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The Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen is mainly grown in China, and Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Ancient Chinese medical books recorded that Sanchi processed products were used to treat various diseases. However, its extracts were used for clinical applications. Currently, more attentions are paid to using the Sanchi for dietetic and health-care, hence, many products of Panax notoginseng are available for medicine and food. This review summarizes the present uses of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma products worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity was investigated for forty populations of ten Elymus species from the Tibetan and Inner Mongolian plateaus of China using allozyme and micro-satellite markers. The two assays differed in the amount of polymorphism detected. Micro-satellites detected the higher amounts of polymorphism. For allozymes and micro-satellite markers, between populations of each species, the proportion of polymorphic loci, heterozygosity and Shannon's Information index ranged from 0·1667 to 0·833, and 0·455 to 1·00, respectively, 0·0800 to 0·2528 and 0·1622 to 0·3619, respectively, and 0·1173 to 0·3769 and 0·2248 to 0·5318 respectively. As for gene flow at the species and population levels, limited gene flow was found between populations within species and between species. From a geographical standpoint, samples from different regions showed a range of values. Populations from the Tibetan Plateau of China had higher genetic variation than from the Inner Mongolian plateau both using allozyme and micro-satellite markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the genetic polymorphisms of 30 insertion/deletion （InDel） loci and evaluate their forensic application in Ewenki ethnic group from Inner Mongolia., Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from 87 unrelated healthy individuals in Ewenki ethnic group. Genomic DNA were extracted, and 30 InDel loci of the samples were multiplex amplified and genotyped. Hardy-Weinberg balance tests were preformed for all loci and genetic parameters were calculated by modified PowerStats v1.2 software. The linkage disequilibrium between loci were tested by SNPAnalyzer v2.0 software. Based on the allele frequencies of 30 InDel loci, the genetic relationships between Ewenki ethnic group and other populations were evaluated by analysis of molecular variance, principal component analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction., Results: After correction, 30 InDel loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It was found that the pairwise InDel loci were in linkage equilibrium after Bonferroni correction. The results of population genetics indicated that Ewenki ethnic group had close genetic relationships with Henan Han and Beijing Han populations; whereas it was significantly different from several populations in Europe and Mexico., Conclusions: There are relatively high genetic polymorphisms on 30 InDel loci of Ewenki ethnic group from Inner Mongolia, which can be used as a helpful supplement application for STR detection system., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine)

Cryptosporidium, a worldwide protozoan parasite, is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea in humans and animals. The aim of the present study was to determine Cryptosporidium species/genotypes in pre-weaned calves in Shaanxi Province using PCR and sequencing based on the small subunit rRNA gene. A total of 258 faecal samples were collected from pre-weaned calves in 19 different farms from six areas in Shaanxi Province, north-western China. Cryptosporidium infection was detected in 14 of 19 farms (73.7 %), with a total prevalence of 20.2 % (52/258). Both dairy and Qinchuan (beef) cattle were found with Cryptosporidium infection. Three Cryptosporidium species, namely Cryptosporidium bovis (n = 26), Cryptosporidium andersoni (n = 14) and Cryptosporidium ryanae (n = 12), were detected in pre-weaned calves in Shaanxi Province, with C. bovis (in 12 farms) identified as the most common species on cattle farms. Two additional and previously unknown C. ryanae genotypes, CRTypes III and IV, were observed in the present study. However, the zoonotic species, Cryptosporidium parvum, was not detected in this study, which suggested a low zoonotic potential in Cryptosporidium-infected pre-weaned calves in this province., (© 2015 The Authors.)