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The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a multi-purpose experiment, under construction in southeast China, that is designed to determine the neutrino mass ordering and precisely measure neutrino oscillation parameters. Monte Carlo simulation plays an important role for JUNO detector design, detector commissioning, offline data processing, and physics processing. The JUNO experiment has the world's largest liquid scintillator detector instrumented with many thousands of PMTs. The broad energy range of interest, long lifetime, and the large scale present data processing challenges across all areas. This paper describes the JUNO simulation software, highlighting the challenges of JUNO simulation and solutions to meet these challenges, including such issues as support for time-correlated analysis, event mixing, event correlation and handling the simulation of many millions of optical photons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some scholars of the "New Qing History" approaches tend to emphasize grossly on the fundamental difference between China and "the Great Qing." Such a notion could derive from a partial understanding of "the national identity" of the Manchus in the Qing dynasty. This article identifies two coexisted identities found in the Qing by examining the evolution of the Manchus' self-identity: the ethnic identity as an expression of the Manchu's characteristic and greater China as the national identity. These two identities were on different levels. Strictly speaking, the scholarly using of "the Manchu Empire" as the designation of "the Great Qing" is not congruous with the Manchu's history since the Shunzhi reign, and especially not so since the mid Kangxi reign. As a matter of fact, the Qing dynasty successfully brought the non-Han Chinese of a vast territory with a Chinese identity openly accepted in the manner of being part of China's orthodoxy history. This sense of national identity was consolidated in a series of international confrontations and modernized at the end of the Qing dynasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese word yellow (huangse), originally the word for a color that symbolized nobility and dignity, has now also acquired the meaning "pornographic." The word thus has two inherently contradictory meanings. This contradiction is the result of cultural communication between West and East and social and political interaction in modern China. The negative meaning of the word huangse in Chinese represetns a transformation of its traditional sense and also differs from the original meaning of the word yellow in the Western phrase "yellow journalism" (huangse xinwen). In the course of the evolution of the social environment and the semantic context, the word's signifier and signified have undergone various changes. By analyzing the process of its evolution and change and their historical and cultural causes, we can gain a better understanding of history and stimulate further exploration of this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]