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Currently, studies of ancient faunal community networks have been based mostly on uniformitarian and functional morphological evidence. As an important source of data, taphonomic evidence offers the opportunity to provide a broader scope for understanding palaeoecology. However, palaeoecological research methods based on taphonomic evidence are relatively rare, especially for body fossils in lacustrine sediments. Such fossil communities are not only affected by complex transportation and selective destruction in the sedimentation process, they also are strongly affected by time averaging. Historically, it has been believed that it is difficult to study lacustrine entombed fauna by a small-scale quadrat survey. Herein, we developed a software, the TaphonomeAnalyst, to study the associational network of lacustrine entombed fauna, or taphocoenosis. TaphonomeAnalyst allows researchers to easily perform exploratory analyses on common abundance profiles from taphocoenosis data. The dataset for these investigations resulted from fieldwork of the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation near Daohugou Village, in Ningcheng County of Inner Mongolia, China, spotlighting the core assemblage of the Yanliao Fauna. Our data included 27,000 fossil specimens of animals from this deposit, the Yanliao Fauna, whose analyses reveal sedimentary environments, taphonomic conditions, and co-occurrence networks of this highly studied assemblage, providing empirically robust and statistically significant evidence for multiple Yanliao habitats. A new method and its companion software to study the associational network of lacustrine entombed fauna, or taphocoenosis. The application allows researchers to easily perform exploratory analyses on common abundance profiles from taphocoenosis data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity is threatened by global changes, but related research has focused primarily on species or functional group diversity, neglecting their interaction networks. The latter are particularly sensitive to global changes and essential for biodiversity maintenance. Furthermore, multiple global change factors are typically examined separately, rather than in concert which is more realistic in nature.To explore the responses of arthropod networks to multiple global changes, we conducted a field experiment in temperate grassland in northeast China, in which nitrogen (N) deposition, drought, snowmelt timing and their interactions were manipulated. We constructed and assessed networks of arthropod functional groups, and explored their responses to changes in plant communities and the abiotic environments.Nitrogen addition decreased arthropod network complexity because increased foliar N and simplified plant community strengthened trophic chains along a single pathway, weakening the net effect of other pathways. However, experimental drought decreased network complexity by filtering out plant species and changing micro‐habitats. While delayed snowmelt significantly increased arthropod abundance only in early spring, its interaction with N addition or with drought had various impacts on arthropod functional groups. Our results suggest that the interaction of arthropod consumers with plant species richness and with plant nutrients finally reduced the robustness, connectedness and function of entire species/functional group networks in response to global change factors.In conclusion, species loss and increasing plant nutrient concentrations are key factors simplifying networks under multiple global changes, and such simplification is likely to be strengthened if coupled with changes in micro‐habitats. Our study highlighted that the effects of multiple global change factors should be studied in concert, even though they occur in different seasons, so that their effects on ecological networks can be perceived as a panorama. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grasslands are expected to experience droughts of unprecedented frequency and magnitude in the future. Characterizing grassland responses and recovery from drought is therefore critical to predict the vulnerability of grassland ecosystems to climate change. Most previous studies have focused on ecosystem responses during drought while investigations of post‐drought recovery are rare. Few studies have used functional traits, and in particular bud or clonal traits, to explore the mechanisms underlying grassland responses to and recovery from drought.To address this issue, we experimentally imposed a four‐year drought in a C3‐dominated grassland in northeastern China and monitored recovery for 3 years post‐drought. We investigated the immediate and legacy effects of drought on total above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP), ANPP of functional groups (rhizomatous grasses, bunch grasses and forbs), and how the legacy effects were driven by plant species diversity, clonal traits and vegetative traits.We found that drought progressively reduced total ANPP over the 4‐year period. The reductions in total ANPP in the first and third drought years were caused by the decrease in ANPP of bunch grasses only, while that of the second year was caused by declines in ANPP of bunch grasses and forbs, and the fourth year decline was linked to all three functional groups. The post‐drought recovery of ANPP, which occurred despite the continued loss of plant species diversity, was mainly driven by rapid recovery of rhizomatous and bunch grasses, which compensated for the slow response by forbs. The rapid post‐drought recovery of these grasses can be attributed to their relatively large, intact bud and shoot densities post‐drought, as well as the recovery of plant height and specific leaf area. The rapid recovery of grasses possibly restricted the growth and distribution of forbs, resulting in reduced forb ANPP and, consequently, lower species diversity during the recovery period.Synthesis. These results highlight the potential for positive legacy effects of drought on ANPP as well as the important and complementary roles of plant reproductive and vegetative traits in mediating ecosystem recovery from drought in a C3‐dominated grassland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species diversity has been shown to be influenced by environmental factors, but the mechanism underlying their relationship remains unclear across spatial scales. Based on field investigation data collected from 3077 sample plots in temperate forest ecosystems, we compared tree species richness, evenness and dominance at 10 km × 10 km, 30 km × 30 km and 90 km × 90 km spatial scales. Then, we detected the scale dependence of changes in tree species composition on climate, topography and forest structure using variation partitioning and quantified their contribution to tree diversity with gradient–boosted models (GBMs) and fitted their relationships. The magnitude of tree richness, evenness and dominance significantly increased with spatial scale. Ecological factors jointly accounted for 24.3%, 26.5% and 38.5% of the variation in tree species composition at the three spatial scales, respectively. The annual mean temperature had a strong impact on tree richness, evenness and dominance and peaked at an intermediate scale. Tree evenness and dominance increased with the variation of temperature but had upper and lower limits. Tree richness obviously increased with annual precipitation on multiple scales and decreased with annual sunshine duration at large spatial scales. Tree richness, evenness and dominance obviously increased with the variation in elevation and diameter at breast height at large scales and small scales, respectively. Tree dominance decreased with tree height at a small scale. The dependence of tree diversity on ecological factors increased with spatial scales. Furthermore, different factors exert various controls on tree diversity at different spatial scales, representing a comprehensive mechanism regulating tree diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Declaring the drought-resistance of plant communities in grassland and the underlying mechanisms is crucial under climatic change scenario. Here we aimed to quantify aboveground & belowground net primary productivity (ANPP & BNPP) and their allocation in response to extreme droughts, and to uncover any underlying factors of drought resistance. Methods: We experimentally reduced growing season rainfall by 66% for four years in two grassland sites (Sandy and Loamy site respectively), and measured ANPP and BNPP yearly and evaluated the relatedness of drought-induced changes for them to plant traits (Plant height, δ13C, SLA and LNC) and community composition. Results: Experimental drought decreased species richness, ANPP of forbs and the total at both sites, but decreased ANPP of grasses only at the Sandy site. Experimental drought has non-significant effect on total BNPP at both sites, but increased 10–20 cm BNPP and decreased 0–10 cm BNPP. BNPP ratio was kept unchanged at the Loamy site but increased at the Sandy site. Moreover, the communities at the Loamy site showed lower δ13C, SLA and LNC, but greater height. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that extreme drought can impact community productivity and structure, and highlights the importance of plant traits, community composition and soil properties in modulating the responses and resistance of steppe communities to extreme drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb-Zn deposits serve as the world's major supply of Pb-Zn resources. However, the age constraint of MVT Pb-Zn deposits has long been a big challenge, due to the lack of minerals that are unequivocally related to ore deposition and that can be used for radioisotopic dating. Here we show sporopollens can provide useful chronological information on the Changdong MVT Pb-Zn deposit in the Simao basin, Sanjiang belt, West China. The Pb-Zn ores in the Changdong deposit are hosted by internal sediments in paleo-karst caves of meteoric origin. Sphalerite and galena occur as replacements of carbonate minerals and void infillings in the internal sediments. The relations suggest that the Pb-Zn mineralization occurred after the deposition of the internal sediments. A palynological assemblage mainly composed of angiosperm pollen dominated by Castanea, Quercus, and Carya and fern spores dominated by Polypodiaceae, Pteris, and Athyriaceae was identified. These pollen and spores place the ore-hosting internal sediments and the Changdong paleo-karst at early to middle Oligocene. Consequently, the Changdong Pb-Zn deposit must have formed after the early Oligocene (∼34 Ma). These age constraints, together with the geological characteristics, indicate that the Changdong Pb-Zn deposit is a paleo-karst-controlled MVT deposit related to fold-thrust systems in the Sanjiang belt. The Changdong deposit is similar to other MVT Pb-Zn deposits in the northern part of the Sanjiang belt, making it possible to extend this Pb-Zn belt 500 km further to the South. Results presented here highlights the potential of sporopollens in dating the age of MVT deposits related to paleo-karst formation in young orogenic belts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Grasslands are expected to experience droughts of unprecedented magnitude and duration in this century. Plant traits can be useful for understanding community and ecosystem responses to climate extremes. Few studies, however, have investigated the response of community-scale traits to extreme drought on broad spatial/temporal scales, with even less research on the relative contribution of species turnover vs. intraspecific trait variation to such responses. Methods: We experimentally removed ~66% of growing season rainfall for three years across three semi-arid grasslands of northern China and tracked changes in community functional composition, defined as the community mean and variation of several leaf economic traits. Results: Community trait variations were more sensitive to drought than community trait means, which suggests this component of functional composition may be a better indicator of initial community drought responses than trait values themselves. The greatest change in trait variation was observed at the high aridity site and was driven largely by intraspecific trait variability. Apart from specific leaf area, trait variability increased with increasing aridity across sites, largely due to species turnover. Variations in soil moisture and fertility likely mediated the responses of community trait variations to water stress. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of measuring community trait variability in response to drought and support the well-documented pattern of increased community drought sensitivity of more arid ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Four epidemic waves of human infection with H7N9 have been recorded in China up to 1 June 2016, including in Jiangsu Province. However, few studies have investigated the differences in patients' characteristics among the four epidemic waves, and the analyses of factors associated with fatal infection lacked statistical power in previous studies due to limited sample size. Methods All laboratory-confirmed A(H7N9) patients in Jiangsu province were analysed. Patients' characteristics were compared across four waves and between survivors and those who died. Multivariate analyses were used to identify independent predictors of death. Results Significant differences were found in the lengths of several time intervals (from onset of disease to laboratory confirmation, to onset of ARDS and respiratory failure, and to death) and in the development of heart failure. The proportions of overweight patients and rural patients increased significantly across the four waves. Administration of glucocorticoids and double-dose neuraminidase inhibitors became the norm. Predictors of death included complications such as ARDS, heart failure and septic shock, administration of glucocorticoids, and disease duration. Conclusion Characteristics of H7N9 patients and clinical treatment options changed over time. Particular complications and the use of particular treatment, along with disease duration, could help clinicians predict the outcome of H7N9 infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A marked increase in the incidence rate of scarlet fever imposed a considerable burden on the health of children aged 5 to 15 years. The main purpose of this study was to depict the spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever in Jiangsu Province, China in order to develop and implement effective scientific prevention and control strategies.Methods: Smoothed map was used to demonstrate the spatial distribution of scarlet fever in Jiangsu Province. In addition, a retrospective space-time analysis based on a discrete Poisson model was utilized to detect clusters of scarlet fever from 2005 to 2015.Results: During the years 2005-2015, a total of 15,873 scarlet fever cases occurred in Jiangsu Province, with an average annual incidence rate of 1.87 per 100,000. A majority of the cases (83.67%) occurred in children aged 3 to 9 years. Each year, two seasonal incidence peaks were observed, the higher occurring between March and July, the lower between November and the following January. The incidence in the southern regions of the province was generally higher than that in the northern regions. Seven clusters, all of which occurred during incidence peaks, were detected via space-time scan statistical analysis. The most likely cluster and one of the secondary clusters were detected in the southern and northern high endemic regions, respectively.Conclusion: The prevalence of scarlet fever in Jiangsu Province had a marked seasonality variation and was relatively endemic in some regions. Children aged 3 to 9 years were the major victims of this disease, and kindergartens and primary schools were the focus of surveillance and control. Targeted strategies and measures should be taken to reduce the incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal discharges from power plants elevate temperatures in the surrounding waters, and this warming of the marine environment inevitably influences phytoplankton communities. In this study, we conducted seasonal sampling in coastal waters of the Bohai Sea off Qinhuangdao, China. The results revealed that the coastal waters are notably affected by thermal discharge, with unseasonably-high water temperatures, particularly during winter. The change of phytoplankton community structure has been detected in the warmer coastal seawater. Although diatoms were the dominant species during field investigations, there were no significant seasonal changes in diatom abundance. In contrast, the density of dinoflagellates was low in all seasons due to the effects of thermal discharge. Consequently, the general trend in phytoplankton succession was interrupted. In general, the findings of this study may provide further insights into the warmer environmental impacts on phytoplankton communities in temperate regions. [Display omitted] • Diatoms are consistently found to predominate phytoplankton communities in different seasons. • There is a delay in the succession between diatoms and dinoflagellates by thermal discharge. • Changes of species diversity are associated with the influence of the warm marine environment by thermal discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Resistance and resilience of grassland to multi-year extreme drought were tested. • Resistance decreased as the drought progressed over time. • Longer recovery time was critical to ensure resilience post-drought. • Functional groups mediate community resistance and resilience. Globally, extreme droughts are likely to become more frequent, more intense, and longer in duration with climate change. Understanding the impacts of drought on ecosystem function (i.e., resistance) and its recovery after drought (i.e., resilience) is critical for long-term sustainability of ecosystem services under climate change. We tested the effects of drought duration on ecosystem resistance by imposing four years of extreme drought (<5th percentile), and examined resilience by imposing two years of extreme drought followed by two years of recovery in a semi-arid grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. We found that the resistance of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) decreased as the drought progressed, i.e., ANPP was reduced from 33% in the first treatment year and 60% in the fourth treatment year. Resilience of the ecosystem was such that ANPP of drought plots was 83% of ambient plots one year post-drought. By the second year, ANPP of the drought plots fully recovered to ambient plot levels. Decreasing drought resistance through time was largely driven by forb reductions. High resilience of the system was due to grasses compensating for reductions in forb productivity. Based on these findings, we suggest that droughts may have progressively larger impacts as their duration increases, so single year responses may underpredict the effects of longer droughts likely to occur in the future. Additionally, longer recovery times after extreme drought events may be critical to ensure resilience and recovery of all plant functional types. Overall, we suggest that management should strive to support and maintain the high proportion of high drought resistance and resilience plant functional types in the community may enhance the stability of biomass production in a future climate with longer and more intense extreme droughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to select a best mowing regime for natural grassland in Hulun Buir with highly efficient hay-making and sustainable utilization, we conducted an experiment to examine the effects of mowing time (July 31, August 10, August 20, August 30, and September 9), stubble height (3, 9, and 15 cm), and their interaction on grassland community characteristics and forage yield and quality in a grassland of Hulun Buir from 2019 to 2021. The results showed that late mowing and low stubble-height mowing significantly reduced community-level height and coverage in the next year. Low stubble-height mowing reduced community aboveground biomass in the following year, but the effect of mowing time was not significant. The relative biomass of grasses and sedges first increased and then decreased with the delay of mowing time, forbs showed an opposite pattern, and legumes showed no signi-ficant change. Low stubble-height mowing could enable higher hay yield in the same year, but resulted in substantial reduction in the next year. When mowing on August 30 with 3 cm high stubble left, the hay yield reached maximum value of 469 g·m -2 , which was 361.5% of the minimum value. The crude protein content of forage reached the maximum at the mowing time of August 30, which was higher than the minimum value by 6.5%, and the content was higher at high stubble-height mowing. The contents of acid and neutral detergent fiber increased gradually over the growing season, with those from mowing on September 9 being 8.0% and 5.9% higher than those from mowing on July 31 respectively, and were decreased with the increases of stubble height. We found that the reasonable mowing regime of Hulun Buir grassland as the mowing implemented from August 20 to 30 with about 9 cm high stubble left. Long-term mowing experiments are needed to draw a more reliable and objective conclusion.

To reduce the inpatient mortality and improve the quality of hospital management, we explore the relationship between temperatures and in-hospital mortality in a large sample across 10 years in Nanjing, Jiangsu. We collected 10 years' data on patient deaths from a large research hospital. Distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to find the association between daily mean temperatures and in-hospital mortality. A total of 6160 in-hospital deaths were documented. Overall, peak RR appeared at 8 °C, with the range of 1 to 20 °C having a significantly high mortality risk. In the elderly (age ≥ 65 years), peak RR appeared at 5 °C, with range - 3 to 21 °C having a significantly high mortality risk. In males, peak RR appeared at 8 °C, with the range 0 to 24 °C having a significantly high mortality risk. Moderate cold (define as 2.5th percentile of daily mean temperatures to the MT), not extreme temperatures (≤ 2.5th percentile or ≥ 97.5th percentile of daily mean temperatures), increased the risk of death in hospital patients, especially in elderly and male in-hospital patients., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: We aimed to evaluate and quantify the association between ambient temperature and activity of influenza like illness (ILI) and influenza in Jiangsu Province, China., Method: Daily data of meteorology, influenza-like illness and detected influenza virus from 1 April 2013 to 27 March 2016 were collected. Distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to quantify the exposure-lag-response of ILI and influenza activity to daily average temperature., Result: Influenza A virus (Flu-A) circulated throughout the year with two peaks at -4 °C and 28 °C respectively, while influenza B (Flu-B) viruses were usually tested positive in winter or early spring and peaked at 5 °C. The lag-response curves revealed that the RR of ILI increased with time and peaked 1 day later at low temperature (3 °C), however, the maximum RR of ILI caused by high temperature (26 °C) appeared immediately on day 0, the similar phenomena of immediate effect to ILI at high temperature were also observed in the lag-response curve for Flu-A or Flu-B., Conclusion: ILI and Flu-A experienced two peaks of circulates at both low and high temperature in Jiangsu. The influenza viruses activity did drive up the rising of ILI%, particularly the activity of Flu-A which circulated throughout the year played a crucial role. Regional homogeneity was the relatively mainstream in aspects of cumulative association between influenza activity and temperature in Jiangsu Province., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: In recent years, outbreaks of varicella have continued to occur, and the coverage rate of varicella vaccine in Jiangsu Province, China, remains unclear. This study aims to analyse the levels of immune antibody against varicella and obtain a comprehensive understanding of the varicella attenuated live vaccine (VarV) coverage rate in children aged 1-9 years in Jiangsu Province., Methods: From June to October 2016, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect 3631 serum samples from healthy children aged 1-9 years in Jiangsu Province. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels of varicella were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)., Results: The VarV coverage rate of healthy children was only 43.1% (95% CI: 41.1-44.7%). The seroprevalence after vaccination with a single dose of VarV was only 57.1%, and the overall seropositivity and geometric antibody titre (GMC) were 43.5% and 225.4 mU/ml, respectively. The seropositivity was significantly higher in girls than in boys (χ 2  = 18.82, P < 0.001). The difference in seropositivity between the 5-9 age group and 1-4 age group was statistically significant (χ 2  = 84.31, P < 0.001). The difference in seropositivity between different regions was statistically significant, with the highest seropositivity in the northern area, 53.7% (χ 2  = 35.64, P < 0.001). The seropositivity in the group receiving one dose of VarV was significantly higher than that of the unvaccinated group (χ 2  = 205.16, P < 0.001). Linear regression analysis suggested that the GMC of varicella antibodies wanes with the time since vaccination (F = 65.01, P = 0.002)., Conclusion: The VarV coverage rate of healthy children in Jiangsu Province was low. Sero-conversion rates were also low after one dose of VarV, and the immune effectiveness of a single dose of VarV was limited. To control the spread of varicella, VarV should be included in the routine immunization program, and strengthened immunization measures for the varicella-susceptible population warrant additional consideration.

The allocation and stoichiometry of plant nutrients in leaves reflect fundamental ecosystem processes, biotic interactions, and environmental drivers such as water availability. Climate change will lead to increases in drought severity and frequency, but how canopy nutrients will respond to drought, and how these responses may vary with community composition along aridity gradients is poorly understood. We experimentally addressed this issue by reducing precipitation amounts by 66% during two consecutive growing seasons at three sites located along a natural aridity gradient. This allowed us to assess drought effects on canopy nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in arid and semiarid grasslands of northern China. Along the aridity gradient, canopy nutrient concentrations were positively related to aridity, with this pattern was driven primarily by species turnover (i.e., an increase in the relative biomass of N- and P-rich species with increasing aridity). In contrast, drought imposed experimentally increased N but decreased P concentrations in plant canopies. These changes were driven by the combined effects of species turnover and intraspecific variation in leaf nutrient concentrations. In addition, the sensitivity of canopy N and P concentrations to drought varied across the three sites. Canopy nutrient concentrations were less affected by drought at drier than wetter sites, because of the opposing effects of species turnover and intraspecific variation, as well as greater drought tolerance for nutrient-rich species. These contrasting effects of long-term aridity vs. short-term drought on canopy nutrient concentrations, as well as differing sensitivities among sites in the same grassland biome, highlight the challenge of predicting ecosystem responses to future climate change., (© 2018 by the Ecological Society of America.)

Both the dominance and the mass ratio hypotheses predict that plant internal nutrient cycling in ecosystems is determined by the dominant species within plant communities. We tested this hypothesis under conditions of extreme drought by assessing plant nutrient (N, P and K) uptake and resorption in response to experimentally imposed precipitation reductions in two semiarid grasslands of northern China. These two communities shared similar environmental conditions, but had different dominant species-one was dominated by a rhizomatous grass (Leymus chinensis) and the other by a bunchgrass (Stipa grandis). Results showed that responses of N to drought differed between the two communities with drought decreasing green leaf N concentration and resorption in the community dominated by the rhizomatous grass, but not in the bunchgrass-dominated community. In contrast, negative effects of drought on green leaf P and K concentrations and their resorption efficiencies were consistent across the two communities. Additionally, in each community, the effects of extreme drought on soil N, P and K supply did not change synchronously with that on green leaf N, P and K concentrations, and senesced leaf N, P and K concentrations showed no response to extreme drought. Consistent with the dominance/mass ratio hypothesis, our findings suggest that differences in dominant species and their growth form (i.e., rhizomatous vs bunch grass) play an important nutrient-specific role in mediating plant internal nutrient cycling across communities within a single region.

This study aims to investigate the characteristics of genomic variation of pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus isolated in Fujian Province, China. Complete genome sequence analysis was performed on 14 strains of pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus isolated from Fujian during 2009-2012. All virus strains were typical low-pathogenic influenza viruses, with resistance to amantadine and sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors. Eight genome fragments of all strains were closely related to those of A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) vaccine strain, with > or = 98.2% homology. Compared with the vaccine strain, the influenza strains from Fujian had relatively large variation, and variation was identified at 11 amino acid sites of the HA gene of A/Fujiangulou/SWL1155/2012 strain, including 4 sites (H138R, L161I, S185T, and S203T) involved inthree antigen determinants (Ca, Sa, and Sb). In conclusion, the influenza vaccine has a satisfactory protective effect on Fujian population, but the influenza strains from Fujian in 2012 has antigenic drift compared with the vaccine strain, more attention should therefore be paid to the surveillance of mutations of pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus.

WU polyomavirus (WUPyV), a new member of the genus Polyomavirus in the family Polyomaviridae, is recently found in patients with respiratory tract infections. In our study, the complete genome of the two WUPyV isolates (FZ18, FZTF) were sequenced and deposited in GenBank (accession nos. FJ890981, FJ890982). The two sequences of the WUPyV isolates in this study varied little from each other. Compared with other complete genome sequences of WUPyV in GenBank (strain B0, S1-S4, CLFF, accession nos. EF444549, EF444550, EF444551, EF444552, EF444553, EU296475 respectively), the sequence length in nucleotides is 5228bp, 1bp shorter than the known sequences. The deleted base pair was at nucleotide position 4536 in the non-coding region of large T antigen (LTAg). The genome of the WUPyV encoded for five proteins. They were three capsid proteins: VP2, VP1, VP3 and LTAg, small T antigen (STAg), respectively. To investigate whether these nucleotide sequences had any unique features, we compared the genome sequence of the 2 WUPyV isolates in Fuzhou, China to those documented in the GenBank database by using PHYLIP software version 3.65 and the neighbor-joining method. The 2 WUPyV strains in our study were clustered together. Strain FZTF was more closed to the reference strain B0 of Australian than strain FZ18.