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In the 1960s, a child of a worker in urban China could gain employment in the parent's work unit upon the latter's retirement, death, or withdrawal for medical reasons. Known as dingti , this work replacement policy allowed urban families to negotiate and secure their children's livelihood with the help of the grassroots bureaucracy. When millions of disenchanted sent-down youths returned from rural areas to the cities, especially after 1978, the government was compelled to revive the work replacement system to accommodate the influx. After the government suspended review of the class background and political performance of candidates, the system became a confirmation ritual of the "hereditary rights" of urban workers. Drawing on factory archives and oral history interviews, this article demonstrates that the family-centered politics of livelihood among urban families and the grassroots bureaucracy continued from Mao's China to the years of the post-Mao transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we study the unintended subversion of official ideology among ordinary people in Mao's China by analyzing the everyday life represented in the letters of a Shanghai worker who sought to overcome political anxieties by turning the political rituals, symbols, and tropes to his ends without resisting political mobilizations and challenging official ideology. By examining how the writer of the letters read Maoist political texts and employ political discourse in everyday life, we seek to explain how such a tactic of everyday politics differs from resistance and escape. We demonstrate that ordinary people could still find a way to transcend the political logic of the Cultural Revolution while outwardly participating in the revolutionary routine. This mode of unintentional subversion helps to explain how the Cultural Revolution ended without a major political upheaval against the Party-state's official ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is a good source of dietary energy and several micronutrients, and the development of staple foods using potato-wheat blended powder has received much attention recently in China. A rapid and accurate method for determining the potato flour content in potato staple foods would be valuable to market regulation efforts. We developed a predictive model for the potato flour content in potato-wheat blended powders based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis. The correction of the near-infrared optical path was carried out to eliminate optical path differences using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and smoothing of the spectra using the Savitzky-Golay smoothing first-orderderivative (S-G-1stD).The prediction model was developed based on partial least squares (PLS) combined with cross-validation(CV) within the full spectrum(850-1100 nm). The results showed that the optimal main factors of potato flour content in potato-wheat blended powder were 9, and the coefficient of determination of calibration (R2c) and standard error of cross-validation (SECV) of the prediction model reached 0.9997 and 0.51, respectively, indicating a good correlation. The repeatability standard deviation (SDr) and repeatability coefficient of variation of cross-validation (CVr) in validated samples were 0.246 and 0.967, respectively, which indicated that the prediction model had good repeatability. The bias-corrected standard error of prediction (SEP) and correlation coefficient of validation (R2P) were 0.69 and 0.9995, respectively, demonstrating good accuracy and stability. The results of this study demonstrated that this prediction model based on NIRS could determine the potato flour content in potato-wheat blended powders accurately and quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether the Chang 6 oil pools of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ansai-Yanchang (AY) oil province on the Yishan slope of the Ordos Basin formed from near source rock or far source rock has long been debated. An understanding of the source rock's position will impact the formation mode and distribution of accumulations in this area. Based on the geochemical data of the Chang 7 source rock in six wells and 18 crude oil samples, the geochemical characteristics of Chang 7 source rock and its relationship with Chang 6 crude oil were studied. There are two types of source rocks, namely, black shales and dark mudstones, present in the AY area. The gross thickness of the Chang 7 black shale is 3.0–19.7 m, with a distribution area of 5500 km2. It has an average total organic carbon (TOC) content of 3.34%, with a chloroform bitumen "A" content of 0.512%, indicating good to excellent source rock potential. The kerogen assessment with core samples shows mixed type I-II 1 , and has reached peak oil generation, maximum pyrolysis temperatures (Tmax) ranging from 445 to 458 °C. In contrast, the average TOC content of the dark mudstone in Chang 7 is 0.91%, chloroform bitumen "A" is 0.079%, the main type of kerogen is type II 2 -II 1 , and Tmax varying from 446 to 461 °C, indicating only fair source rock potential overall. The Chang 7 source rocks in the AY area have a gammacerane index of 0.07–0.38, with an average value of 0.21, which reflects a low-salinity fresh to brackish water environment. The relative abundances of C 27 , C 28 , and C 29 steranes are 29.7%, 23.1% and 47.2%, respectively, indicating that terrestrial higher plants and aquatic organisms provide similar contribution in the Chang 7 source rocks. Oils produced from the AY area of the Chang 6 member have similar geochemical signatures, but are significantly different from the Chang 6 crude oils in the Daozhen (DZ) area of Ganquan County and the Huaishuzhuang (HSZ) area of Fuxian County, which are located in the center of the lacustrine basin. They differ in terms of the maturity of the oil samples and the microscale composition of the parent material type. The closer the wells are to the center of the lacustrine basin, the higher the maturity of the source rock and the greater the contribution of aquatic organisms. The variation of carbon isotopic composition of Chang 6 crude oil in AY area is consistent with that of Chang 7 shale locally, but opposite to that of Chang 6 crude oil in DZ area. The ratios of n C 21 -/ n C 22 +, tricyclic terpane/hopane and C 29 sterane ββ/(ββ+αα) biomarker parameters of Chang 6 crude oils in AY area are similar to those of Chang 7 shale in local area, but deviate from those of DZ and HSZ area. These data results reveal that the Chang 6 crude oils in the AY oil province are dominated by the local Chang 7 excellent source rocks rather than by the long-distance migration of oils from the basin center. • Excellent source rocks are found along the margin of a large lacustrine basin. • The oil pools in the AY oil province are similar to the nearby Chang 7 shale. • There is no long distance lateral migration in Chang 6 reservoir. • Vertical and short distance migration is the main accumulation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the clinical data of COVID-19 patients with different severity during February 2020 in Wuxi, China.The present retrospective study included a total of 60 cases who were diagnosed as COVID-19 patients and hospitalized in the Wuxi Fifth People's Hospital during February 2020 to March 2020. Among all patients 14 cases were asymptomatic, 25 cases were with mild stage, 13 cases were with moderate stage, and 8 cases were with severe stage. Basic clinical data as well as clinical characteristics, including temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, blood gas analysis data, whole blood test data, and the prognosis condition, were collected and analyzed. Statistical analysis was conducted in different severity stage patients.Among the patients, the median temperature gradually increased from the asymptomatic to the severe patients and the median age increased from the mild to the severe patients with statistical difference. The hospitalization duration was the highest in severe patients. Higher heart rate, as well as lower oxygen partial pressure and oxygenation index were observed in severe patients than the other groups. Besides, higher CRP and globulin levels after admission were found in severe patients, and were gradually increased from the asymptomatic patients to the severe patients. On the contrary, the lymphocyte ratio and count was significant lower in severe patients. We also observed higher D-Dimer levels in the severe patients and the difference was statistical. Among all patients, 2 cases (3.33%) died and other patients were all cured after treatment.Statistical difference was mainly found mainly in age, hospitalization duration, temperature, CRP levels, O2 partial pressure and oxygenation index, globulin, lymphocyte ratio, and D-Dimer in patients with different severity. The higher CRP levels, lower O2 partial pressure and oxygenation index, higher globulin, lower lymphocyte ratio, and higher D-Dimer might be associated with the patients' severity., Competing Interests: The authors declare there is no conflict of interest in this study., (Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Ganoderma mushrooms have been widely used as functional food in China, Japan, and Korea. Ganoderma triterpenoids are deemed to be the main functional constituents. The structures of Ganoderma triterpenoids are complex but quite similar, which makes their analyses markedly limited. In this study, we developed a general 2D NMR method to differentiate Ganoderma triterpenoids, which classifies them into six types (A-F). Then, by the NMR-based isolation of A-F type triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of G. resinaceum , four new compounds ( 1 - 4 ) and eight known compounds ( 5 - 12 ) were obtained. Moreover, combined with spiking experiments in 1D and 2D NMR spectra, compounds 5 , 7 , and 8 , which belong to triterpenoids of A and B types, were identified. At the end, to achieve a more extensive application for this NMR method, a qNMR method for the absolute quantification of 5 , 7 , and 8 in the gross triterpenoids from G. resinaceum was set up. The results showed that this NMR method is reliable for the NMR-guided isolation and quantification of triterpenoids in G. resinaceum .

The main objective of the current study was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia asiatica together with investigating the antibacterial effects it exerts on several common respiratory infection causing bacteria including Haemophilus influenzae. Its mechanism of action was studied using various state-of-the-art assays like scanning electron microscopy, DNA, RNA and protein leakage assays, growth curve assays etc. The essential oil was extracted from the leaves of A. asiatica by supercritical CO 2 fluid extraction technology. Chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was evaluated against 6 bacteria by the paper disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) values of the essential oil were estimated by agar dilution method. The antibacterial mechanism was evaluated by growth curve, the integrity of cell membrane and scanning electronmicroscope (SEM). Gas chromatographic analysis of the A. asiatica essential oil led to the identification of 16 chemical constituents accounting for 97.2% of the total oil composition. The major components were found to be Piperitone, (z)-davanone, p-cymene and 1, 8-cineole. The essential oil showed maximum growth inhibition against Haemophilus influenzae with a zone of inhibition of 24.5 mm and MIC/MBC values of 1.9/4.5 mg/mL respectively. Bacteria treated with the essential oil led to a rapid decrease in the number of viable cells. On adding the essential oil of A. asiatica to the bacterial culture, the constituents of the bacterial cell got released into the medium and this cell constituent release increased with increasing doses of the essential oil. SEM showed that the bacterial cells treated with the essential oil showed damaged cell wall, deformed cell morphology and shrunken cells., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Globally, one third of prevalent chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection (HBV) occurred in China. Assessing the prevalence of CHB infesction and status of HBV-related services among pre-conception women will provide insight into risks of mother to child transmission (MTCT). A cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Free Pre-pregnancy Checkups (NFPC) program in 2010-2014 was conducted. A standardized questionnaire which collected demographic information and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) which tested serological HBV markers were applied. A total of 16,051,850 rural women aged 15-49 years were included. 5.2% of women were infected with CHB, among whom, 28.6% were also hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive. The most CHB concentrated places were distributed in southeastern coastal provinces. Women born after 1992 did not experience a higher level of vaccine-induced immunity compared to those born before 1992. Nine in ten rural women with CHB were not aware of their HBV status and a very small proportion of women (0.22%) had received antiviral treatment. Our data demonstrated an overall high-intermediate burden of CHB. Heterogeneity of geographic distribution, high proportion of HBeAg, insufficient awareness of HBV status, and low access to HBV treatment are challenges for preventing the MTCT.

Background: Excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) may increase the risk of obesity. Data in regards to the consumption of SSBs is insufficient in the Chinese population, especially in middle school students experiencing rapid nutritional transition. We aimed to describe the consumption of SSBs among junior high school students and explore the relationship between SSB intake and adolescents' overweight/obesity in Beijing., Methods: This was a cross-sectional study under which 322 (46%) male and 380 (54%) female (age 11-15 y, median 13 y) were recruited from two middle schools of Xicheng District in Beijing. All subjects completed a questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall for 3 consecutive days., Results: Prevalence of overweight was 21.1% in males and 11.6% in females. Prevalence of obesity was 22.7% in males and 10.3% in females. Of the students, 7.7% consumed SSBs at least once per day. Students whose storage of SSBs at home is more than 1 type are more likely to consume higher quantities of SSBs everyday (p<0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, OR of high SSBs intake group versus low SSBs intake group was 2.6. Students whose parents had a higher BMI had a higher risk of overweight/obesity (OR=1.13, p=0.007)., Conclusions: Among middle school students in Beijing, prevalence of obesity is more severe than that of overweight. Sugar-sweetened beverages have been the most popular drinks, and consumption of SSBs has a positive association with levels of overweight/obesity among male students.