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We study the role of state controlling shareholders in corporate payout policy. The State Capital Operation Program in China requires parent central state-owned enterprises (CSOEs) to contribute part of their consolidated income to a new fiscal fund. We find that listed CSOEs, partially controlled by parent CSOEs, experience significant reductions in dividend payouts as the income-contribution ratio increases. The dividend reductions are concurrent with increases in intragroup resource transfers— listed CSOEs' loans to, and commercial trades with, group peers. The program yields adverse consequences for listed CSOEs' investment and employment, yet being mitigated by group-level dividend reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable isotopic compositions of precipitation (δ18Op, δ2Hp and d‐excessp) and atmospheric vapour (δ18Ov, δ2Hv and d‐excessv) with high spatial–temporal resolution are crucial in revealing hydrologic cycle. Based on the variation characteristics of δ18Op/δ18Ov, δ2Hp/δ2Hv and d‐excessp/d‐excessv in the headwaters of the Shule River (HSR) on hourly and daily scales from June to September 2018, this study analysed the relationships between δ18Op/δ2Hp and δ18Ov/δ2Hv combined with the equilibrium fractionation model, as well as δ18Op/δ18Ov and meteorological factors. The slopes of local meteoric water line (LMWL) and the δ2Hv‐δ18Ov fitting equation were similar (7.96 and 7.94) with both intercepts exceeding 10, reflecting the great contribution of recycling moisture. The values of δ18Ov/δ2Hv were lower than δ18Op/δ2Hp but with consistent variation patterns throughout the period. The equilibrium simulation results suggested that precipitation and atmospheric vapour almost approached isotopic equilibrium state, especially during monsoon intrusion period. Affected by monsoon intrusion, the slopes and intercepts of the LMWLs and the δ2Hv‐δ18Ov fitting equations were smaller than those during non‐monsoon period and d‐excess and δ18O were negatively correlated. Relative humidity had significant negative correlations with δ18Op and δ18Ov in the whole period, however, the positive correlations between δ18Op/δ18Ov and temperature were observed during non‐monsoon and monsoon intrusion period, respectively. Our results demonstrated that precipitation and atmospheric vapour isotopic compositions exhibited consistency under the influence of diverse moisture sources, while more complex relationships were found between δ18Op/δ18Ov and meteorological factors. This research provided evidence for using the isotopic compositions of atmospheric vapour to indicate moisture sources, and can improve understanding of the water cycle and eco‐hydrological process from the perspective of the interaction between water and gas phases of the inland river basin in northwest China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The denitrification process is one of the important processes in the soil nitrogen (N) cycle, and is closely related to the loss of soil N fertilizer. Five treatments were included in this study: N0 (control, no N application); N90 (N application rate 90 kg ha−1); N150 (N application rate 150 kg ha−1); N210 (N application rate 210 kg ha−1); and N270 (N application rate 270 kg ha−1), to study the effect of different N application rates on the soil nirS-type denitrifying bacterial community structure, the influence of key enzyme activities during the denitrification process, and the main environmental factors affecting the variation of the denitrifying bacterial community in maize field soil under the mulched fertigation system in the semi-arid region of Northeast China. The results showed that increasing N fertilizer application significantly increased the contents of soil inorganic N and acid-hydrolyzable organic N, but significantly decreased pH. N fertilizer significantly increased nitrate reductase (NAR) activity and nitrite reductase (NIR) activity. Excessive application of N fertilizer significantly increased the nirS gene copy numbers, and, at the same time, significantly decreased the diversity of nirS-type soil denitrifying bacteria. Proteobacteria was the dominant denitrifying phylum in all treatments, and N application promoted the growth of Bradyrhizobium belonging to this phylum. The application of N fertilizer significantly changed the community structure of nirS denitrifying bacteria, and the NO3−-N content was the most important factor for this observation. Soil organic matter (SOM) and non-hydrolyzable N (NHN) indirectly affected the denitrifying bacterial community structure through NAR activity and NIR activity, while soil total N (TN) and nitrate N (NO3−-N) indirectly affected yield through denitrifying bacterial community structure. Although increasing N fertilizer was beneficial in increasing soil nutrients, the community structure of nirS-type denitrifying bacteria changed significantly. This is attributed to the increase in soil NO3−-N accumulation caused by a large amount of N application. The results of this research provide an important scientific basis for further research on the response mechanism of farmland soil denitrifying microorganisms to different N fertilizer managements under the mulched fertigation system in the semi-arid region of Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionospheric scintillation could seriously disrupt the signal tracking of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), further causing positioning accuracy degradation or unavailability. BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS), a newly developed GNSS by China, has begun to provide global positioning, navigation, and timing service. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of ionospheric scintillation on BDS‐2 and BDS‐3 multi‐frequency signals. Ionospheric scintillation monitor receiver data from four monitors in Brazil were collected from October 2021 to May 2022. The results illustrate that S4(B2) and S4(B3) linearly increase with S4(B1) for S4(B1) ≤ 0.6, which is consistent with weak scattering theories, and average experimental ratios of S4(B2)/S4(B1), S4(B3)/S4(B1), and S4(B2)/S4(B3) are less than corresponding theoretical ones by 6.1%, 4.4%, and 1.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, as S4 values increase, lower‐frequency scintillation saturates earlier than higher ones, and the probability of ionospheric scintillation events on B2 and B3 signals is approximately twice (S4 ≥ 0.7) as B1 signals in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) regions. To alleviate the undesirable effects of missing data on GNSS positioning, we first investigate the inter‐frequency relationship and distribution probability of two significant spectral parameters, that is, T (the spectral strength of the phase noise at 1 Hz) and p (the spectral slope of the phase power spectral density) in the tracking jitter model among three BDS frequencies. Results show that the performances among B1, B2, and B3 frequencies have a higher correlation respectively, and their values for B2 and B3 signals are more susceptible to be impacted by ionospheric scintillation. Plain Language Summary: Ionospheric scintillation seriously affects the precision and continuity of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) signals and causes positioning accuracy degradation or unavailability. Therefore, it is essential to study the impacts of ionospheric scintillation on the GNSS receiver performance. This study first investigates the inter‐frequency relation of the amplitude scintillation index S4 for B1, B2, and B3 signals from BDS‐2 and BDS‐3 satellites based on the Ionospheric scintillation monitor receiver data at four geomagnetic latitudes in the Brazilian territory. Furthermore, the distribution probability and inter‐frequency relationship of two significant phase spectral parameters of the tracking jitter model, which are widely applied in GNSS positioning solutions, are also presented among three BDS frequencies. All investigations conducted within this contribution show agreement with earlier work in ionospheric scintillation and provide supportive and detailed numerical statements and comparisons. Key Points: The inter‐frequency relation of the amplitude scintillation index for multi‐frequency signals from BDS‐2 and BDS‐3 satellites is displayedThe probability of the ionospheric scintillation events on B2 and B3 signals is approximately twice (S4 ≥ 0.6) as B1 signals in EIA regionsThe spectral parameters p and T of B2 and B3 signals are more susceptible to be affected by ionospheric scintillation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud and fog droplets are essential in atmospheric chemistry since they affect the distribution and chemical transformation of pollutants. Collecting sufficient volumes using cloud/fog samplers is the premise of cloud fog chemical studies. Accurate identification of fog events and high collection efficiency are the basic principles of sampler design. Therefore, an automatic cloud/fog collector (ACFC) has been designed, fabricated, and extensively tested for collecting samples of cloud/fog water. The control box and standard sensors for air temperature, relative humidity, and instantaneous rainfall were used to ensure sampling automation. Airflow measurement was used to guarantee the stability of the airspeed on the inlet section, and the airspeed is 7.5 m s−1. Moreover, the median collection rate of ACFC was 160–220 mL h−1, which was tested via a simulation experiment. To evaluate the actual performance of the device in the field, we obtained eight samples of cloud fog water from Shanghuang Observatory in eastern China from the summer through the fall of 2022. Collection rates varied from 62 to 169 mL h−1. For a cloud/fog sampler equipped with multiple sensors, the ACFC has excellent sampling efficiency in thick fog, sufficient cloud fog water samples can be collected in weak fog, and it can precisely identify fog mingled with rain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have elucidated the link between outdoor noise and depression, but the relationship between indoor noise levels and depression symptoms in residential and public places remains unclear. This study was a multicenter observational study with a cross‐sectional design. In 2019, a total of 10 545 indoor noise levels on‐site and 26 018 health data from practitioners were collected from 2402 hotels in 111 cities. Indoor daily noise data levels were detected, and PHQ‐9 questionnaires were used to collect health data. Logistic analysis was used to determine the association between depression score and noise level, negative binomial regression was used to determine potential risks. The geometric mean indoor noise level was 38.9 dB (A), with approximately 40.9% of hotels exceeding the 45 dB value (A). Approximately 19.1% of hotel workers exhibited mild and above depressive symptoms. In addition to functional zoning, geographic location, central air conditioner, decoration status, and other factors had an impact on noise levels (p < 0.05). Results of logistic and negative binomial regression showed the following: (1) there was significantly positive association between indoor noise and high depression scores above 2 (OR = 1.007, 95% CI: 1.002, 1.012) and (2) some sub‐groups were more susceptible to this effect, especially for the younger female workers working in the first‐tier cities, having higher education level, lower level of income, smoking, and longer working hours. This study confirms an early potential effect of indoor noise on depression. It is recommended to implement evidence‐based measures to control noise sources in hotels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2012 Dividend Tax Reform in China ties individual investors’ dividend tax rates to the length of their shareholding period. We find that firms facing a reduction (increase) in their individual investors’ dividend tax rates are more (less) likely to increase dividend payout. Such an effect is concentrated in firms where incentives of controlling shareholders and minority shareholders are aligned. Furthermore, investors respond to this tax law change by reducing trading activities before the cum-dividend day and successfully lower their dividend tax penalty. Overall, our evidence enhances the notion that individual investors’ tax profiles shape firms’ payout policies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Neoproterozoic granites along the western margin of the Yangtze Block are crucial for understanding the evolution of the Rodinia supercontinent and crust–mantle interaction. Based on a regional geological survey, this study analyses the zircon U–Pb geochronology, Lu–Hf isotope, whole‐rock Sr–Nd isotopes, and geochemistry of the Maoniushan granites along the western margin of the Yangtze Block and discusses the Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution history of the Mianning–Maoniushan belt. The results show that the Maoniushan granites belong to calc‐alkaline weak peraluminous monzogranite. The granites are enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements (i.e., Rb, Sr, Cs, and Ba) but relatively depleted in high‐field‐ strength elements (i.e., Nb, Ta, U, and Th). The zircon saturation temperature (TZr) ranges from 628 to 766°C, and the weighted average 206Pb/238U ages of zircon range from 771 ± 30 to 759 ± 26 Ma. The εHf(t) values range from −2.0 to +7.2, with TDM2 model ages ranging from 1,797 to 1,208 Ma. The whole‐rock Sr–Nd isotopic data show (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios of 0.7039–0.7093, and the εNd(t) values range from +1.25 to +1.76 with TDM2 model ages ranging from 1,303 to 1,344 Ma. These findings indicate the presence of deep Mesoproterozoic crustal materials in the source area. The Maoniushan monzogranites belong to I‐type granite, which is formed by the partial melting of the basic rocks and pelites in the ancient lower crust due to the metasomatism of fluids from the subducted oceanic crust. The Maoniushan monzogranites may be formed in the process of transformation from regional thickening to thinning under the oceanic crust subduction setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late Mesozoic lamprophyres are widespread in the Chaohu area of the Lower Yangtze region, eastern China. These mantle‐derived rocks are of great significance for understanding the characteristics of mantle source and tectonic environment of eastern China during the Late Mesozoic. The lamprophyres from the Chaohu area can be divided into two types. The type‐I lamprophyres have low SiO2 (43.8–44.5 wt.%) and TiO2 (1.06–1.14 wt.%), high MgO (13.5–17.5 wt.%) and high contents of compatible elements, and are enriched in LREE and LILE but depleted in HFSE. They have high initial 87Sr/86Sr (0.70767–0.70904) and negative εNd (t) (−4.8 to −4.4). The type‐II lamprophyres are characterized by low contents of SiO2 (43.0–45.4 wt.%), high TiO2 (1.74–2.55 wt.%), MgO (9.17–15.4 wt.%), and compatible elements. They are also enriched in LREE and LILE but depleted in HFSE. They show enriched Sr‐Nd isotopic compositions with initial 87Sr/86Sr values (0.70773–0.70886) and εNd (t) values (−8.6 to −7.8). The type‐I lamprophyres show higher Mg# and MgO contents but significant lower TiO2 than the type‐II lamprophyres. In addition, the type‐I lamprophyres have relatively similar initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios but higher εNd(t) values than the type‐II lamprophyres. The difference of geochemical characteristics between the type‐I and type‐II lamprophyres may be caused by different degrees of partial melting of an amphibole‐bearing garnet lherzolite mantle. The lithospheric mantle was metasomatised by the fluids caused by the rollback of the Paleo‐Pacific plate subduction during the Late Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the pollution characteristics of metals in household dust in China and their exposure to children, this study searched peer‐reviewed papers published during 1980–2020 and analyzed 30 eligible papers screened under the per‐decided strategy. We evaluated the sample‐weighted concentration (SWC) of each metal, explored the sources of metals, and presented the quantitative description of spatial‐temporary characteristics and children exposure to 13 metals with multi‐route under a general living scenario. The results showed the concentrations of 13 metals with a range of 0.89–29 090.19 mg/kg. The SWC of Cd in household dust from rural areas was 3.29 times of that from urban areas, while the SWC of Ni from urban areas was 3.71 times of that from rural areas. The results showed that four principal components were extracted, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 79.127%. The exposure dose of 13 metals to children aged 2–3 years was presented with the highest by ingestion. Metals such as Fe, Zn, and Mn posed inevitable health risk to children with high exposure. Countermeasures should be carried out to minimize the children exposure to metals in household dust urgently, such as the establishment of environmental health standard for household dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of Neoproterozoic granites near the western margin of the Yangtze Block provide new evidence on the mechanism leading to the Neoproterozoic break-up of the Rodinia Supercontinent. This contribution focusses on the structural geology, geochemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronology, and Hf-O isotope systematics of the poorly documented Mojiawan Monzogranite in the Kangding Complex, which gives us better constraints on the break-up of the supercontinent. Zircon U-Pb data show that two samples of the Mojiawan Monzogranite were emplaced during 797 ± 13 Ma and 785 ± 11 Ma (ca. 791 Ma). The granitic samples are Na-rich, calc-alkaline, peraluminous with A/CNK values of 1.13 and 1.25, and their zircons have positive εHf(t) values between +4.28 and +9.79 with crustal model ages TDM2 of 1424 to 1079 Ma, indicative of a juvenile source. The granitic samples also have low Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios and high δ18O values of 5.42‰–8.97‰, consistent with derivation from the partial melting of the lower to middle crust. Combined with the geochemistry of other granitic plutons along the western margin of the Yangtze Block, we propose that the region records rifting at ca. 800 Ma due to the action of a mantle super-plume leading to the break-up of the Rodinia Supercontinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dominated by an arid and semiarid continental climate, the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region (BTSSR) is a typical ecologically fragile region with frequently occurring droughts. To provide information for regional vegetation protection and drought prevention, we assessed the relations between vegetation cover change (measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at different time-scales, in different growth stages, in different subregions and for different vegetation types based on the Pearson's correlation coefficient in the BTSSR from 2000 to 2017. Results showed that 88.19% of the vegetated areas experienced increased NDVI in the growing season; 48.3% of the vegetated areas experienced significantly increased NDVI (P < 0.05) and were mainly in the south of the BTSSR. During the growing season, a wetter climate contributed to the increased vegetation cover from 2000 to 2017, and NDVI anomalies were closely related to SPEI. The maximum correlation coefficient in the growing season (Rmax) was significantly positive (P < 0.05) in 97.84% of the total vegetated areas. In the vegetated areas with significantly positive Rmax, pixels with short time-scales (1–3 mon) accounted for the largest proportion (33.9%). The sensitivity of vegetation to the impact of drought rose first and then decreased in the growing season, with a peak in July. Compared with two subregions in the south, subregions in the north of the BTSSR were more sensitive to the impacts of drought variations, especially in the Xilingol Plateau and Wuzhumuqin Basin. All four major vegetation types were sensitive to the effects of drought variations, especially grasslands. The time-scales of the most impacting droughts varied with growth stages, regions, and vegetation types. These results can help us understand the relations between vegetation and droughts, which are important for ecological restoration and drought prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To comprehensively understand the law of urban-rural relationship and propose scientific measures of urban-rural coordinated development in Northeast China, this study uses the coupling coordination degree model and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model to analyze the spatial-temporal patterns and the corresponding driving mechanisms of its urban-rural coordination since 1990. The results are as follows. First, the urban-rural coupling coordination degree in Northeast China was very low and improved slowly, but its stages of evolution is a good interpretation of the strategic arrangements of China's urbanization. Second, the urban-rural coupling coordination degree in Northeast China had spatial differences and was characterized by central polarization, converging on urban agglomeration, which was high in the south and low in the north. Moreover, the gap between the north and south weakened. Third, the spatial-temporal evolution of the urban-rural coordination relationship in Northeast China was influenced by pulling from the central cities, pushing from rural transformation, and government regulations. The influence intensity of the three mechanisms was weak, but the pulling from the central cities was stronger than that of the other two mechanisms. Furthermore, the spatial difference between the three mechanisms determines the spatial pattern and its evolution of the urban-rural coordination relationship in Northeast China. Fourth, to promote the development of urban-rural coordination in Northeast China, it is essential to advance urban-rural economic correlation, enhance the government's role in regulating and guiding, and adopt different policies for each region in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine whether dividend tax induced lock-in reduces idiosyncratic volatility. The 2012 Dividend Tax Reform in China tied individual investors' dividend tax to the length of their shareholding period, with short-term individual investors entering into higher tax brackets. We find that high dividend firms experience a reduction in idiosyncratic volatility, relative to low dividend firms, after the reform. The effect is more pronounced when high dividend firms have more retail investors and exhibit greater uncertainty. High dividend firms also experience a reduction in stock price crashes. Finally, with reduced trading by individual investors who are likely less informed, earnings announcements of high dividend firms trigger less trading volume during the event window post-reform, but enable more complete price reactions. We conclude that dividend tax induced lock-in, through discouraging short-term individual investors' trading, stabilizes the market and improves share price informativeness. JEL Classifications: G12; G14; G35; F38. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As representative varieties of the four phases of the super rice breeding project in China, Lianyoupei 9 (LYP9), Y Liangyou 1 (YLY1), Y Liangyou 2 (YLY2), and Y Liangyou 900 (YLY900) achieved higher yield under optimal cultivation techniques. However, the impact of these high-yield rice varieties on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under high-yield cultivation management practices remains poorly understood. In this study, we conducted field experiments to investigate CH4 and N2O emissions from paddies containing four elite rice varieties, managed with field drying at the ineffective tillering stage and alternate wet/dry irrigation at the grain-filling stage. The plants were fertilised with nitrogen (N) at three different rates. The results showed that CH4 emission was highest at the tillering stage. N2O emission flux was dramatically increased by field drying at the ineffective tillering stage, and with the rate of N application. Rice variety was among the most important factors affecting CH4 emission and global warming potential (GWP). N2O emission was mainly related to N application rate rather than rice variety. YLY2 achieved higher yield than LYP9, YLY1, and YLY900, and lower GHG emission than YLY900. Our results indicate that rice variety should be considered as a key factor to reduce GHG emissions from rice paddies under high-yield cultivation practices. Based on its high yield and low GHG emission at the study site, YLY2 may be an optimal rice variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined indoor air pollutants and their health effects on allergic rhinitis in 3194 employees of 226 bus station halls and then constructed a nomogram model to predict allergic rhinitis risk in those employees. Indoor air temperature, relative humidity, PM10, PM2.5, total bacteria, and total fungi were measured, and questionnaires were used to collect basic station information and employee health information. The results revealed that the over‐standard rates of PM10, PM2.5, total bacteria, and total fungi were 18.16%, 31.13%, 2.22%, and 55.89%, respectively. Seasonal variations were found in temperature, relative humidity, and PM2.5. Passenger flow could affect temperature, and total bacteria. Central air conditioning could affect total bacteria. A total of 15.90% of the employees were diagnosed as allergic rhinitis by physicians. Relative humidity, fungi, self‐reported allergic rhinitis symptoms, and exposure to smoking were the influencing factors for allergic rhinitis. These four variables were incorporated to construct a nomogram. The concordance index of the nomogram was 0.775 (95% CI: 0.745‐0.806) and 0.749 (95% CI: 0.715‐0.783) for the training cohort and test cohort, respectively. The calibration plot revealed that the nomogram model exhibited good discrimination and consistency. This nomogram model may help predict the occurrence of allergic rhinitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hypervirulent klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP) is responsible for various invasive diseases and associated with high mortality. However, the clinical and microbiological factors of hvKP infection that influence prognosis have not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality of patients with hvKP infections, mainly focusing on clinical and microbiological characteristics. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in hvKP strains which positive for iucA and string test. According to the clinical outcomes during hospitalization, hvKP-infected patients were divided into non-survivor and survivor groups. The clinical characteristics, capsule types, multi-locus sequence types (MLST), virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility were compared between those of the two groups. Results: A total of 135 patients were demonstrated to be with hvKP infections, with a prevalence rate of 22% among all the klebsiella pneumoniae infected cases. Sixteen of these patients died during hospitalization, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 11.9%. Univariate analysis confirmed that admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (p=0.008), antimicrobial resistance of hvKP to ampicillin/sulbactam (p=0.028), cefepime (p=0.033), aztreonam (p=0.049) and harboring iroN gene (p=0.023) were associated with in-hospital mortality. On the contrary, the rmpA gene showed an inverse association with in-hospital mortality (p=0.017). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that ICU admission (odds ratio [OR]=3.452, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.052– 11.329; P=0.041) and iroN carriage (OR=9.278, 95% CI=1.654– 52.035; P=0.011) were independent prognostic factors for the in-hospital mortality of patients with hvKP infections. Conclusion: Emerging hvKP infection may lead to relatively high in-hospital mortality. ICU admission and iroN carriage were independent prognostic factors for the in-hospital mortality of patients with hvKP infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wuliji'Oboo fluorite deposit is a newly discovered deposit hosted by volcanic rocks of the Early Cretaceous Baiyin'gaolao Formation, which are located in the Great Xing'an Range. Fluorite orebodies within this area are controlled by the NNE‐trending faults. The ΣREE of fluorite samples ranges from 19.18 to 361.22 ppm, with an average of 131.14 ppm. The homogenization temperatures are concentrated in the ranges of 100–150°C and 230–350°C, while the salinity is concentrated in 0.3–1.0 and 2.0–4.5 wt.% NaCl eqv., and the density has ranges of 0.92–0.96 and 0.75–0.8 g/cm3, respectively. The δDV‐SMOW values of fluid inclusions within the fluorite range between −122.3‰ and −105.6‰ with a mean of −115.36‰. The δ18OV‐SMOW of fluorite ranges from −12.0 to −8.5‰, average is −9.9‰. Sm–Nd isotopic data on the fluorite ore yield an isochron age of 122 ± 15 Ma and have ɛNd(t) values ranging from +3.15 to +4.16 and (87Sr/86Sr)i values ranging from 0.704907 to 0.705765. In this contribution, field, petrologic, and geochemical data lead us to the following salient findings: (a) The ore consists of fluorite, quartz, and calcite, with host rock alteration that includes silicification, calcitization, and sericitization. The major element data reveal that the host rocks are a series of highK calc‐alkaline rhyolite. The REEs suggest that F‐rich fluids in this region might have experienced a long‐distance migration. The Tb/Ca‐Tb/La diagram confirms a hydrothermal origin for the deposit. (b) Petrographic evidence and fluid inclusions in the fluorites indicate that this deposit might have two ore‐forming stages. The ore‐forming fluids can be attributed to a NaCl‐H2O‐F system with moderate‐low temperature, low salinity, and low density and have a meteoric water source, with water/rock reaction as the main mechanism for fluorite precipitation. (c) The deposit was formed in an anorogenic within‐plate extensional tectonic setting related to the lithospheric thinning occurring after the Mongolian–Okhotsk Ocean closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newly emerging NDM-5 confers increased antibiotic resistance and attracts extensive global attention, but the prevalence, dissemination mechanism, and clinical significance of NDM-5 among clinical Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections have not been thoroughly characterized to date. In the present study, 109 unique carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CR-EC) isolates were collected in Southwest China, from 2013 to 2017, among which 41 (37.61%) CR-EC isolates were identified as NDM-5-producers, with most isolates carrying the IncF-type plasmids. Molecular epidemiological studies revealed ST167 being the most common sequence type (ST). Moreover, we described the first report of a clinical CR-EC isolate co-harboring bla KPC–2 and bla NDM–5, which showed a higher level of resistance to carbapenems. In addition, bla NDM–5 plasmid transformation and conjugation indicated that bla NDM–5 itself did confer resistance to carbapenems. Complete sequencing of the bla NDM–5-harboring IncF plasmid revealed highly conserved regions (ble MBL- trpF - tat) and some transposons around bla NDM–5. Our findings revealed a new potential threat of NDM-5-postive CR-EC in mainland China and emphasized an urgent need to control their further spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite photovoltaics being a new type of green energy technology, the output of the photovoltaic industry has been declining year by year since 2018. Thus, China's photovoltaic industry must adapt to transformations from original extensive growth to the pursuit of high-quality energy. In order to accurately predict the installed capacity of photovoltaics in China, based on an extensive literature review and expert consultation, this paper is the first to construct a set of influencing factors that affect the photovoltaic industry, and we selected the main influencing factors as the predictive model's input through the grey correlation analysis method. Then, we provide a novel grid investment forecast named the CEEMD-ABC-LSSVM predictive model (a least squares support vector machine algorithm based on complete total empirical mode decomposition and an artificial bee colony algorithm). This algorithm is based on the traditional LSSVM algorithm. The ABC algorithm is used to optimize the parameters, while CEEMD decomposes the original time series to obtain multiple components. While maintaining the data information, the data are expanded and the training is fully carried out. Next, in the empirical analysis, by comparing the prediction results of LSSVM, ABC-LSSVM, and the EMD-ABC-LSSVM algorithm, we demonstrate that the CEEMD-ABC-LSSVM model has strong generalization capabilities and achieves good Chinese PV growth based on the predicted effects of the installed capacity. Finally, the CEEMD-ABC-LSSVM model was used to predict the installed PV capacity in China from 2019 to 2035. We find that China's installed PV capacity will surpass 4000 GW around 2035. As this installed capacity will increase year by year, China's PV industry development will maintain steady overall growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small Tail Han Sheep are an excellent local sheep breed in China, and their outstanding reproductive performance is one of their very important biological characteristics. Clarifying the ovary development process of these ewes should provide a theoretical basis for improving their reproductive efficiency. In this study, we identified the differentially expressed (DE) microRNAs (miRNAs) in 2-, 6-, and 12-month-old small-tail Han sheep ovaries by constructing and analyzing the miRNA expression profiles. These findings clarify the molecular mechanisms regulating the excellent reproductive performance of small-tail Han ewes. We used RNA-Seq technology and bioinformatic to analyze these profiles. Eleven, 13, and 19 DE miRNAs were identified in the 2- vs 6-, 6- vs 12-, and 2- vs 12-month-old ovaries, respectively. In total, 54, 37, and 198 predicted target genes of these DE miRNAs were identified in these three groups, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that in the 2- vs 6-month-old ovaries, the target genes of DE known sheep miRNAs were involved in 102 GO terms and seven signaling pathways; in the 6- vs 12-month-old ovaries, the target genes of DE known sheep miRNAs were involved in 52 GO terms and three signaling pathways; and in the 2- vs 12-month-old ovaries, the target genes of DE known sheep miRNAs were involved in 88 GO terms and six signaling pathways. Three miRNA–target regulatory networks were constructed based on these DE miRNA–target interactions. Nine miRNAs were selected to confirm to the accuracy of the miRNA sequencing data with qRT-PCR. The site at which oar-miR-432 binds RPS6KA1 was determined with a dual-luciferase system. This is the first integrated analysis the expression profiles of miRNAs and their targets during ovarian development in small-tail Han sheep. These data clarify the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying sheep ovarian development and identify biomarkers that influence the reproductive performance of small-tail Han ewes. • cDNA library was constructed in 2- vs 6-, 6 vs 12-, and 2- vs 12-month-old ovaries of Small Tail Han Sheep. • Eleven, 13, and 19 DE miRNAs and miRNA–targets were identified in 2- vs 6-, 6 vs 12-, and 2- vs 12-month-old ovaries respectively by RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses. • In total, 54, 37, and 198 predicted target genes of DE miRNAs were identified; also GO and KEGG analyses were showed. • Our study is the first to reveal that RPS6KA1 was targeted by oar-miR-432 and played an important role in Small Tail Han Sheep ovarian development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power is a clean and renewable resource, and it is rapidly becoming an important component of sustainable development and resource transfer. However, the construction of wind farms impacts the environment and has been the subject of considerable research. In this study, we verified whether China’s GF-2 HD satellite (GF-2) could be used to monitor the 10 million kilowatt wind power grassland construction area in Jiuquan City, Gansu Province. Monitoring was performed by comparing the imaging results from the Landsat 8 OLI and China’s GF-1 HD satellite (GF-1). We performed an interactive interpretation of the remote sensing images and verified the accuracy of these interpretations using measured field data. We evaluated 354 pieces of wind turbine equipment with an average construction density of 0.31 km 2 per device. The construction of a single wind turbine was found to damage nearly 3000 m 2 of grassland. The average area of grassland damaged by 3 MW and 1.5 MW turbines was 5757 m 2 and 2496 m 2 , respectively. Approximately 2.44 km 2 of farmland was occupied by wind power construction and accounted for approximately 2.2% of the study area. Roads covered 60.6% of the farmland occupied by wind power construction. The average difference between the measured and calculated GF-2 image data was 0.09, and the overall interpretation accuracy was approximately 84%. Therefore, the use of comprehensive imaging analyses and GF-2 image data are feasible for monitoring grasslands under construction for wind power. In addition, the impacts of wind farm construction on vegetation destruction and soil erosion are discussed. In this study, grassland wind farms are explored using remote sensing tools to guide decision making with regards to the rational use of grassland resources and their sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) scheduling for power equipment is based on some types of data in power system, such as the health condition of components, the load level of the substation and Life Cycle Cost (LCC), etc. Due to the lack of necessary data, traditional CBM strategy optimization models are usually established without enough data, and the optimization results are usually difficult to obtain the enough accuracy. With the development of Chinese power industry, the data volume in power system is increasing dramatically in recent years, and the power industry is undoubtedly entering the era of Big Data. To handle and store these increasing data, more and more data management systems have been developed for different application. For example, Energy Management System, Production Management System and Management Information System have been widely applied. The multi-source data in these systems gives an opportunity to improve the accuracy and rationality for CBM optimization results. Thus, it is of great significance to make full use of these data in maintenance strategy optimization process. This paper presents a new approach to optimize the CBM strategy for components in the substation. After analyzing the interconnection relations of different types of components, the substation is divided into different maintenance units, the components in the same unit can be maintained together. To quantitatively evaluate the reliability of the components before and after repaired, two failure rate calculation models based on Health Index (HI) and age reduction factor are established respectively, and all the alternative maintenance strategies for the abnormal components are proposed based on the location and severity of the faults or defects of the components. According to the theory of LCC, the CBM optimization model is established when determines the minimum total cost as the optimization goal during the maintenance period. The total cost consists of the reparation cost, the interruption cost and the maintenance cost. Finally, an application example in a 220 kV substation is proposed, and these multi-source data are fully applied in the optimization process. The calculation results indicate that these types of data have benefit to improve the accuracy and rationality of the optimization results, and the strategy after optimized can obviously improve both the power supply reliability and the economy of the substation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven new carbazole alkaloids, claulansines L-R ( 1 – 7 ), and six known analogues ( 8 – 13 ) were isolated from the stems of Clausena lansium . Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including UV, IR, and NMR experiments (HSQC, HMBC, and NOE experiment). Compound 7 showed moderate anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 , and 12 exhibited moderate hepatoprotective activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mixing state of black carbon aerosols (BC) has the largest uncertainty for climate forcing evaluation. In this study, a tandem observation, combining a centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) and a single particle soot photometer (SP2), was conducted to investigate the mixing state of BC in a coastal city in eastern China. First, particles with specific masses (1.0 fg, 2.1 fg, 4.5 fg, 9.7 fg, and 20.1 fg) were selected using CPMA and consecutively measured by SP2 to determine the corresponding BC mass (M BC) of the particle. The mass ratio (M R) of the coating matter to the BC core was used to indicate the coating thickness and aging degree of BC. The results showed that the M R value obtained from the CPMA-SP2 system was well correlated with the mixing state condition derived from the traditional lag-time method. However, the lag-time method tends to misclassify thickly to thinly coated BC as particles with larger masses. The M R generally increased as the mass of BC-containing particles increased. M R showed a clear diurnal pattern with a minimum at 8:00 and a maximum at 13:00 due to photochemical process during the daytime. The larger BC-containing particles had a much weaker diurnal pattern because other secondary processes may contribute more to the coatings for large BC-containing particles. The M R maintained a high value when the air mass was stagnant in the local area with high pollutant concentrations and high relative humidity (RH), while the M R was at its lowest value when the air mass was derived from the marine area with high RH and low pollutant concentrations. These observations suggest that the increase in M R is the result of the combined effect of high RH and high pollutant concentrations. [Display omitted] • Traditional lag-time method tends to misclassify thickly to thinly coated BC as particles with larger masses. • The increase of BC's coating needs the joint action of pollutants precursors, aging time and humidity. • The coating thickness of BC with larger masses had weaker diurnal pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to continuous spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide, long-term effective prevention and control measures should be adopted for public transport facilities, as they are increasing in popularity and serve as the principal modes for travel of many people. The human infection risk could be extremely high due to length of exposure time window, transmission routes and structural characteristics during travel or work. This can result in the rapid spread of the infection. Based on the transmission characteristics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the nature of public transport sites, we identified comprehensive countermeasures toward the prevention and control of COVID-19, including the strengthening of personnel management, personal protection, environmental cleaning and disinfection, and health education. Multi-pronged strategies can enhance safety of public transportation. The prevention and control of the disease during the use of public transportation will be particularly important when all countries in the world resume production. The aim of this study is to introduce experience of the prevention and control measures for public transportation in China to promote the global response to COVID-19. Image 1 • Comprehensive countermeasures have been identified, including: strengthening personnel management, personal protection, environmental cleaning and disinfection, health education. • Multi-pronged strategies can enhance safety during public transportation. • Experience of the prevention and control measures for public transportation in China have been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Permian–Triassic transition is concerned with a critical time interval during the evolutionary history of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the ecological underpinnings of terrestrial ecosystems during this time interval are poorly understood due to an impoverished fossil record. One of the more understudied episodes in the history of life is the ecological state of terrestrial ecosystems immediately before the Permian–Triassic ecological crisis. We address this issue by a quantitative study of a floral assemblage and its herbivorous insect damage based on 1086 plant specimens from the uppermost Permian of Southwest China. This bulk flora comprises 25 genera and 36 species of plants representing a typical, tropical rainforest vegetation of the upper Permian. We record 171 insect damage occurrences belonging to 24 distinctive damage types (DTs) from six functional feeding groups that were recognised in the flora. Statistical analyses of the occurrence, richness, diversity and frequency of DTs reveal that gigantopterids are the principal host plants for insect herbivores in the flora. Compared with other late Permian floras, a significant distinction of the insect damage spectrum can be recognised palaeolatitudinally based on the global position of phytogeographic regions. Despite the different, major targeted plant hosts in these floras, the richness and diversity of insect DTs and their herbivory levels from mid- to high latitudinal floras are remarkably lower than those of low latitudinal to equatorial floras. Our study indicates that terrestrial ecosystems from lower latitudes have higher levels of ecological complexity, and a distinct latitudinal gradient that probably was well established in terrestrial ecosystems during the late Permian. This assessment provides the first comprehensive overview of the ecological relationships among plants and insects, as well as their representation in terrestrial ecosystems of the late Paleozoic Cathaysia Flora. Unlabelled Image • This is the first quantitative study of late Permian plant-insect interactions from China. • 24 insect DTs of six FFGs were recognised on 15 host species in the flora. • Gigantopterids are the principal host plants for insect herbivores in the flora. • Latitudinal gradient is established in terrestrial ecosystems during the late Permian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hydrothermal apatite U–Pb age (208.1 ± 6.5 Ma) is coeval with peripheral intrusions. • C–O–S–Pb isotopes indicate a magmatic source for the ore fluid and material. • The Qukuleke is classified as a sediment-hosted intrusion-related deposit. • Intrusion-related Au ore system is a valuable target for regional exploration. Genetic classification of sediment-hosted Au deposits is often disputed in many orogenic belts around the world. The marine sediment-hosted Qukuleke Au deposit (>5 t Au) is an example of this, which has been attributed to orogenic or intrusion-related type. This paper addresses its metallogeny through detailed geologic and petrographic studies, together with apatite U–Pb dating and C–O–S–Pb isotopes. The hydrothermal paragenesis at Qukuleke is divided into three stages (I to III): Stage I (pre-ore) sheeted quartz veins; Stage II (main ore) pervasive sericite ± carbonate ± apatite ± pyrite ± arsenopyrite alteration associated with quartz–calcite ± stibnite veins; Stage III (post-ore) barren calcite veins. LA-ICP–MS hydrothermal apatite U–Pb dating on Stage II disseminated Au ore yielded 208.1 ± 6.5 Ma, coeval with the Late Triassic post-collisional intrusions from the periphery of Qukuleke deposit. Carbon–oxygen isotopes of Au–Sb ore-related hydrothermal calcite show that the hydrothermal fluids were derived from the marine carbonate ore host with considerable magmatic input. Lead–sulfur isotopes of the Au–Sb ore-related are consistent with those of coeval intrusions around the deposit, but different from those of the local sedimentary strata. Our age and geochemical data suggest the presence of a magma source that supplied the hydrothermal fluids, sulfur and metals for the mineralization. Combining the low sulfide content and the Au–As–W–Sb–Mo assemblage characteristics, the Qukuleke is best classified as a sediment-hosted intrusion-related Au deposit. Considering also the discovery of the large coeval Qukukekedong Au deposit nearby, we propose that Late Triassic intrusion-related Au system is a high-potential exploration target in the western EKOB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The region along the Taihang Mountains in the North China Plain (NCP) is characterized by serious fine particle pollution. To clarify the formation mechanism and controlling factors, an observational study was conducted to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the fine particulate matter in Jiaozuo city, China. Mass concentrations of the water-soluble ions (WSIs) in PM 2.5 and gaseous pollutant precursors were measured on an hourly basis from December 1, 2017, to February 27, 2018. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) model were employed to identify the sources of PM 2.5. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM 2.5 was 111 μg/m3 during the observation period. Among the major WSIs, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) constituted 62% of the total PM 2.5 mass, and NO 3 − ranked the highest with an average contribution of 24.6%. NH 4 + was abundant in most cases in Jiaozuo. According to chemical balance analysis, SO 4 2−, NO 3 −, and Cl− might be present in the form of (NH 4) 2 SO 4 , NH 4 NO 3 , NH 4 Cl, and KCl. The liquid-phase oxidation of SO 2 and NO 2 was severe during the haze period. The relative humidity and pH were the key factors influencing SO 4 2- formation. We found that NO 3 − mainly stemmed from homogeneous gas-phase reactions in the daytime and originated from the hydrolysis of N 2 O 5 in the nighttime, which was inconsistent with previous studies. The PMF model identified five sources of PM 2.5 : secondary origin (37.8%), vehicular emissions (34.7%), biomass burning (11.5%), coal combustion (9.4%), and crustal dust (6.6%). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor air quality (IAQ) of urban public transportation stations (UPTS) has adverse health impacts on the station employees and commuters. However, there is a lack of comprehensively evaluations of IAQ in waiting rooms of UPTS. Therefore, it is crucial to select appropriate air quality indexes (including fuzzy synthetic index (B), comprehensive index (P), I 1 index, and indoor air quality index (IAQI)) to assess air quality and potential health risks. Our study is a subsample of the CPPEHS 2019 study, which included 224 UPTS in 126 cities of China. We found that P index showed an excellent air quality rate of 95.96% in the railway stations and 83.19% in the inter-city bus stations. The P index was correlated with UPTS usage years, useable area, and per passenger useable area. Furthermore, waiting rooms in UPTS with good (OR = 1.9187, 95% CI: 1.1204, 3.2859) and bad (OR = 2.0854, 95% CI: 1.2182, 3.5698) air quality evaluated by P index had a higher risk of rhinitis compared to those with excellent air quality. Similarly, UPTS with good (OR = 2.2202, 95% CI: 1.3427, 3.6711), bad (OR = 1.7897, 95% CI: 1.0807, 2.9637), and serious (OR = 1.7478, 95% CI: 1.0098, 3.0250) air quality evaluated by P index were associated with a higher risk of pharyngitis. These findings suggested that P index is the optimal index for assessing air quality in UPTS, while IAQI may exaggerate indoor air pollution and the B index may underestimate it. Overall, this study aims to identify and evaluate the more suitable air quality index (P) in nationwide UPTS, providing valuable insights for control of IAQ and guiding the air quality management and standards. • The evaluation of indoor air quality in urban public transportation stations (UPTS) currently lacks a reliable index. • Four indoor air indexes were calculated to evaluate the air quality of UPTS. • Comprehensive index (P) is the optimal index to evaluate the air quality and health risks in UPTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern style subduction occurred within the northern margin of the Yangtze Craton at least by the late Neoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.50–2.45 Ga). Dehydration of subducting oceanic slab material caused the partial melting of the mantle wedge, with the resulting mantle-derived magmas underplating the overlying crustal, causing partial melting of this crustal material and the generation of calc-alkaline magmas, such as the protolith of the orthogneiss in the Feidong Complex in this study. Moreover, the dehydration of the subducting slab mantle at depth caused the partial melting of the overlying thickened lower crustal material and the generation of TTG magmas, such as the Douling TTG rocks. [Display omitted] • The northeastern Yangtze Craton contains ca. 2.45 Ga igneous basement rocks. • These igneous basement rocks are calc-alkaline and have arc-type affinities. • They formed as a result of partial melting of both mantle and crustal material. • This arc-type magmatism suggests that modern-style subduction operated at least as early as ca. 2.45 Ga in the Yangtze Craton. The late Neoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Yangtze Craton remains poorly constrained as a result of the poor exposure of contemporaneous basement rocks. This study presents new zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic data and whole–rock geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic data for orthogneisses from the Feidong Complex of the northeastern Yangtze Craton. Two orthogneiss samples yielded weighted mean ages of 2416 ± 21 and 2436 ± 21 Ma, respectively, indicating the timing of protolith formation. These samples contain relatively high concentrations of SiO 2 (54.04–63.25 wt%), but low concentrations of Na 2 O (3.29–4.12 wt%) and K 2 O (1.87–2.84 wt%), indicating they are calc–alkaline intermediate rocks. They are enriched in the light ion lithophile elements (LILE) and the light rare earth elements (LREE) but are depleted in Nb–Ta, Ti, the heavy REE (HREE), and Y. They also plot within the arc affinity fields of (La/Yb) N vs. (Yb) N and Sr/Y vs. Y diagrams, consistent with their relatively high Th/Yb and Ta/Yb and low Ce/Pb and Nb/U values, all of which are indicative of rocks formed by arc–type magmatism. The two orthogneiss samples have zircon ε Hf (t) values that vary between –6.83 and +2.54 with two–stage model ages (T DM2) of 3.35–2.79 (peak at 3.2 Ga) and with similar Nd isotopic compositions. The high total REE contents and Nb–Ta depletions within the orthogneiss samples may reflect derivation from magmas sourced from regions containing fluids released from a subducting slab. These data indicate that the calc–alkaline protoliths of these orthogneisses formed from magmas generated by the partial melting of mantle wedge material driven by the addition of fluid released from a subducted slab. This process induced the partial melting of ca. 3.2 Ga lower crustal material in a manner similar to that associated with modern arc–type magmatism. Taken collectively, the regional magmatism recorded by the ca. 2.50–2.47 Ga tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses of the Douling Complex, the ca. 2.45 Ga calc–alkaline arc-type magmatic rocks in the Feidong Complex, and contemporaneous metamorphism within the north margin of Yangtze Craton all provide evidence that modern–style subduction occurred within the northeastern Yangtze Craton between the late Neoarchean and the early Paleoproterozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential formaldehyde pollution is one of the leading residential harmful pollutants with a large production and consumption globally and remains much uncertainty in Chinese families with huge health burden for children worldwide. A multi-center observation study from 11 cities was conducted to investigate residential formaldehyde pollution levels measured by phenol reagent spectrophotometry. Data on household characteristics and schoolchildren's health were collected by questionnaire. The median concentration of residential formaldehyde was 0.025 (0.002–0.281) mg/m3 among 11 cities with the total exceeding standard rate of 7.40% according to the reference value of 0.10 mg/m3 (1-h average). Residential formaldehyde pollution in warm season, bedrooms and northern cities was more serious than that in cold season, living rooms and southern cities, respectively. The potential influencing factors of residential formaldehyde included household characteristics (distance from a traffic road, building history, residence duration, window glass layers, decoration and furniture) and use of air conditioner. The positive regulation effect of temperature on residential formaldehyde was explored with the approximately turning-point temperature of 28.9 °C for peak concentration. Long-term exposure to residential formaldehyde of low concentrations (0.010–0.090 mg/m3) would increase the prevalence of childhood pneumonia and a more stringent criteria value for residential formaldehyde should be discussed cautiously. • Serious residential formaldehyde pollution under actual living scenario across China. • Higher residential formaldehyde concentration in warm season and bedrooms. • Higher residential formaldehyde related to crowded traffic, more decoration and double glazing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential airborne culturable bacteria (RAB) are commonly used to assess indoor microbial loads, which is a very effective and recognized indicator of public concern about residential air quality. Many countries and organizations have set exposure limits for residential bacteria. Nevertheless, few studies have been conducted in multicenter cities about the distribution and influencing factors of RAB. It is a challenge to investigate the distribution of RAB and identify the association between indoor influencing variables and RAB in China. The current finding implied the comparative results from a one-year on-site survey of 12 cities in China. The concentration of RAB ranged from 0 CFU/m3 to 18,078 CFU/m3, with an arithmetic median of 350 CFU/m3. RAB concentrations were more in the warm season than those in the cold season, and were more in the bedrooms than those in the living rooms. Indoor environmental indicators (including PM 2.5 and PM 10) showed the mediating role in the process of temperature and relative humidity effects on RAB.. Influential factors including family-related information (income), architectural characteristics (house type, building history, living floor, the layers of window glass, and decoration) and lifestyle behaviors (heating, new furniture, incense-burned, insecticides-used, air condition-used, and plants-growed) were related with the concentration of RAB. This study presents essential data on the distribution of RAB in some Chinese cities, and reveals the residential influential factors that might minimize health risk from RAB. • Residential airborne culturable bacteria (RAB) poses a non-negligible health risk. • RAB is more in bedrooms than in living rooms. • PM has a mediating role in the effects of temperature and humidity on RAB. • Architectural characteristics and lifestyle behaviors may influence RAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Monzogranite from the Emeishan pluton (ca. 815 Ma) is the A-type granites affinity. • The Emeishan diabase dyke (ca. 815 Ma) have WPB geochemical characteristic. • The igneous assemblage provides an important record of within plate rifting. • A-type affinity granites discovered from margin to interior of Yangtze Block. • The plutons from the intra-plate and margin suggesting in the same tectonic setting. The western Yangtze Block, South China is characterized by voluminous Neoproterozoic extension-related volcano-sedimentary sequences and intrusions (e.g. Emeishan granitoid intrusion) and spatially associated mafic dykes. The origin and tectonic setting of Emeishan granitoid intrusion and mafic dykes in the Yangtze Block is poorly study. Understanding the origin and geodynamic setting of dykes and granitoid intrusion are significant in deciphering thermal structure and composition of mantle, tectonic evolution as well as crustal growth processes in the Yangtze Block. SIMS Zircon U–Pb dating of Emeishan granitoid intrusion and mafic dykes suggests that the granitoids (ca. 818 Ma) and mafic dykes (ca. 814 Ma) are contemporaneous. Compositionally, the Emeishan granitoids are restricted and characterized by high SiO 2 (69.11–70.50 wt%), Na 2 O + K 2 O (3.52–4.13%) and Al 2 O 3 (14.16–14.47%), but low CaO (1.78–2.03%), MgO (0.72–0.91%) contents. They feature strong LREE-enrichment (La/Yb N = 7.2–12.3) in conjunction with negative Eu anomalies. The mafic dykes have low SiO 2 (48.09–48.65 wt%), K 2 O (1.94–2.12 wt%) and Na 2 O (1.64–1.75 wt%) contents, and high Mg# (61.67–62.26). On primitive mantle-normalized trace element plot, they are characterized by enrichment of LILEs and depletion of HFSEs. Both the mafic dykes and granitoids record similar zircon ε Hf (t) values (+2.2 to +12.1, +1.4 to +6.8), and zircon δ18O values (4.47‰ and 10.41‰, 4.49‰ and 12.05‰, respectively). The rifting-related geochemical signature of the Emeishan pluton and contemporaneous margin and intra-plate plume-related magmatism suggest that they were derived from mantle melting in extensional tectonic setting during mid-Neoproterozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Salviae miltiorrhizae is one of the most commonly used herbal plants in the treatment of numerous ailments including cardiovascular diseases for hundreds of years. According to the theory of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, S. miltiorrhizae is always used in combination with borneol to obtain better pharmacological effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of borneol on the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability of S. miltiorrhizae. The pharmacokinetics studying on rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B which are the main active compounds of S. miltiorrhizae in rat plasma, was achieved using a optimal high-performance liquid chromatographic technique coupled with liquid–liquid extraction method. After administration of either single salvianolic acids or salvianolic acids in combination with borneol, plasma concentrations of rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B of male Sprague–Dawley rats were determined at different time points (5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360min). In comparison with salvianolic acid extract alone, there were statistically significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters of rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B and salvianolic acid A, and the bioavailability of the three salvianolic acids increased by different degrees when the salvianolic acid extract and borneol were administered together. These results indicated that borneol could enhance the intestinal absorption, decrease the distribution and inhibit the metabolism of salvianolic acids. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Precipitable water vapor (PWV) is a crucial variable in water and energy transfers between the surface and atmosphere, and it is sensitive to climate and environmental changes. Among various PWV monitoring techniques, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5 (ERA5)-derived PWV, with a spatial resolution of 0.25 × 0.25°, has excellent spatiotemporal continuity. However, its accuracy has relatively large uncertainties, and its spatial resolution is inadequate for small regions such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose machine learning-based modification and downscaling methods to improve the accuracy and spatial resolution of ERA5-derived PWV. First, a modification model based on a back propagation neural network (BPNN) was proposed to improve the accuracy of ERA5-derived PWV. The results showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) of ERA5-derived PWV decreased from 2.83 mm to 2.24 mm in China, i.e., an improvement of 20.8%. In the TP region, the RMSE decreased from 2.92 mm to 1.96 mm, and the improvement was 32.9%. Subsequently, a BPNN-based downscaling model was established using the modified ERA5-derived PWV to generate PWV with a 6-hourly, 0.1° × 0.1° spatiotemporal resolution in the TP region. Compared with global navigation satellite system-derived PWV, the RMSE of the generated PWV was 2.13 mm. The spatial distribution of BPNN-derived PWV based on the downscaling method exhibited suitable stability in the TP region, indicating that the proposed method could significantly improve the accuracy and spatial resolution of ERA5-derived PWV in the TP region. • A BPNN-based modification model was proposed to improve accuracy of ERA5-PWV. • A BPNN-based downscaling model was established to improve spatial resolution of PWV. • The RMS improvements of ERA5-PWV were 20.8% and 32.9% in China and TP, respectively. • The spatial resolution of PWV improved 2.5-fold using the proposed downscaling model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A better understanding of the origin and evolution of widespread Neoproterozoic granites along the western margin of the Yangtze Block is important in locating the position of South China within the Rodinia Supercontinent, and the mechanism by which the supercontinent was fragmented. Published and our new detailed geochronological and geochemical data from the Dengganping Complex show that it formed during an extended magmatic event during the Neoproterozoic. This was during the emplacement of a fractionated ca. 815 Ma syenogranite, which was followed by partial melting during ca. 740 Ma and the emplacement of a biotite monzogranite. The geochemistry of the syenogranite indicates it is: (1) a peraluminous high-K type of granite; (2) calc-alkaline; (3) fractionated; (4) enriched in Th, U, Zr, Hf and LREE (LREE/HREE values of 5.3–9); (5) depleted in Nb and Sr; (6) has a negative Eu anomaly (δEu = 0.3–0.5); (7) has whole rock ε Nd (t) value of −0.7 to +0.5; (8) has zircon ε Hf (t) value of −1.7 to +5.2; and (9) has zircon 18O values ranging from 5.13 to 7.38‰. These characteristics are indicative of a source derived from the partial melting of crustal material. The biotite monzogranite is: (i) peraluminous calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline; (ii) enriched in LREE (LREE/HREE = 9.9–14.6), Rb, Ba, Th and U; (iii) depleted in Nb and Ta; (iv) has weak negative δEu and δCe anomalies; (v) has whole rock ε Nd (t) value of between −3.2 and −1.8; has relatively high positive zircon ε Hf (t) values of +4.1 to +13; and has zircon 18O values ranging from 3.44 to 6.75‰. These features are indicative of partial melting of a juvenile mafic crust that might have experienced a high-temperature water-rock interaction. By comparing the geochronology of Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks along the faulted western margin of the Yangtze Block, it is suggested that the region was part of the Rodinia Supercontinent when it started to breakup during widespread rifting between ca. 825 and 710 Ma. We believe the fault zone formed in response to an opening ocean was induced by the presence of a mantle plume during this period. Unlabelled Image • The Dengganping granitic complex is genetically related to the breakup of Rodinia. • The ca. 815 Ma syenogranite was emplaced in the early stages of Rodinia's breakup. • The fragmentation continued when the ca. 740 Ma biotite monzogranite was emplaced. • The fragmentation relates to a mantle plume opening an ocean west of South China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The end-Permian mass extinction is the greatest biotic crisis in Earth history causing the extinction of a large number of marine and terrestrial animals globally. However, how land plants responded to the catastrophe remains controversial. The successive plant-bearing beds in China provide a unique window into the great vegetation change through the critical Permian–Triassic time interval. A notable monospecific vegetation comprising a new isoetalean, Tomiostrobus sinensis Feng, is documented from the lowermost part of the coastal Kayitou Formation in Southwest China. The new plant is a diminutive, heterosporous lycophyte, which formed ground-covering communities infringing the oligotrophic lakes along coastal regions. The apparent occurrence of T. sinensis immediately above the uppermost coal bed demonstrates that the enigmatic gigantopterid-dominated rainforest ecosystem suddenly collapsed and was replaced by the isoetalean-dominated herbaceous vegetation in the tropics of the eastern Tethys. Our study indicates that the magnitude of vegetation response to the end-Permian mass extinction in different palaeophytogeographic regions is probably largely affected by the latitudinal gradients of biodiversity and ecological stress. Because of the complexity of local palaeoenvironmental, palaeoclimatic and palaeotopographic conditions, it is unlikely that a unified global pattern and timing of land plant response to the end-Permian mass extinction can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fluorites from Gudongkeng fluorite deposits yields Sm–Nd geochronology of 73 ± 3 Ma. • The host rock syenogranites was emplaced in the 100 ± 1 Ma by zircon U-Pb age. • Ore-forming fluids can be at least partly attributed to a NaCl–H 2 O–CaF 2 system. • Meteoric source with water/rock reaction as the main mechanism for fluorite precipitation. • The deposit was formed during the Late Cretaceous and is linked to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate. Southeast China with its widespread occurrences of Mesozoic igneous rocks, is one of the largest magmatic provinces worldwide, containing a large variety of mineral types, including hypothermal W-Sn, porphyry Cu, epithermal Au deposits. The Gudongkeng deposit is an example consisting of fluorite mineralisation trending SE over a distance of about 6 km. The major minerals in the deposit include fluorite and calcite of a hydrothermal origin and interpreted as a vein-type deposit associated with the Linghou Granite that yields a zircon U–Pb date of 100 ± 1 Ma, but intriguingly the fluorite yields an Sm–Nd isochron age of 73 ± 3 Ma, placing the genesis of the fluorite as a post-magmatic event. Fluid inclusions in the fluorite have low homogenisation temperatures of 104–195° C, salinities of 0.5 to 2.24 wt% NaCl eqv., and densities of 0.67–0.94 g/cm3. The inclusions contain NaCl–H 2 O–CaF 2 with δD V-SMOW values between −64.3 and-50.1‰ and δ18O V-SMOW values between −7.6 and −2‰. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the fluorite range from 0.709816 to 0.710165 are characteristic of a crustal contribution. The ore-forming fluids can be mainly attributed to a NaCl–H 2 O–CaF 2 system of moderate to low temperature, low salinity, and low density. The ore-forming fluid has a meteoric water source, with the reaction between the fluid and wallrocks being the main mechanism for fluorite precipitation at relatively low temperatures. Gudongkeng is a low temperature epithermal deposit which was formed in an extensional setting within the Cathaysia Block during the Late Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health hazards caused by metal exposure in household dust are concerning environmental health problems. Exposure to toxic metals in household dust imposes unclear but solid health risks, especially for children. In this multicenter cross-sectional study, a total of 250 household dust samples were collected from ten stratified cities in China (Panjin, Shijiazhuang, Qingdao, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Ningbo, Xi'an, Wuxi, Mianyang, Shenzhen) between April 2018 and March 2019. Questionnaire was conducted to gather information on individuals' living environment and health status in real-life situations. Multivariate logistic regression and principal component analysis were conducted to identify risk factors and determine the sources of metals in household dust. The median concentration of five metals in household dust from 10 cities ranged from 0.03 to 73.18 μg/g. Among the five heavy metals, only chromium in household dust of Mianyang was observed significantly both higher in the cold season and from the downwind households. Mercury, cadmium, and chromium were higher in the third-tier cities, with levels of 0.08, 0.30 and 97.28 μg/g, respectively. There were two sources with a contribution rate of 38.3 % and 25.8 %, respectively. Potential risk factors for increased metal concentration include long residence time, close to the motorway, decoration within five years, and purchase of new furniture within one year. Under both moderate and high exposure scenarios, chromium showed the highest level of exposure with 6.77 × 10 -4 and 2.28 × 10 -3  mg·kg -1 ·d -1 , and arsenic imposed the highest lifetime carcinogenic risk at 1.67 × 10 -4 and 3.17 × 10 -4 , respectively. The finding highlighted the priority to minimize childhood exposure of arsenic from household dust., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Prorocentrum shikokuense (formerly P. donghaiense) is a pivotal dinoflagellate species associating with the HABs in the East China Sea. The complexity of its large nuclear genome hindered us from understanding its genomic characteristics. Full-length transcriptome sequencing offers a practical solution to decipher the physiological mechanisms of a species without the reference genome. In this study, we employed single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology to sequence the full-length transcriptome of Prorocentrum shikokuense. We successfully generated 41.73 Gb of clean SMRT sequencing reads and isolated 105,249 non-redundant full-length non-chimeric reads. Our trial has led to the identification of 11,917 long non-coding RNA transcripts, 514 alternative splicing events, 437 putative transcription factor genes from 17 TF gene families, and 34,723 simple sequence repeats. Additionally, a total of 78,265 open reading frames were identified, of them 15,501 were the protein coding sequences. This dataset is valuable for annotating P. shikokuense genome, and will contribute significantly to the in-depth studies on the molecular mechanisms underlining the dinoflagellate bloom formation., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

To understand the macrozoobenthic community composition and spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of macrobenthos in the waters of Miaodao Archipelago, Yantai, Shandong and its response to habitat changes, we conducted surveys of macrobenthos and environmental elements in the waters of Miaodao Islands in May (spring), August (summer), and October (autumn) in 2022. Results showed that a total of 127 macrozoobenthic species were recorded, with Mollusca and Annelida (Polychaeta) as the dominant taxa, consisting of 47 and 45 species, respectively. The key dominant species included Sternaspis chinensis , Glycinde bonhourei , Moerella hilaris , and Amphioplus ( Lymanella ) japonicus . The average annual density and biomass of macrozoobenthos were 190 ind·m -2 and 28.69 g·m -2 , respectively. There was no significant seasonal differences in density and biomass. The Shannon diversity index ( H ), evenness index ( J ), and richness index ( D ) averaged 3.10, 0.90, and 2.40, respectively. Cluster analysis results showed low similarity coefficients of community among the three seasons, suggesting a distinct distribution pattern. Factors such as bottom seawater temperature, chlorophyll a, nutrient, sediment grain size, and organic matter content could significantly influence the structure and diversity of macrozoobenthic community. Compared with historical research data, the Changdao National Wetland Nature Reserve and the implementation of enclosure aquaculture have led to notable changes in the dominant species of macrobenthos. Specifically, there was a noticeable decline in both density and H , and an increase in biomass and J . Additionally, body size of benthic fauna was transitioning from small to big.

In recent years, many cities have taken measures to reduce volatile organic compounds (VOCs), an important precursor of ozone (O 3 ), to alleviate O 3 pollution in China. 116 VOC species were measured by online and offline methods in the urban area of Jiaozuo from May to October in 2021 to analyze the compositional characteristics. VOC sources were analyzed by a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, and the sensitivity of ozone generation was determined by ozone isopleth plotting research (OZIPR) simulation. The results showed that the average volume concentration of total VOCs was 30.54 ppbv and showed a bimodal feature due to the rush-hour traffic in the morning and at nightfall. The most dominant VOC groups were oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs, 29.3%) and alkanes (26.7%), and the most abundant VOC species were acetone and acetylene. However, based on the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method, the major VOC groups in terms of ozone formation potential (OFP) contribution were OVOCs (68.09 µg/m 3 , 31.5%), aromatics (62.90 µg/m 3 , 29.1%) and alkene/alkynes (54.90 µg/m 3 , 25.4%). This indicates that the control of OVOCs, aromatics and alkene/alkynes should take priority. Five sources of VOCs were quantified by PMF, including fixed sources of fossil fuel combustion (27.8%), industrial processes (25.9%), vehicle exhaust (19.7%), natural and secondary formation (13.9%) and solvent usage (12.7%). The empirical kinetic modeling approach (EKMA) curve obtained by OZIPR on O 3 exceedance days indicated that the O 3 sensitivity varied in different months. The results provide theoretical support for O 3 pollution prevention and control in Jiaozuo., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and integrons in 157 Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains isolated from feces of captive musk deer from 2 farms (Dujiang Yan and Barkam) in Sichuan province. Result showed that 91.72% (144/157) strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 24.20% (38/157) strains were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The antibiotics that most E. coli strains were resistant to was sulfamethoxazole (85.99%), followed by ampicillin (26.11%) and tetracycline (24.84%). We further detected 13 ARGs in the 157 E. coli strains, of which blaTEM had the highest occurrence (91.72%), followed by aac(3')-Iid (60.51%) and blaCTX-M (16.56%). Doxycycline, chloramphenicol, and ceftriaxone resistance were strongly correlated with the presence of tetB, floR and blaCTX-M, respectively. The strongest positive association among AMR phenotypes was ampicillin/cefuroxime sodium (OR, 828.000). The strongest positive association among 16 pairs of ARGs was sul1/floR (OR, 21.667). Nine pairs positive associations were observed between AMR phenotypes and corresponding resistance genes and the strongest association was observed for CHL/floR (OR, 301.167). Investigation of integrons revealed intl1 and intl2 genes were detected in 10.19% (16/157) and 1.27% (2/157) E. coli strains, respectively. Only one type of gene cassettes (drA17-aadA5) was detected in class 1 integron positive strains. Our data implied musk deer is a reservoir of ARGs and positive associations were common observed among E. coli strains carrying AMRs and ARGs., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a common complication of elbow trauma that can affect limb mobility. Inflammation is an initiating factor for HO formation. Tranexamic acid (TXA) can reduce the inflammatory response after orthopaedic surgery. However, evidence regarding the effectiveness of TXA use for HO prevention after elbow trauma surgery is lacking., Methods: This retrospective observational propensity-score-matched (PSM) cohort study was conducted from July 1, 2019, to June 30, 2021, at the National Orthopedics Clinical Medical Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. A total of 640 patients who underwent surgery following elbow trauma were evaluated. The present study excluded patients with an age of <18 years; those with a history of elbow fracture; those with a central nervous system injury, spinal cord injury, burn injury, or destructive injury; and those who had been lost to follow-up. After 1:1 matching on the basis of sex, age, dominant arm, injury type, open injury, comminuted fracture, ipsilateral trauma, time from injury to surgery, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, the TXA group and the no-TXA group comprised 241 patients each., Results: In the PSM population, the prevalence of HO was 8.71% in the TXA group and 16.18% in the no-TXA group (with rates of 2.07% and 5.80% for clinically important HO, respectively). Logistic regression analyses showed that TXA use was associated with a lower rate of HO (odds ratio [OR], 0.49; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.86; p = 0.014) than no TXA use, as well as with a lower rate of clinically important HO (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.91; p = 0.044). None of the baseline covariates significantly affected the relationship between TXA use and HO rate (p > 0.05 for all). Sensitivity analyses supported these findings., Conclusions: TXA prophylaxis may be an appropriate method for the prevention of HO following elbow trauma., Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest forms are provided with the online version of the article ( http://links.lww.com/JBJS/H506 )., (Copyright © 2023 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated.)

Household dust is an important source of premature exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), especially for children. In this onsite study, 246 dust samples were collected from 224 households in nine Chinese cities during 2018-2019. Questionnaires were administered to explore the association between household-related information and PBDEs in household dust. The median concentration of Σ 12 PBDEs in household dust from 9 cities was 138 ng/g (94-227 ng/g), with the arithmetic mean of 240 ± 401 ng/g. Among the nine cities, the highest median concentration of Σ 12 PBDEs in household dust was found in Mianyang (295.57 ng/g), while the lowest was found in Wuxi (23.15 ng/g). BDE-71 was the most dominant congener, ranging from 42.08 % to 98.15 % of the 12 PBDE congeners among 9 cities. Three potential sources for the indoor environment were Penta-BDE, Octa-BDE commercial products, and photolytic bromine from Deca-BDEs based on the largest contribution (81.24 %). Under the moderate exposure scenario, the exposure levels through ingestion and dermal absorption for children were 7.30 × 10 -1  ng/kg BW/day and 3.26 × 10 -2  ng/kg BW/day, respectively. Temperature, CO 2 , years of residence, income, family size, household size, use of computers, heating, use of insecticide, and use of humidifiers were influential factors for PBDE concentrations in household dust. Based on the evidence of the correlation between PBDEs and these household parameters, it can be applied to reduce PBDE concentrations in household dust, which is a basis for controlling PBDEs pollution in Chinese households and protecting population health., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are typical residential pollutants mainly from biofuel combustion that impose inevitable risk to children. The PAHs in residential dust is universal in most Chinese households with an obvious public health concern., Methods: In this observational study, a total of 235 residential dust samples from 8 Chinese cities (Panjin, Shijiazhuang, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Xi'an, Wuxi, Mianyang, and Shenzhen) were collected from April 2018 to March 2019, which were extracted and analyzed for 16 priority PAHs by HPLC/FD-UV. Diagnostic ratios, hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis were applied simultaneously for source apportionments. Incremental lifetime cancer risk was employed to estimate children's health risks based on the assumed exposure scenarios. Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test and Partial Least Squares were used to screen the factors affecting the concentration of PAHs in residential dust., Results: The median concentration of ∑ 16 PAHs in residential dust from 8 cities was 44.11 μg/g (0.04 - 355.79 μg/g). ∑ 16 PAHs were found both higher in dust samples in heating season and from downwind households only in Mianyang (p < 0.05). The leading two sources of PAHs were combustion processes and automobile exhaust emissions based on four principal components that accounted for 74.29 % of the total variance. Indoor air environmental factors, household characteristics, and residents' behavioral lifestyles may be the influencing factors of residential dust PAHs. The carcinogenic risk of children aged 0 - 5 years, under the moderate exposure level of PAHs in residential dust, exceeded the acceptable level (10 -5 - 10 -4 for dermal contact and 10 -6 - 10 -5 for ingestion)., Conclusions: There was serious PAHs pollution in residential dust under actual living conditions in eight cities across China. More evidence-based measures were needed to control PAHs pollution to safeguard children's health according to appointed sources and influencing factors in residential dust., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Xianliang Wang reports financial support was provided by The National Natural Science Foundation of China., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

With rapid growth, green economic recovery has been a key agenda for the globe. However, the price volatility for natural resources plays a significant role in reshaping the green recovery. Therefore, the current study investigates the impact of green recovery, hum, a capital index, GDP growth, foreign direct investment and inflation on natural resource volatility in China from 1995 to 2020. In order to investigate the long-term association among selected variables, this study employs the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model. In addition, the current research uses the Aikaik information (AIC) criteria for the model selections. Obtained outcomes show the significant contribution of green recovery, human capital, GDP growth, FDI and inflation increase the natural resource price volatility level. However, to validate the results of ARDL, this study also used the ECM approach and validated the prior findings. On behalf of outcomes, the current study implies some imperative policies to attain the desired objective for green growth., Competing Interests: The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Liu.)

Aims: Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a common complication after elbow trauma and can cause severe upper limb disability. Although multiple prognostic factors have been reported to be associated with the development of post-traumatic HO, no model has yet been able to combine these predictors more succinctly to convey prognostic information and medical measures to patients. Therefore, this study aimed to identify prognostic factors leading to the formation of HO after surgery for elbow trauma, and to establish and validate a nomogram to predict the probability of HO formation in such particular injuries., Methods: This multicentre case-control study comprised 200 patients with post-traumatic elbow HO and 229 patients who had elbow trauma but without HO formation between July 2019 and December 2020. Features possibly associated with HO formation were obtained. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model was used to optimize feature selection. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to build the new nomogram: the Shanghai post-Traumatic Elbow Heterotopic Ossification Prediction model (STEHOP). STEHOP was validated by concordance index (C-index) and calibration plot. Internal validation was conducted using bootstrapping validation., Results: Male sex, obesity, open wound, dislocations, late definitive surgical treatment, and lack of use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were identified as adverse predictors and incorporated to construct the STEHOP model. It displayed good discrimination with a C-index of 0.80 (95% confidence interval 0.75 to 0.84). A high C-index value of 0.77 could still be reached in the internal validation. The calibration plot showed good agreement between nomogram prediction and observed outcomes., Conclusion: The newly developed STEHOP model is a valid and convenient instrument to predict HO formation after surgery for elbow trauma. It could assist clinicians in counselling patients regarding treatment expectations and therapeutic choices. Cite this article: Bone Joint J  2022;104-B(8):963-971.

Cross-boundary transport of air pollution is a difficult issue in pollution control for the North China Plain. In this study, an industrial district (Shahe City) with a large glass manufacturing sector was investigated to clarify the relative contribution of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) to the city's high levels of pollution. The Nest Air Quality Prediction Model System (NAQPMS), paired with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), was adopted and applied with a spatial resolution of 5 km. During the study period, the mean mass concentrations of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , and NO 2 were observed to be 132.0, 76.1, and 55.5 μg/m 3 , respectively. The model reproduced the variations in pollutant concentrations in Shahe at an acceptable level. The simulation of online source-tagging revealed that pollutants emitted within a 50-km radius of downtown Shahe contributed 63.4% of the city's total PM 2.5 concentration. This contribution increased to 73.9±21.2% when unfavorable meteorological conditions (high relative humidity, weak wind, and low planetary boundary layer height) were present; such conditions are more frequently associated with severe pollution (PM 2.5 ≥ 250 μg/m 3 ). The contribution from Shahe was 52.3±21.6%. The source apportionment results showed that industry (47%), transportation (10%), power (17%), and residential (26%) sectors were the most important sources of PM 2.5 in Shahe. The glass factories (where chimney stack heights were normally < 70 m) in Shahe contributed 32.1% of the total PM 2.5 concentration in Shahe. With an increase in PM 2.5 concentration, the emissions from glass factories accumulated vertically and narrowed horizontally. At times when pollution levels were severe, the horizontally influenced area mainly covered Shahe. Furthermore, sensitivity tests indicated that reducing emissions by 20%, 40%, and 60% could lead to a decrease in the mass concentration of PM 2.5 of of 12.0%, 23.8%, and 35.5%, respectively., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)