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This paper is focused on the related provisions of the Regulation on Expropriation and Compensation of Houses on State-owned Land. According to Article 13(3) of the Regulation, the state-owned land use right shall be taken back at the same time when the house is legally expropriated. However, the Regulation has stipulated the taking back of state-owned land use right in housing expropriation without any clear stipulation on the compensation for the advance withdrawal. Although factors such as geographic location should be taken into account when the house is assessed, in fact there is no such value assessment specifically aimed at the state-owned land use rights. When it comes to the state-owned land other than the land for houses, it is even harder for owners to get the market price compensation. Apparently, it is neither in conformity with the principle of justice, nor conducive to protect the legitimate rights of the owners. It is, undoubtedly, an urgent problem whether compensation should be offered and how to carry it out when . the house is legally expropriated and meanwhile the state-owned land use right is taken back. First, based on the problems raised, the paper analyses the effect of housing expropriation when the use right of state-owned land is taken back ahead of schedule. According to the law, state-owned land is not an object to be expropriated, but the necessary conditions of taking back the land use right like the public needs and compensation are substantially the same as expropriation ahead of schedule, and their legal effects are similar to expropriation. Therefore, taking back the state-owned land use right ahead of schedule in housing expropriation is in essence the expropriation of property right. The compensation system of property collection, which has been stipulated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and relevant laws, has not only its constitutional grounds, but also specific legal basis. This paper discusses the scope and standard of compensation for the state-owned land use right in housing expropriation. It is explicitly proposed that the investor's investment and development interests and the expected future value of his/her land should be included in the scope of compensation in addition to the refund of the remaining life of his/her land use right when the state-owned land use right is taken back ahead of schedule in housing expropriation. The three kinds of compensation are independent of one another, and comprehensive and unified regulation needs to be formulated to determine the scope of compensation. As for the standard of compensation, the paper proposes that: first of all, a separate assessment system should be established, that is, the assessment of house ownership and that of the land use right should be separated so that the ownership of house and that of land use right can be assessed, calculated and compensated separately; second, the formulation of compensation standard should be based on the different ways that to state-owned land use rights is acquired, namely, ways of selling and ways of allocation. For land selling, factors such as land use, geographic location, and remaining land-lease period should be taken into account to determine the compensation standard. For land allocation, factors like land development cost paid by land users should be considered. In addition, whether the land development cost is paid or not, it is necessary to establish the benefit-sharing system for the value-added part of the land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radix Astragali (RA), as food and traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for a long history in China. However, few studies on the extraction and purification of the active components from RA have been reported. Thus, the optimal extraction and purification conditions of six flavonoid components (calycosin, calycosin-7-glucoside, formononetin, ononin, 7,2′-dihydroxy-3′,4′- dimethoxyisoflav −7-O-glucoside, and 9,10-dimethoxyptercarpan-3-O- β - D -glucoside) from RA were investigated in this study. BP neural network combined with particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm (PSO-GA-BPNN) was used to analyze the relations between the extraction/purification conditions and the response value, and search the optimal extraction/purification conditions. Response surface methodology (RSM) was performed simultaneously as a comparison. Furthermore, the DPPH·radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of crude extract and purified extract were detected. A three-layer PSO-GA-BPNN containing 3 input neurons, 3 hidden layer neurons and 1 output neuron was established to investigate the relationship between the extraction/purification conditions and the response value. For extraction, the optimal condition by PSO-GA-BPNN was as follow: ethanol concentration 54%, extraction time 254 min, and solid-to-liquid ratio 18 mL/g. Using the optimal condition, the yield of six components was 2.084 mg/g, which was greater than 1.915 mg/g optimized by RSM. For purification, among nine types of macroporou resins, CAD-40 with higher adsorption ratio and desorption ratio was selected to purify the extract. The optimal adsorption condition by PSO-GA-BPNN was as follow: pH 6.9, adsorption flow rate 1.6 mL/min and solution concentration 0.22 g/mL, while the optimal desorption condition by PSO-GA-BPNN was as follow: ethanol concentration 55%, desorption flow rate 1.5 mL/min and elution volume 8.5 BV. Under the optimal condition, the adsorption capacity and desorption capacity were 1.465 mg/g and 1.259 mg/g, respectively, which were better than 1.381 mg/g and 1.156 mg/g optimized by RSM. These optimal values obtained by PSO-GA-BPNN were significant increased compared with these by RSM according statistical analysis. The antioxidant test showed that the purified extract has better antioxidant activity. These results indicate that PSO-GA-BPNN model was more appropriate and has better indicative value for extraction than RSM, while the same as for purification. Consequently, PSO-GA-BPNN model combined with MPR purification enhanced the antioxidant potential of the RA from this medicinal species. Six flavonoid components from Radix Astragali were detected by HPLC-DAD, and their optimal extraction and purification condition optimized by PSO-GA-BPNN were better than that by RSM. [Display omitted] • Six flavonoid components in Radix Astragali were detected for the first time. • BP neural network combined with PSO and GA model was used to optimize the extraction and purification conditions. • The optimal conditions obtained by PSO-GA-BPNN model were better than response surface methodology. • The antioxidant activity of the purified extract was better than that of crude extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing attention paid to the concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, mounting evidence reveals that the gut microbiota is involved in a variety of neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, gut microbiota changes in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and their association with disease mechanisms remain undefined. Fifty MDD patients and sixty healthy controls were recruited from the Shanghai Healthy Mental Center, China. Fecal samples were collected, and the compositional characteristics of the intestinal flora were determined in MDD patients by MiSeq sequencing. Venous blood was collected for the detection of plasma indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (Ido), kynurenine (Kyn) and tryptophan (Trp) levels. Stool samples of bacterial 16S sequencing was carried out. A total of 2,705,809 optimized sequences were obtained, with an average of 54,116 per sample. More unique OTUs were observed at the family, genus and species levels in the control group compared with the MDD cases. Further analysis showed significant changes in the α- and β-diversities and relative abundance levels of gut microbial entities in MDD patients, as well as elevated amounts of Ido and Kyn indicating Kyn pathway activation, KEGG bacterial 16S function prediction analysis shows a variety of amino acids and metabolic (including Ido, Trp and Kyn) changes in the body of patients with MDD. These may result in increased neurotoxic metabolites and reduced generation of serotonin in the disease process. These changed factors may potentially be utilized as biomarkers for MDD in the future, playing more important roles in the disease course.

One hundred two semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), including 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 12 organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), were determined in the main rivers of Shenzhen, China. As a result, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), aldrin, and benzoepin sulfate were the main OCPs detected in surface water, and p,p'-DDD, heptachlor, and endrin aldehyde were the main compounds in sediment. In addition, diazinon was the most frequent OPP detected in both water and sediment. At most sites, SVOCs were at similar concentration levels in 2017 and 2018. Compared with other areas, diazinon and malathion had comparative high concentrations in Maozhou River in this study. Analyzed from the SVOCs concentrations in water and sediment, p,p'-DDD was from the quick degradation of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and no recent DDT was input around the investigated area. Besides, the interrelationships among these pollutants were calculated, revealing that OPPs were mainly from the chronically cumulative content, rather than the directly transferring from surface water to sediment. According to the risk assessment, the occurrence of p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT affected the aquatic community. All in all, further investigations on the occurrence and source of these pollutants are still needed to avoid the potential risk for human beings living around the contaminated environment., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)