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To provide a more comprehensive reconstruction of China's energy consumption, this paper built a machine-learning-based geospatial model that shows great accuracy in recovering historical biomass consumption data using the household survey dataset for China, combined with province-level characteristics and spatiotemporal information. Our study suggested that 6.9 ± 2.6 giga-tons of coal equivalent of biomass were uncounted in China's statistics, representing 15.9 ± 6.0 percent for China and 2.5 ± 0.9 percent for global final energy consumption. This new estimate significantly reshaped our understanding of China's energy composition, sectoral mix, indoor air pollutants, and the factors driving energy consumption. These findings provide a replicable template for developing countries hoping to uncover the biomass demand to better design public policy to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. JEL Classification: Q41, Q53, R12, C81, O13 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Processing trade promoted China's export and partially increased its CO 2 emissions. • We improve the definition of outsourcing via distinguishing between outsourcing and normal trade. • We rely heavily on micro data to estimate emission intensities of different types of production. • The structural reform of exports in China would likely involve other developing economies in global supply chains, and may lead to a reduction in global emissions. China becomes major focus of international society for two factors: the largest trading country and the largest carbon emitter in the world, both of them are associated with China's processing trade. Processing trade is a sort of foreign outsourcing trade which promoted China's export as well as partially increased China's CO2 emissions. However, China is conducting a trade reform aims at upgrade its trade structure by reducing the proportion of processing trade. This paper studies the role of processing trade in China's export growth and CO2 emissions using an extended World Input Output Database (WIOD) with China's micro data. In addition, we will assess the impact of China's trade reform and economic slowdown to the structural change of export and its effect on processing trade and CO2 emissions in the future. We conclude that structural reform of export in China would likely involve other developing economies in global supply chains, and this may lead to a reduction in global emissions as those countries have lower emission intensities than China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the extent and the determinants of global climate change beliefs. In contrast to former studies for the U.S. and other western countries, we focus on China due to its crucial role in international climate policy in conjunction with its vulnerability to global warming. The empirical analysis is based on unique data from a survey among more than 1000 adults in five Chinese cities. In line with former studies, our results reveal that the vast majority of almost 90% of the Chinese respondents believes in the existence of global warming. This seems to be a convenient and necessary basis for the support of costly public adaptation activities in China. Our econometric analysis reveals that already perceived experiences with extreme weather events (and particularly heatwaves) alone are strongly correlated with climate change beliefs and that physical or financial damages due to these events lead to even stronger relationships. Our estimation results additionally suggest females as well as people with a lower education, in medium ages, with higher household incomes, and from Chengdu or Shenyang to be more skeptical toward the existence of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]