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Abstract: Arithmetic average annual growth of China''s real GDP has reached 9.93 percent over the 30 year period since the start of reform in 1979 up to 2009. Numerous books and articles have been written in the past to try to Account for the emergence of such an economic titan. This paper aims at sorting out, quantitatively, factors that seem to have been the culprits of high growth. In assessing the major factors that seem to explain the past high growth, the standard approach in the literature has been the supply side growth accounting. Growth accounting has the merit of being able to show quantitatively the contributions of growths of capital and labor, and the increase in productivity that is not attributed to them (growth of total factor productivity). We shall conduct fresh calculation of this growth accounting, but do more along the way. In what follows, this paper first examines the growth accounting which is a standard method of attributing GDP growth to three sources of growth: capital, labor and total factor productivity (TFP).The second part of this paper attempts to an Analysis of TFP growth. We focus on education and financial development as very important determinants of the level of TFP. Our analysis above shows that there are two serious imbalances in the Chinese economy today. One is the weakness in personal consumption growth. The other is the non-declining share of the secondary sector (manufacturing). The Chinese government recognizes that these problems exist. As for the low consumption problem, Yang (2010) emphasizes the importance of increasing services consumption in his lecture text at the Communist Party School, but there is no prescription. The 11th Five-Year Plan aimed at promoting consumption, but failed. The coming 12th Five-Year Plan will give it another try, but the achievement will be very difficult. We see few signs of this current high growth regime changing, and high growth is likely to continue for a foreseeable future. Whether this is a blessing for China is something to be studied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Fanshan alkaline ultramafic complex, which has a length of 6 km and a width of 5 km in plan view, consists of three zones from its core to margin (zones 1-3). The middle zone (zone 2) is tile oldest intrusive phase and is ultramafic. The outer zone (zone 3) and the inner zone (zone 1) are alkaline. The three zones have essentially the same mineralogy, but zone 2 is distinct in its compositional layering and cumulate texture. The magnetite-apatite orebodies occur in the middle part of zone 2 and are characterized by typically two or three layers of apatite rock, each less than 3 m thick, and one layer of magnetite-apatite rock about 7 m thick. The complex is characterized by high K2O contents (up to 12 vet %) but low SiO2 (<50 wt %). Except for the apatite layers, whole-rock major elements of the three zones show coherent variations on Harker diagrams and all rocks show quite similar chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns, suggesting that they were derived from a common parent magma. However, the contacts between the three zones indicate that several batches of magma were intruded to form the three zones. Mineral compositions and REE patterns support in situ fractional crystallization as the origin for the oxide-apatite layers. The strongly variable oxide/apatite ratios argue against liquid immiscibility being directly responsible for the formation of the oxide-apatite rocks. However, liquid immiscibility may have taken place in the magma chamber under high pressure and temperature conditions at depth, resulting in a low-silica and an A1-, Fe-, Mg-, Ca-, P- and volatile-rich immiscible melt being intruded first as zone 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SummaryAims Recently an (A–C)n dinucleotide repeat polymorphic marker in the 5′-region of the ALR2 gene encoding aldose reductase was found to be associated with diabetic retinopathy in the Chinese population in Hong Kong, and with nephropathy and neuropathy in the British Caucasian population. The present study assessed the association between the polymorphism and microvascular complications in Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods DNA from 87 Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and 90 control subjects with normal glucose tolerance were typed for the polymorphic marker by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Results Six alleles, namely Z-12, Z-6, Z-4, Z-2, Z, and Z+2 were identified. There was no significant difference in allele distribution between diabetic patients and controls. The Z-2 allele frequency was significantly higher in subjects with diabetic retinopathy than those without retinopathy (0.35 vs. 0.20, P = 0.039), suggesting that aldose reductase is involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy. In contrast, the microsatellite marker was not associated with diabetic nephropathy, peripheral or autonomic neuropathy. The discrepancy may be partly attributable to the low frequency of Z+2 allele in the Japanese subjects. Conclusions The (A–C)n dinucleotide repeat polymorphism may be a useful genetic marker to screen for patients at high risk of retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Middle–Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt (YRB), situated along the northern margin of the Yangtze craton, is characterized by porphyry–skarn–stratabound Cu–Au–Mo–Fe deposits in the areas of uplift and magnetite–apatite deposits in Cretaceous fault basins. Following detailed field investigations and a review of published data, we recognize two episodes of magmatism and mineralization in the YRB: 1) 156–137Ma high-K calc-alkaline granitoids associated with 148–135Ma porphyry–skarn–stratabound Cu–Au–Mo–Fe deposits and 2) 135–123Ma shoshonitic series, associated with 134.9–122.9Ma magnetite–apatite deposits. A-type granitoids and associated alkaline volcanic have a small age range from 126.5 to 124.8Ma and are temporally, spatially and genetically associated with the second episode. The geodynamic history of the YRB did not experience the Paleozoic to Mesozoic lithospheric thickening that took place in the North China craton. This process is inferred to be linked to partial melting of the delaminated lower crust at high pressures, resulting in the development of C-type adakitic rocks. The petrochemical and Sr/Nd isotopic data show that both the shoshonitic series and A-type granitoids are quite different from adakites, with only some of the K-calc-alkaline granitoids having adakitic signatures. Previous ore genesis models were established based on an assumed relationship with adakites and a continuous tectono-thermal evolution from 150 to 100Ma. All data obtained for the Middle–Lower Yangtze River region consistently show that the Tan–Lu regional strike-slip fault zone, initiated at 233±6 to 225±6Ma from the collision between the North China and Yangtze cratons and was reactivated at ca. 160Ma. The Tan–Lu fault was caused by the oblique subduction of the Izanagi plate, which along the YRB the low-angle subducted slab and the overlying crust was disrupted or broken due to the disharmonious movement of the two blocks. The high-K calc-alkaline granitoids magmas were derived from melting of the subducted slab, with some input of crustal material. These magmas were emplaced at the intersections between NE- and EW-trending faults and formed porphyry–skarn–stratabound Cu–Au–Mo–Fe deposits between 156 and 137Ma. After 135Ma the subducted plate changed its direction of motion to northeast, now running parallel to the Eurasian continental margin, and leading to large-scale continental extension. The shoshonitic series and subsequent A-type granitoids magmatism and the development of magnetite–apatite ores in the YRB, took place in both fault basins and NE-trending rifts between 135 and 124Ma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on previous studies and detailed field investigations of the Dexing porphyry copper deposit, the Yinshan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit and the Jinshan shear zone – hosted gold deposit in the Dele Jurassic volcanic basin, in the northeastern Jiangxi province, East China, we propose that the three deposits share spatial, temporal and genetic relationships and belong to the same metallogenic system. Dexing is a typical porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit in which both ore-forming fluid and metals are derived from the granite porphyry. The Yinshan deposit consists of a porphyry copper ore located in the cupola of a quartz porphyry stock, in the lower part, and Ag–Pb–Zn ore veins in the upper part. The hydrothermal fluids were mainly derived from the magma in the early stages of the mineralizing event and became mixed with meteoric waters in the late stages. Its ore metals are magma-derived. Both the Jinshan base metal veins and the Hamashi, Dongjie and Naikeng quartz vein-type gold deposit are hosted by brittle–ductile structures, which are distal in relation to the porphyry intrusions and were formed by mixed magmatic fluids and meteoric water, whereas the gold was mainly leached from the country rocks (Mesoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group phyllite and schist). The deposits show a distinct spatial arrangement from porphyry Cu, to epithermal Ag–Pb–Zn and distal Au. We suggest a porphyry–epithermal–distal vein ore system model for this group of genetically related mineral deposits. They were formed in a back-arc setting in a Middle Jurassic active continental margin, with magmas derived from the subducted slab. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]