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Acid rain is a problem of increasing agricultural, environmental, and ecological concerns worldwide. This study investigated impacts of simulated acid rain (SAR) on cation leaching from the Latosol in south China. Latosol is an acidic red soil and occurs in the tropical rainforest biome. Laboratory experiments were performed by leaching the soil columns with the SAR at a pH range from 2. 5 to 7. 0 over a 21-day period. A linear increase in effluent K+ concentration was found at the SAR pH ⩽3. 0, whereas an exponential decrease in effluent Na+ concentration was observed at all levels of the SAR pH. In general, leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the Latosol increased as the SAR pH decreased. There was a very good nonlinear correlation between the removal of soil K+ and the SAR pH (R 2 =0. 91), a good nonlinear correlation between the removal of soil Mg+2 and the SAR pH (R 2 =0. 83), a fairly good nonlinear correlation between the removal of soil Ca+2 and the SAR pH (R 2 =0. 56), and no correlation between the removal of soil Na+ and the SAR pH (R 2 =0. 06). Our study further revealed that the removal of soil cations such as K+, Ca+2, and Mg+2 can be quantified by the quadratic polynomial equations. In addition, impacts of the SAR on cation leaching depended not only on the SAR pH but also on the original soil pH. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To evaluate the risk of the occurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cervical cancer in the oral HPV carriers through a population-based investigation in Shanghai., Methods: A total of 1200 cases of outpatients who attended the annual cervical examination and 50 preoperational cases of inpatients with CINIII or invasive cervical cancer were enrolled from three clinical centers in Shanghai. The oral HPV infection was determined by real-time PCR. In 1200-case cross-sectional study, the incidence rate of CIN was compared between the oral HPV positive and negative cohort. In 1250-case case-control study, the positive rate of oral HPV DNA test was compared among normal control group, CINI-III, and invasive cancer case groups, and all odds ratio (OR) values were calculated, respectively. The HPV transmission-related demographic and behavioral characters of the oral HPV carriers were also analyzed., Results: The oral HPV carriers accounted for 5.9% (71/1200) of the investigated outpatients. The oral HPV DNA positive rates were gradually increased with the cervical disease grades, which were 5.8% (68/1182, normal), 2/13 (CIN I), 1/5 (CINII), 31.4% (11/35, CINIII) and 5/15 (invasive cancer). In cross-sectional cohort studies, the relative risks (RR) of CINI,II were 2.9 and 4.0 for oral HPV carriers, respectively. In case-control study, the OR values for CINI-III and invasive cervical cancer were 3.1(95%CI: 1.6-10.1), 4.2(95%CI: 1.7-28.4), 7.1(95%CI: 4.8-19.8) and 10.1(95%CI: 3.2-32.1), respectively. The oral sex and multi-sexual partner were two major risk factors for the oral and cervical HPV co-infection, HPV-related cervical cancer and precancerous diseases according to behavioral analysis., Conclusions: There are complicated transmission pathways between oral and cervical HPV. Oral HPV carriers should be intensively followed up and their oral HPV infection and HPV-related cervical diseases should be treated together.