 45.9% attended at night, 2021 patients had dental trauma, and 31 had jaw fractures. The lips were the most common site of STIs, followed by the chin and gingiva. Lip and gingival STIs were more common in the 0- to 10-years-old group. Chin STIs were more common in the 20- to 39-years-old group. A fall was the leading cause of injury, especially in patients younger than 10 years and older than 70 years. Approximately 56.7% of the falls resulted in injuries to the lower one-third of the face. Sports injuries were more common among 10- to 29-years-old individuals., Conclusion: STIs of the maxillofacial region were most likely to occur at night, in May and during holidays. Males, children younger than 10 years and 20- to 29-years-old adults were high-risk populations. Most maxillofacial STIs involved the lips, and one-third of the patients had dental trauma., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Abstract: In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) emerged in Wuhan City. The present study aimed to assess the demographic variables, causes, and patterns of maxillofacial injuries managed at a teaching hospital in Wuhan City during the transmission control measures in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. In this retrospective study, all patients treated for maxillofacial injuries in the hospital between January 23 and April 7 (2019 and 2020) were involved. Epidemiologic information, including the number of patients, gender, age, etiology, time since injury to the clinic visit, and type of maxillofacial injuries, was recorded. Data of the 2 periods (2019 and 2020) were compared and analyzed. A total of 337 patients had maxillofacial injuries at the 2-time intervals: 74 in 2020 and 263 in 2019. The characteristics of maxillofacial injuries had changes during the transmission control measures in the COVID-19 epidemic, which included the number of patients, gender, age, etiology, time since injury to the clinic visit, and type of maxillofacial injuries. The transmission control measures during the COVID-19 epidemic had a significant impact on the epidemiology of maxillofacial injuries in Wuhan City., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

The novel coronavirus COVID-19 was first identified in China in December 2019. Its spread resulted in a pandemic, with the United Kingdom entering a period of national lockdown on 23 March 2020 to reduce disease burden on the National Health Service (NHS). King's College Hospital is a Major Trauma Centre serving an inner-city population of 700,000 with 120,000 patients attending the emergency department (ED) annually. We aimed to determine the effect of lockdown on OMFS trauma presentations and lessons learned from emergency service provision during a pandemic. All referrals to the oral and maxillofacial surgical (OMFS) team from ED during the first six weeks of the lockdown period - 23 March 2020 - 3 May 2020 - were compared with the same six-week period in 2019. A total of 111 referrals were made to OMFS during the first six weeks of the lockdown period in 2020 compared with 380 referrals in 2019. Of these, 50.5%, (n=192) were related to facial trauma in 2019 vs (63.1%, n=70) in 2020. Fewer patients were admitted under OMFS: 17.4% (n=35) in 2019 vs 2.9% (n=2) in 2020, and a greater number of patients were discharged from OMFS care directly from the ED: 63.2% (n=127) in 2019 vs 82.9% (n=58) in 2020. There was profound effect of the lockdown on referrals to OMFS from the ED, in number and type of diagnosis. This is potentially reflective of the increased availability of acute/emergency dental services in South-East London during the lockdown period. This gives us valuable insight for service planning in the event of further restrictions., (Crown Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To analyze epidemiology, pattern, and management of pediatric maxillofacial trauma in North China., Patients and Methods: Clinical records of patients aged 0-18 years with maxillofacial trauma, from January 2008 to December 2016 were reviewed. 390 patients with an average age of 9.8 ±5.8 years (range: 8 months-18 years) and a male:female ratio of approximately 2:1 were included in the study. Epidemiological features (age, sex, etiology), characteristics of injuries (locations, types, associated injuries), treatments, and complications were analyzed., Results: Among 55 patients with soft tissue injuries, palate was the most common site (32.7%). Among 335 fracture cases, the most common age group was 16-18 years (25.1%); falls was the main cause (38.2%). Overall, there were 450 fractures (1.78 per capita), primarily mandible (69.3%), followed by zygoma (12.9%), maxilla (7.7%) and other sites. Multiple fractures occurred in 61.5% of patients. The most common site of mandibular fractures was condyle. The proportion of mid-face fractures to mandibular fractures increased with age (p < 0.01) and stabilized gradually after 12 (approximately 1.14:1). 77.5% of fractures were treated surgically. There was an independent association of surgical intervention with age older than 6 years old (p < 0.05). Absorbable plates were mainly applied to mandibular fractures in patients aged 0-7 and only 1 was removed because of insufficient fixation strength., Conclusions: The primary cause of pediatric maxillofacial fractures in North China was falls; traffic accidents led more multiple fractures and associated injuries. Palate and mandible were the most common sites of pediatric maxillofacial soft tissue injuries and fractures, respectively. The proportion of mandibular fractures to mid-face fractures decreased with the increase of age until 12., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled “Analysis of pediatric maxillofacial trauma in North China: Epidemiology, pattern and management”., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

This study was performed to examine the epidemiological features of maxillofacial fracture, including the incidence, causes, age and sex distribution, methods of treatment, and prognosis, in a local area.A retrospective study was performed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of 829 patients with maxillofacial fractures treated in a hospital in northern China from August 2011 to July 2019. Sex, age, etiology, fracture site, and treatment method were obtained from the medical records.The average age of all 829 patients was 36.1 years, and most patients were in the 20- to 29-year age group. The male to female ratio was 3.04:1.00. Traffic accidents were the main cause of the maxillofacial fractures. The mandible was the most commonly fractured bone, and the parasymphysis was the most frequently affected site. Head injury was the most common associated injury. Open surgery with internal fixation was the first-choice treatment for most cases.Traffic accidents were the main cause of maxillofacial fractures, followed by falling. Open surgery with internal fixation was the leading treatment choice. Both functional and esthetic outcomes should be considered in the treatment of maxillofacial fractures.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the demographic characteristics of maxillofacial fractures between women and men in China., Patients and Methods: The sample was composed of all patients who sustained maxillofacial fractures during a 10-year period (2000 through 2009). Incidences, age distributions, etiologies, fracture patterns, associated injuries, and occupation distributions were recorded and analyzed. Data analysis included the χ(2) test, the Fisher exact test, and the t test. A P value less than .05 was considered significant., Results: There were 1,131 patients (881 male and 250 female) who sustained maxillofacial fractures, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.5:1. Male patients sustained injuries most frequently during the autumn (P = .048), whereas female patients sustained more maxillofacial injuries during the summer (P = .006). Men sustained motorcycle (P = .023) and assault-related accidents (P = .036) more frequently than women, whereas women were more frequently injured in bicycle-related accidents (P < .001) or falling while at ground level (P = .001) than men. Women presented more frequently with condylar fracture than men (P = .028), whereas men were more prone to symphysis fractures than women (P = .037). For drivers, only men were involved (P = .001). Male workers sustained maxillofacial fractures more frequently than female workers (P < .001). Female children, students, and company staff were more prone to maxillofacial fractures than their male counterparts (P = .010, P = .004, and P = .044 respectively)., Conclusions: The demographic characteristics of maxillofacial fractures in female patients considerably differ from those in male patients., (Copyright © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Maxillofacial-oral injuries is a serious health problem in China. The main aetiologic factors and types of maxillofacial-oral injuries differ according to different geographical areas and socio-economic statuses of populations in different countries or within the same country., Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the types and external causes of maxillofacial-oral injuries among hospitalized patients in Xi'an, China, and thereafter to determine the status of maxillofacial-oral injuries in this region and to provide clinical clues for a future prevention of these injuries., Material and Methods: Totally, 627 patients aged 3-64 years with maxillofacial-oral injuries, who were hospitalized in two public stomatological hospitals in Xi'an from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008, were included in this study. The types and external causes of injuries were analyzed in terms of age, gender and urban and rural location., Results: The results showed that jaw fractures (n = 406, 64.8%) and contusion/laceration injuries (n = 161, 25.7%) were the most frequent injuries. Injuries were 4.6 times more common in males than in females. Most maxillofacial-oral injuries occurred in those aged 18-59 years (71.1%), with a peak incidence in the 15- to 39-year-old group (31.4%). The proportion of patients from urban areas (45.5%) was lower than that from rural areas (54.4%). Regardless of gender, age and location, vehicle traffic accidents was the most common cause (n = 263, 41.9%), followed by falls (n = 109, 17.2%) and fighting-induced injuries (n = 87, 13.9%)., Conclusions: Preventive strategies for maxillofacial-oral injuries due to traffic accidents should be emphasized and promoted in the first hand, especially for males, rural residents and those aged between 18 and 59 years., (© 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of maxillofacial fractures treated at a university hospital, Xinjiang, China over a 5-year period., Patients and Methods: Between 2006 and 2010, a total of 1350 patients with maxillofacial fractures were reviewed retrospectively. The data collected included demographics, aetiology, site of fracture, time regarding injuries, presence of associated injuries, treatment modalities, and complications., Results: A total of 1860 maxillofacial fractures were seen in 1350 patients with a male to female ratio of 4.9:1. The most common aetiology of the fractures was motor vehicle accident, followed by interpersonal violence. The age group 21-30 years accounted for the largest subgroup in both sexes. The mandible was the most common site of fracture followed by the zygoma. Associated injuries were found in 48.3% of patients, with a prevalence of intracranial injuries (37.0%). Majority of fractures were treated with open reduction (62.4%), and 7.2% of patients presented post-operative complications., Conclusion: Road traffic accident is the most common cause of maxillofacial fractures in China, which is characterized by an increasing prevalence and resulting in more associated injuries. Thus, more attention should be paid on the prevention and treatment of these injuries caused by road traffic accidents in our country., (Copyright © 2013 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This retrospective study was conducted to report the epidemiology of maxillofacial injuries of children <15 years old in China., Study Design: Data collected in this study included age, sex, etiology, date of injury, anatomic site of injury, and treatment modality. Regarding treatment, conservative technique and surgery were both used. The analyses involved were descriptive statistics and χ(2) test., Results: There were 335 men and 135 women, with a gender ratio of 2.48:1. Bicycle accident was the leading cause of injury. The common sites of soft tissue injury included gingiva, chin, lip, cheek, palate/pharynx, and tongue/mouth floor. In addition, the mandible was most involved in facial skeleton injury. Conservative treatment was generally preferred for such pediatric patients., Conclusions: Boys were prone to be victims of maxillofacial trauma. Preventive measures should be applied both indoors and outdoors. Patients in the growing phase should be monitored periodically to detect and prevent early facial asymmetry or malocclusion., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The condition of maxillofacial injuries after a major earthquake is not well understood because of limited data. The purpose of this study was to describe the maxillofacial injuries caused by the 2010 Yushu earthquake in China., Methods: A total of 126 patients treated for seismic-related injuries at hospitals in the Chengdu area were investigated. Of the 126 patients, 46 (36.5%) had maxillofacial injuries. Gender, age, nationality and injury condition were recorded by talking with the patients and their families. The data were analysed using Microsoft Access 2003 and SPSS software programs., Results: For the 46 patients, the female to male ratio was 1.3:1 and the mean age was 36.7 years. Most patients (41, 89.1%) were Tibetan. The most frequent cause of maxillofacial injury was pressing/burying (34 patients, 73.9%). All patients with maxillofacial injuries sustained soft-tissue injuries, 13.0% had facial fractures and 4.3% had dentoalveolar injuries. The soft-tissue injuries were largely combined injuries; 84.8% were bruises and 80.4% were lacerations. The most common injury site was the zygomatic region (54.3%), followed by the forehead (43.5%) and the orbital region (34.8%). Of the six facial fractures, four involved nasal-orbital-ethmoidal region fractures. Most of the maxillofacial injuries (78.3%) were associated with other injuries, of which extremity injuries (55.6%) were the most common., Conclusion: An analysis of the maxillofacial injuries sustained during the Yushu earthquake revealed some of the features of seismic-related maxillofacial injuries. The results from this study may help physicians provide better medical services during future disasters.

Introduction: Aetiology of oral and maxillofacial injuries in this country includes motorvehicle accident (MVA), fall, industrial accidents and others. Among these causes, MVA accident is the predominant cause of injury in Malaysia., Materials and Methods: A retrospective record review was carried out using hospital records of all patients who sustained oral and maxillofacial injury at the Department of Oral Surgery, Seremban Hospital, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia between 1998 and 2002. Information related to demographics, aetiology of trauma, vehicles involved in collision, location of injuries and treatment modalities were reviewed., Results: Two thousand nine hundred and eighty-six patients sustained oral and maxillofacial injuries. Of these patients, 79.2% were men and the remaining were women. Among all the races, Malays had the highest involvement (50.6%) followed by Indians (24.5%), Chinese (19.6%) and others (5.3%). There were statistically significant results on the association of aetiology and the ethnic groups, in the age group of 30 years or less and male gender (P < 0.001). The most common injury was the soft-tissue injury followed by dental and dentoalveolar injuries and bony fracture. Among all facial fractures, 66.3% were managed conservatively, 13% were treated surgically and 19.7% did not have any intervention. In relation to dental and dentoalveolar injuries, 64.8% had treatment in the form of splinting, restorations or dental extraction. The rest of the patients (35.2%) were referred to their dentists or did not have any active treatment at Seremban Hospital., Conclusion: Most of the dental and facial injuries in Seremban Hospital were caused by MVA and were predominantly managed using conservative methods., (© 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.)

Objective: To review the 2461 cases of maxillofacial fractures., Methods: From 2003 to 2009, 2461 maxillofacial fracture cases were treated in Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Data regarding sex, age, cause of injury, occupation, geographic distribution, blood type, fracture site, multiple associated injuries, injury severity, the patient's first admitted department, treatment results were reviewed., Results: The male and female ratio was 4.28:1, 1424(57.86 %) patients were between 20 and 40 years of age. The most common cause of injury was road traffic accident (938 cases, 40.98%). People in tertiary industry (900 cases, 78.53%) were most vulnerable to injuries. The zygomatic complex (22.08%), nasal bone (20.67%) and mandible (16.35%) were the most frequent fracture sites, which were often associated with skull (21.74%), brain (38.36%) and soft tissue contusion injury (48.84%). 85.98% (2116/2461 cases), of patients' AIS score was less than 2. Orthopaedics (939/2461 cases, 38.16%) was the first admitted department., Conclusions: The traffic accidents are the main cause of the maxillofacial fractures. Most injuries are found in the young and middle-aged people.

Objective: To analyze retrospectively 419 patients after the Wenchuan earthquake and 46 after Yushu earthquake with maxillofacial fractures so as to provide reference on patients' treatment after an earthquake., Method: We investigated 419 patients after Wenchuan earthquake and 46 after Yushu earthquake with maxillofacial fractures who were admitted to the West China Hospital of Stomatology and other 46 hospitals in 10 provinces., Result: A total of 58 patients had maxillofacial fractures (13.8%) including 33 (56.9%) men and 25 (43.1%) women after the Wenchuan earthquake and 6 (13%) had maxillofacial fractures after Yushu earthquake. Most patients were injured by pressing or burying. The nasal-orbital-ethmoidal region was the most frequent site of the maxillofacial fracture (58.6% in the Wenchuan earthquake and 66.7% in the Yushu earthquake). The most prevalent pattern of maxillofacial fracture was multiple and/or comminuted fractures (87.9% in the Wenchuan earthquake and 100% in the Yushu earthquake). There were 48 (82.8%) patients with associated injuries, and the most common site was extremity injuries (58.6%) after Wenchuan earthquake. Few patients received adequate prehospital treatment, with bandages predominantly. Most patients (65.5% in the Wenchuan earthquake and 100% in the Yushu earthquake) underwent open reduction and rigid internal fixation. We failed to find any patients with generalized infection. However, all patients in our study presented the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder., Conclusion: We analyze the characteristics of maxillofacial fractures after the two earthquakes, so as to improve our medical emergency system when such disasters happen again., (© 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.)

Background: We retrospectively analyzed the characteristics and treatment of maxillofacial injuries in the patients who were victims of the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008 to improve the maxillofacial injuries database and provide reference on patients' treatment after earthquake., Methods: We investigated 2944 cases by talking with the patients during the first 1 and half months after the earthquake and analyzed the results., Results: Of the 2944 patients, 419 (14%) patients had maxillofacial injuries (man:woman, 1:1.07; mean age, 41.3 years old). Approximately 52% of the patients were injured by pressure and burying. Soft tissue injuries (91%) were considerably more prevalent than facial fractures (14%) and dentoalveolar injuries (17%). Of the patients with facial fractures, the numbers of cases of midface fracture (32 patients) were similar to the number of lower face fractures (31 patients). The most vulnerable bone regions were nasal-orbital-ethmoid bone (58.6%) and zygomatic bone (51.7%). Three hundred sixty patients (86%) demonstrated associated injuries, of which extremity injuries were the most prevalent. Ninety-two patients (22%) had wound infections, but only four patients (1%) had a general infection. Of the patients with maxillofacial injuries, only 77 patients (18.4%) received prehospital treatment., Conclusion: Our analysis of the characteristics of maxillofacial injuries after the Wenchuan earthquake may improve our emergency treatment procedures in future disaster situations.

Purpose: To describe the pattern of maxillofacial injuries sustained by survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in the West China Hospital of Stomatology from May 12 to June 23, 2008., Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional data were analyzed using hospital-based records of earthquake survivors admitted to the West China Hospital of Stomatology. A self-designed form to record information about variables such as the gender and age of the survivors and type of location of soft and hard tissue injuries was used., Results: The age of earthquake survivors of maxillofacial injuries ranged from 4 to 84 years. Fractures and soft tissue injuries were the most common of all injuries in the maxillofacial region, constituting 40.7% and 38.9%, respectively. Thirteen patients (11.5%) had dental injuries and 9 (8.0%) also had other organ injuries., Conclusion: During the Wenchuan earthquake, the incidence of maxillofacial injuries in survivors was relatively low compared with injury in other organs. However, because most injuries were maxillofacial fractures and facial soft tissue damage, special attention was paid to maxillofacial injury when planning and providing emergency treatment. The effective management of earthquake injuries and those caused by other types of disaster requires a multidisciplinary approach, and maxillofacial surgeons should form an integral part of this multidisciplinary team.

Background: : The aim of this study was to develop a tool which can be used to do a collaborative and prospective survey on the epidemiologic characteristics, treatment and outcome of maxillofacial trauma in China and to ameliorate the existing score and treatment methods of maxillofacial trauma., Methods: : Chinese Maxillofacial Trauma Registry, Analysis and Injury Severity Score System were developed. Functional modules of this system include clinical data, user management, data inspection, data retrieval, statistic analysis, follow-up survey, injury severity score, system maintenance. The Client/Server and Browser/Server database structure were applied to achieve telematic. The Abbreviated Injury Scale code rules of facial region were revised in detail to embody the characteristics of maxillofacial trauma. Maxillofacial Injury Severity Score (MISS) was designed to evaluate the severity of function derangement in maxillofacial trauma. Thousand nine hundred fifty-nine patients with facial injuries were classified into different groups by the number of fractures and site of injuries. The severity of different groups were evaluated with Injury Severity Score (ISS), Revised Facial Injury Severity Score (RFISS) and MISS, respectively. The results of ISS, RFISS, and MISS were statistically analyzed., Results: : By distributed applying of the system, the survey networks of Chinese maxillofacial trauma had been founded. The classification of trauma etiology, injury type, and severity were meliorated. With the help of the system, the input, management, retrieval and statistically analysis of maxillofacial trauma data can be conveniently and accurately accomplished. Furthermore, the ISS, RFISS, and MISS can be automatically calculated and analyzed according to the code rules of Abbreviated Injury Scale and Revised Abbreviated Maxillofacial Injury Scale., Conclusion: : The system has satisfactory stability, security, compatibility, and specialty. It can be used to collect standard cases of maxillofacial trauma and to do a collaborative research on the epidemiologic characteristics, treatment, and outcome of facial injuries. MISS is more accurate, objective, and credible than ISS and RFISS in reflecting the severity of maxillofacial trauma and evaluating the curative effect and prognosis.

Motorcycle casualties represent significant number in road traffic accidents in Malaysia, and among all the injuries, facial injuries pose many significant problems physiologically, functionally, and aesthetically. The aim of this study was to analyze the pattern of maxillofacial as well as other injuries in motorcyclists who were seen at Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.Patients' records from January 2004 to December 2005 were reviewed. Data related to demographics, vehicle/object involved in collision, involvement as a rider or pillion, whether a helmet was worn or not, location of injuries on the face/facial bones, and other associated injuries were collected.A total of 113 cases of motorcycle accidents were recorded; 106 males and 7 females were involved. Mean age was 25.8 years. Among all the races, Malay had the highest involvement (72.3%), followed by Chinese (14.3%), Indians (8.9%), and others (5.4%). The types of collision were either a single-vehicle collision (i.e., skidded) or with another vehicle/s or object (e.g., tree, stone, or lamppost). The injuries were mainly seen on the lower face (46.9%) followed by midface (25.7%) and a combination of the midface and lower face (15%) and others (12.4%). The most frequent other associated injuries recorded were orthopedic and head injuries.

A 10-year review of 1693 maxillofacial injuries was presented with respect to age, sex, cause of injury, pattern of fracture, and associated systemic injuries. The majority of fractures in maxillofacial region were found in males, the most prevalent age ranged from 21 to 40 years. The leading cause of facial trauma was traffic accidents. Mandible fracture outranked zygomatic and maxillary fracture. Multiple fractures were more common than single fracture. The average number of fractures for each patient was 1.7. Accompanied injuries to brain and skull happened in almost half patients, which were more often than other part of the body. There was a higher incidence that midfacial fractures coincided with brain and skull damage.